this

(b) The condition velocity that of the the particle

electron has in the the20closest
MeV13beam approach to the nucleus.
is relativistic, i.e.,Matter At the distacne
comparable ro of
closest approach, the kinetic n' energy of1.the 8 α 10-particle Photons, is X-Ray
converted and Wave to■ the 11.17
speed
Nowofphoton flux
light. Therefore, the above formula for radius 4
3.76 17
is not10valid. /m -s 2
The formula becomes valid of
into the potential energy if
the system.
we consider area of detector 0 .5 10
∴ Photo current
SECTION B 2
mo Ze( 2e) 2 Zem v
i′ 0.9 m K U
photon flux or K
and ein that k
0.9ecaser3.76 10 R or 17 r o 1.6
k e
o
102 19 2 0.0541 µA
X-rays 2 2 K
(c) By Einstein 1 v photoelectric
/c equation
o
( 1 v / c )eB
1 Photons, X-Ray and Matter Wave ■ 11.23
where
Note:
1. Select E theInke φthis
only eVS 9 statement:
problem, 9
10 Nm /approach
relativistic 2
C 2
isModern Physics
employed which is beyond 2 level.
4 correct
54.1. A small plate of
(a) Soft X-rays have less wavelength o
a metal (work function than hard 1.17 eV) is placed at a distance of 2 m from a mono-
X-rays
chromatic Elight source 3.315of wavelength 10 19 1.6 4.8 10 1910 7 m and power 1.0 W.aThe light falls
25. (b)
When VS a beam of
Wavelength 10.6 eV photons
of characteristic X-rays19
of emitted
intensity .02.0
1from 3 VaW/m platinum
2
falls on
target isplatinum
the same asnormally
surface
thoseof area on
the plate. 4 e 2 the number1of
Find . 6 10
photons striking the metal plate per square metre per second.
1.0 emited 10 by m aand tungstenwork target function 5.6 eV, 0.53% of the incident photons eject photoelectrons.
(a)
(c)
The 4.8
FindX-rays
stopping 10
the numberof15smaller
potential of wavelength(b)the4.8
photoelectrons,
in twowill 1016have
cases emitted sameper
is more (c) 1.6 it10and
second
penetrating
because
15
power
does their
not depend (d) 1.6
minimum on the 10intensity
and 16
maximum of
energies
(d)
the Velocity
electrons. (in eV). of X-rays Take is1 same eV in 1.6different 10 media
19
J.

55.2. In question 54, if a constant uniform magnetic field of strength 10 4 T is applied parallel to the
Solution
2. Choose
metal the correct
surface, find statement:
the radius of the largest circular path followed by the emitted photoelectrons
27. In Energyan arrangement on photoelectric effect, the emitter
(a)
(a) 8 cmincident
The continuous on the
particles
X-rays platinum cmsurface due
(b)are4 produced per to second (c) or
deceleration
2 cm powerof incident IA 2.0 (d) 11ofcm
beam 10 4 J/s but the
electrons
and the collector plates are placed at a separation of
Thecharacteristic
energy of each X-raysphoton are producedE 10.6due 10.6 Velocity
eV to transition 1.6of outer 10vector
19
J electrons to inner shell
shell
10 cm and are connected through an ammeter without B
56. (b)Light Theofcontinuousb
wavelength X-rays3000Bare Å produced
is incident due
on to the Targ
a metal transition
ofet2work offunction
nucleus
10 electrons1 from
4 outer shellspeed
eV. Maximum to inner of
any
Theshellcell.
number A magnetic
ofthe photons field incidentexists on parallel
the are to the
surface plates. per second.
emitted while
photoelectrons characteristic
is X-rays produced because of deceleration of incident beam of
The work function of the emitter is 2.39 eV andInteraction the ( R b2 )
19
10 .6 1.6 cross-section
10 10 cm A
(a) electrons
light 10incident
m/s on it has wavelengths (b) 103 m/s between 400 (c) nm 104 m/s (d) 106 m/s
As only continuous
(c) 53% can eject electrons, and so photoX-rays electrons ejected perdue second
TheThe
and trajectory
600 nm. Find traced as well
thebyminimum an αas-particle characteristic
valuedepends of B forupon which
are impact
the produced parameter to transition
of collision. of electrons
57. theThe
Impact from
graph outer between
parameter shell to
6the inner stopping shell potential V and 1/ λ is VS
current 2 10 isbydefined
registered the ammeter as 11the perpendicular
is zero. s Neglect distance of the M1 velocityM2 M vector of
(d)
given0The
.53for
-particle continuous
three
from surfaces
the as
centrewell 19 ofofas6work
.the
25 10
φ1, .φ2 (when
characteristic
nucleus and X-rays are produced
φ3α. -particle
Correct is far because
away from of the
deceleration
atom).
