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Engineering materials 1
Chapter 1
DIESEL ENGINE

The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition or CI engine), named

after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of
the fuel is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to the
mechanical compression (adiabatic compression). This contrasts with spark-
ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a
gaseous fuel as opposed to petrol), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel
mixture.
Diesel engines work by compressing only the air. This increases the air
temperature inside the cylinder to such a high degree that atomized diesel fuel
injected into the combustion chamber ignites spontaneously. With the fuel being
injected into the air just before combustion, the dispersion of the fuel is uneven;
this is called a heterogeneous air-fuel mixture. The torque a diesel engine
produces is controlled by manipulating the air ratio; instead of throttling the
intake air, the diesel engine relies on altering the amount of fuel that is injected,
and the air ratio is usually high.
The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency (engine efficiency) of any
practical internal or external combustion engine due to its very high expansion
ratio and inherent lean burn which enables heat dissipation by the excess air. A
small efficiency loss is also avoided compared to two-stroke non-direct-injection
gasoline engines since unburned fuel is not present at valve overlap and therefore
no fuel goes directly from the intake/injection to the exhaust. Low-speed diesel
engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is
relatively unimportant) can reach effective efficiencies of up to 55%.[1]
Diesel engines may be designed as either two-stroke or four-stroke cycles. They
were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines.
Since the 1910s they have been used in submarines and ships. Use in
locomotives, trucks, heavy equipment and electricity generation plants followed
later. In the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in a few automobiles. Since the
1970s, the use of diesel engines in larger on-road and off-road vehicles in the US
has increased. According to Konrad Reef, the EU average for diesel cars accounts
for half of newly registered cars.[2]
The world's largest diesel engines put in service are 14-cylinder, two-stroke
watercraft diesel engines; they produce a peak power of almost 100 MW each.[3]
DIESEL ENGINE PARTS

1.) CRANKSHAFT

A crankshaft is a rotating shaft

which (in conjunction with the
connecting rods)
converts reciprocating motion of the
pistons into rotational motion.
Crankshafts are commonly used
in internal combustion engines and consist of a series of cranks and crankpins to
which the connecting rods are attached.[1]
The crankshaft rotates within the engine block through use of main bearings,
and the crankpins rotate within the connecting rods using rod bearings.
Crankshafts are usually made from metal, with most modern crankshafts being
constructed using forged steel.

2.) BEARINGS

The crankshaft is able to rotate in the engine

block due to the main bearings. Since the
crankshaft is subject to large sideways forces
from each cylinder, bearings are located at
various points along the crankshaft, not just one
at each end. This was a factor in V8
engines replacing straight-eight engines in the 1950s. The long crankshafts of
the latter suffered from an unacceptable amount of flex when engine designers
began using higher compression ratios and higher engine speeds (RPM). High
performance engines often have more main bearings than their lower
performance cousins for this reason.
3.) PISTON

Piston forms the lower part of the combustion chamber in a marine diesel engine.
It seals the cylinder and transmits the gas pressure to the connecting
rod. Piston forms the lower part of the combustion chamber in
a marine diesel engine. It seals the cylinder and transmits the gas pressure to the
connecting rod.
Piston rings are commonly made from cast iron. Cast iron retains the integrity of
its original shape under heat, load, and other dynamic forces. Piston rings seal the
combustion chamber, conduct heat from the piston to the cylinder wall, and
return oil to the crankcase.

4.) CONNECTING ROD

A connecting rod, also called a con rod, is the

part of a piston engine which connects the piston to the crankshaft. Together
with the crank, the connecting rod converts the reciprocating motion of
the piston into the rotation of the crankshaft. In mass-produced automotive
engines, the connecting rods are most usually made of steel. In high
 performance applications, "billet" connecting rods can be used, which are
machined out of a solid billet of metal, rather than being cast or forged.

5.) CYLINDER HEAD

In an internal combustion engine, the cylinder head (often informally

abbreviated to just head) sits above the cylinders on top of the cylinder block.
It closes in the top of the cylinder, forming the combustion chamber. This joint
is sealed by a head gasket. In most engines, the head also provides space for
the passages that feed air and fuel to the cylinder, and that allow the exhaust
to escape. The head can also be a place to mount the valves, spark plugs,
and fuel injectors.
6.) CYLINDER BLOCK

The function of a cylinder liner

in marine diesel engine is to provide durable and heat resistant combustion
chamber. It also provide area for cooling, lubrication, scavenging and assist
in sealing the combustion chamber. The entablature, also known as cylinder
block, is made from cast iron and used to accommodate the cooling water
and scavenge airspace. Depending upon the size of the engine, the casting
can be either for individual or multi cylinder.

7.) FLYWHEELS

A flywheel is nothing more than a heavy mechanical device attached to the

shaft to store surplus rotational energy. It acts as a rotating reservoir which
store energy; when its available in abundance and release when most needed
much like a battery. It has a significant weight in respect to the crankshaft
assembly; and thus helps maintain torque resisting rotational speed. They are
generally installed in systems with varying load and fluctuating torque; as in
internal combustion engine.
8.) EXHAUST VALVE

Its purpose is to open and close which will allow exhaust gas, or the results
of a burned combustion, to escape the combustion chamber so that fresh air
can be brought in to repeat the combustion cycle. The opening and closing of
the exhaust valve is controlled by the camshaft. Exhaust valves may
be made from a martensitic steel with chrome and silicon alloys, or a two-
piece valve with a stainless steel head and martensitic steel stem. On
applications that have Page 3 higher heat requirements, a stainless
martensitic alloy may be used.

9.) GOVERNORS

A governor is a system that

is used to maintain the mean speed of an engine, within certain limits, under
fluctuating load conditions. It does this by regulating and controlling the
amount of fuel supplied to the engine. ... Governors are also fitted in
auxiliary diesel engines or generators, and alternators on the ship. The speed-
sensing device on a pneumatic governor is a movable air
vane, made of metal or plastic. This small engine part registers the change in
air pressure around the spinning flywheel.