3 of inci-
any
α effect 10 of
. 6 space1 . 6 charge.
10
dent beam
option(s) is/are of electrons
It
3. is denoted by b as shown in figure.
Solution
(a) φ
According : φ : φ
to3Einstein 1 : 2 :photoelectric
4 1 2 3
Angle
3. The
1
of 2scattering
wavelength of4will is defined as X-rays
characteristic the equation
angleKα-linebetween emitted the by direction
afrom
hydrogen of approach
like and the
element direction
is 0.32 of
(b) maxφ
K 1 of photocurrent
: φ : φ
E2the 3φα-particle. : 2
10.6 It5.6 : be
1 zero, if electrons after emitted
5 eV. by θ. Rutherford calculated that lower plate will miss theÅ.upperThe
recede
wavelength of /K is denoted
plate.
(c)
Thetan Because
θ ∝ hc
minimum eβ-line
of
kinetic
emitted by
the magnetic
energy offield,
the electrons
same element
photoelectrons will is
willfollow
be zero. circular path. If v is the velocity of the
(a)
(d) 0.17
electrons,
UV light Åthen can radius
be used of (b)
the
to 0.27photoelectrons
path
emit Å not be greater
must (c) 0.32
from than
metal Å10 cm. ro(d) 0.37 Å 1/ (nm 1)
2b 2 Ze2 0.001 0.002 0.004
2 and cot 3 only
mv2
...(1)
mv
where ro ke
26. A
4. 4.
Which monochromatic
As Rof the following ropoint source
is accompanied
B S radiating
. wavelength
by the...( characteristic
1) 6000K X-ray emission? 2 watt, an aperture
Å, with power
A of diameter eB 0.1 m and a large eR
screen are placed as shown in figure. A photo VS emissive -particle
detector D
58. (a)The
Thus,
Electron
correct
c ot
emission
graph between 2b2 4stoppingo
K potential V(b)and
b
α-particle
intensityemission of Av
of
The surface
energy area 0.5 cm is placed at the centre of the
s screen. The efficiency of the detector m the
for
(c) Positron
incident light 2of I,the
emissionis incident
2 Ze2 per light Ze corresponding
2 to(d) 600 nm is;
λ K-electron emission
e)
photo electron generation k incident photon is 0.9. B
(a) Ahc 6.63 10e 34K 3 108
(+2
(+Ze ) C
Nucleus
5. TheE B
(b) wavelength of Kα X-rays produced J 2.07 by eV.an X-ray tube is 0.76 Å.Atom The atomic number of■the12.23
and Nucleus anti-
D
For a given
cathode material nucleus
600
is (constant
10 9 Ze) and an α-particle of given energy K, cot(θ / 2) ∝ b. As
(c) C
such,
(a) a graph between bdue and to cot( θ / 2) isbinding a straight 41line. weThus, it is clear that θ increases (mas
(d) 10
Ignoring
Since D work thefunction
mass defect is 2.39(b) 20
eV, electronic
and so no photo (c) energy,
electric effect can occur.(d)
willreplace the
Now 82
nuclear
if v is masses
the velocity N
)
I
b decreases. It implies that only an α -particle passing close to the nucleus, suffers large
by the
ofandthe
11_Photons, X-Rayangle Matter
respective
emitted
deflection.
Wave.indd 12
atomic mass (m).
electrons corresponding to λ 400 nm, then Thus,
12/6/12

3:04:49 PM
6. 5.
59. X-rays
In cannot be diffracted by means of2 anaordinary grating due to possible y u]c 2
hca series
[ mN ( 238 ofU) photoelectric experiment
m( 42 He)] con particular 5081metal suface,
234
Q 192 2 m( 90Th) [238.0 u 234.04363 u 4.00260
(a) short
2. Calculate
relationsips wavelength
the mv impact parameterfequency of a 5 MeV νo, αintensity (b)
-particle I, large wavelength
scattered by 10 when i and it approaches a gold
2 among threshold photo-current o
(c)
nucleus
maximumhigh
[0.00458speed
(Z kinetic u]c2What
79). energy 0.00458
is the
Kmaxdistance 931.5investigated.
were MeV
of closest(d) 4.27 all
MeV
approach
Which of these
when
of thea following
5.0 MeV proton approaches a
12.28Though
6.63■nucleus Atom
10 –34 and Nucleus
Qidentifies
is shared by 8
Th 234
nucleus and the19α 1 particle, it is 31 the α2 -particle which caries almost
correctly
gold (Z(3 79)? x10 and ) y?
2This
.39 tube 1on.6operating
10 (fact
9.1 acceleration
10 the) vmass
7. X-rays
the entire
x 400 10are produced
energy in
9released. an yX-ray is account at
of a
2 xthegiven that voltage.
yof the The wavelength
α-particle is much ofx
o
the
less
(a) continuous
than the Th X-rays
234
nucleus.( has
A values
4 ) from ( 226 4 )
KE0ivoftothe (b) K max
6.
∴
(a) ∞ 5.02particle 106 m/s o
ν Q 4.94
(b)
ν min
λ MeV to ∞ where4.85 MeV λminK>max0
12.34
35. (c)(c) I
The0normal Atom and Nucleus A i 226 (d) I
λmax activity of
maxliving carbon-containing matter
(d) λministofound to be about 0 < λ15 min decays
< λmax <per ∞ minute
■
From toequation where (1), λwe have
<∞ λmax where
for
(b) every
12_Atom and Nucleus.indd 5 gram of
Proceeding ascarbon.
in (a), QSuppose 0.00688 a specimen
u 0.00688 from Mohenjodaro 931.5 MeV gives 6.41anMeV activity of 9 decays 12/6/12 4:45:59 PM
40. per
60. A photon
When minute of
9.1a monochromatic
10
per energy
31
gram 5.10.2
02
of eV
10
carbon.
6collides & inelastically with hydrogen atom in ground state. After few
source of lightthe
Estimate is5 at a distance age
approximate of 0.2of m IndusValley
the from a photoelectric Civilization cell,from
the
8. TheB Kα X-ray emission
microseconds another
19 the photon
line of Ayears)tungsten
42.85
of energy occurs
10 220
15 T. at4 collides
λ 0.021 nm. The energy difference between K
cut-off
the known
KE voltage
1 . 6
of half-life
the 10 and
particle ( 0 . saturation
5730
10 current
Q of C 14 are eV
. respectively 6 . 41
inelastically
0.6 V and
MeV 6 . 29
with
18MeVmA.same If thehydrogen
same source atom. is
and L
Finally0.6
placed
levels
by m in
a suitable this
away from
atom detector,is about
the cell Awethen find: 220
7.
(a)
(a) 0.51
Solution
(a) photon
the
MeV
stopping of energy potential 10.2 will eV and be 0.2 electron
V of energy (b) 1.2
(b) the 1.4MeV eV
stopping potential will be 1.8 V
(c)
44. Let(b)
A 59
photon
t
source be keVthe of
containsage energy
of twothe 3.4 eV
IndusValley
phosphorous and electron
Civilization.
radio of
nuclides energy (d)
32
P (13.6
1.4
T eVeV14.3d ) and 15 33
P (will
T1/ 2 be25 .3dmA). Initially,
(c) the saturation current will be 6.0 mA (d) the
15 1/ 2 saturation current 2.0
(c) two
The rate photons
of decay, ofi.e.,
energy R is 3.4
given 33eVby R ∝ N or R λ N
10% of the decays come from 15 P. How long one must wait until 90% do so?
(d)
11_Photons, X-RayAs
61. Solution
The
two
Nmaximum
and Matter photons
Noe λ t,kinetic
Wave.indd of
14 energy
R λN energye 10.2
λt
, ofeV Rphotoelectrons
e λ t, emitted from a surface when photons of energy 12/6/12
3:04:51 PM
8. o o
6 eV fall Ro onof λitNisthe 4 eV. The
intialstopping potential is
41. where
For source
Let which initially
is the
following
contains 90%
rate of decay.
electronic 32
tranitions
P (say P1 ) and in a Li 33 2
ion, a spectrum line having same
(b) 10%4 V 15 P (say P2 ) (i.e., 9x grams of P1 and x
o
(a) 2 V
11_Photons, X-Ray and Matter Wave.indd 17
15
12/6/12 3:04:52 PM
wavelength R as one of the lines in Lyman series of hydrogen spectrum will be found? (Assume
(c)
gram
Thus, 6V of oP2).eIf the t source contains 90% P2 and...( (d)
10% 1) 10P1V(i.e., 9y grams of P2 and y grams of P1)
Rydberg constant for hydrogen equal to that for lithium)
after t R we are to calculate t.
days,
(a) n 4 to n 2 (b) n 6 to n 4
(c)
Wenare 6 tot /nT that3 R
N o given
9 3
9 x ...((d)2) xn 7 tto n 2
As 2 1/ 2 , forRo P1 15 5 2 t /14.3 and for P2 2 / 25.3
9. From
11_Photons, X-Ray
N
and Matter Wave.indd 23
y 9y 12/6/12 3:04:54 PM
42. Electrons equat9 xini/ons ay hydrogen
(1)2tand/14.3 (2), sample make transition from sixth excited state to orbit with principal
(t /14.3 t / 25.3) 0.0304 t 0.0304t
Clearly, number 3.t /Maximum
quantum or 81 possible 2 number 2 of spectral or log 81 lines log emitted 2 in the0ln( .process
0304
5 / 3t) logis 2
xt / 93y/ 5 2 25.3 or e t 5 / 3
(a) 6 e (b) 10 or(c) 15 t ln (5 5 / 3) or (d) t 21
log 81 1.9085
or t 209 d
43. Electron 0.ln(0304 5 / 3) log 2 0log( .0304 5 / 3)0.3010 ln 2
or t in 7th excited T1/ 2state in Be3 (at5730 rest)y jumps as T to1/ 23rd excited state. If h, R and m represent
planck’s ln
constant, 2 Rydberg constant log 2 andcan mass of beryllium ionarespectively,
45. Under certain circumstances, a nucleus decay by emitting particle morespeed massiveacquiredthan an by
beryllium
αor-particle. 0 .
ion 2219 is
Consider5730 the following
t y 4224 ydecay processes:
223 0 . 3 0 10
209 14 223
3hRRa Pb 6 C 3hR Ra 219 Rn4 hR42 He 8hR
(a) 88This example
Note:
82
is (b) and is meant
artificial
88
only (c)
86
to explain (d)
3m the principal of the3Cm dating method.
14
4m 8m
Calculate the Q-values for these decays and determine that both are energetically allowed.
36. Consider one of the fission reactions of 235U by thermal neutrons:
 1 è 92 ø è 56 ø è 36 ø
72. Which of following is not corret regarding nuclear forces?
(b) after log 2 minute
(a) Charge dependente (b) Spin dependent æ 236 ö æ 140 ö æ 94 ö
(c) Obey principle
1 of superposition (d) Short range (d) E ç U÷ = Eç Ba ÷ + E ç Kr ÷ + 2 E (n)
(c) after minute, where N is the number of nuclei present è 92 ø è 56 ø è 36 ø
N
73. Let matp that
be mass
moment of proton, mn be mass of neutron, M1 mass25. of 20
10
IfNethe nuclear
and M 2 offorce
40
20
Cabetween two protons, two neutrons and
nucleus,
(d) after any time
then between proton and neutron is denoted by Fpp, Fnn and Fpn
20. A nucleus with atomic number Z= 92 emits the following in respectively, then
(a) M2 2M1 (b) M2 2M1
a sequence:
(c) M 2M (d) M1 2(mn m(a) ) Fpp » Fnn » Fpn (b) Fpp ¹ Fnn and Fpp = Fnn
a, b - ,2b - a, a1, a, a, a, b - , b - , a, b + , b + , a p
(c) F = F = Fpn (d) Fpp ¹ Fnn ¹ Fpn
74. In
Thenthe Znuclear
of the reaction
resultinggiven
nucleus by is
2
He4 + 7N14 → 1H1 + X, then the nucleus Xpp is nn
(a)
(a) Nitrogen
76 of(b)mass
7816 (c) 82 (d) 74(b) Nitrogen 26. In any
of mass 17 fission process, the ratio of
(c) Oxygen of mass 16 (d) Oxygen of massmass17 of fission products
10.
21. The ratio of half-life times of two elements A and B is A .
T is
75. Radioactive nuclei X and Y disintegrate into Z withTBhalf lives to mass and 2tofo parent nucleusInitial
respectively.
number of both X and Y is No. Time at which (a) equal to 1
l A rates of disintegration of X and Y are equal, number
The
of ratio of
nuclei of Zrespective
is decay constant , is (b) greater than 1
lB
(a) 3TNB / TA (b)
N T A / T B 5N o (c) less than7 No 1
(a) T o + T (b) o (c) (d)
4A B 4 TA - TB 4 (d) depends 4 on the mass of the parent nucleus
(c)
TA
(d)
TA
76. Probability of decay of a nucleus in a given radioactive sample in n mean lives is
(a) 1 en
RESPONSE 16. (b) 1 e n 17. (c) en 1 18. (d) e n 19. 20.
GRID 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.
26.
Space for Rough Work
12_Atom and Nucleus.indd 37 12/6/12 4:46:25 PM