Chapter 2

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the articles, journals, and studies that are used to reinforce the

conceptualization or framework of the study. This supports the foundations and processes

involved in the research. It also provides the necessary information for the selection of

materials and components that were used in the development of the prototype. Lastly, this

includes the discussion of the conceptual model that is used in the research and the

operational/ functional definition of terms.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Emergency Care
Victim
Patient
Levels of Emergency
Types of Natural Calamities
Rescue
Responder
First Aid
Types of Rescue
Transportation of Victim to Ambulance
Rescue Equipment
Categories of Rescue Equipment based on type of Disaster
Stretcher
Types of Stretchers
History of Stretcher Use
 Parts of Stretcher

Materials needed for Emergency Stretcher

These are the materials needed in fabricating the Emergency Stretcher such as

pipes, wheels, fabric, straps, bearings, bolts with nuts, and rivet.

Pipe

Different types of pipes exist in the market some of which are the following:

Aluminum Tube Square, Aluminum Tube Pipe, Brass Pipes used in Plumbing, and Mild

Steel Pipes.

Aluminum Square Tube

The 6061-T6 and 6063-T52 is an available alloy of aluminum square tube.

The Aluminum 6063 has average machinability and can be welded in all

conventional methods. Also, it is highly resistant to corrosion. 6061-T6 aluminum

is one of the versatile alloys. It is suitable for heat treatment and has excellent

finishing properties. This aluminum is used for a wide range of products and

various applications. As shown in Figure 9 is the example of Aluminum Square

Tube.

Figure 9. Aluminum Square Tube

Source: https://tinyurl.com/yax3nde2

In relation to the function of the prototype, the concept material of Aluminum

Square Tube is observed. It serves as the main frame of the Amphibious Emergency
Stretcher because of its high corrosion resistance. Among the different types of pipes, the

Aluminum square tube is used for the main frame of the stretcher, and it also serves as the

handle of the stretcher because of its characteristics.

Wheel
There are different types of wheels that exist in the market some of which are the

following: Rubber Tyre Wheel, Hard Rubber Wheel, Forge Steel Wheel, Cast Iron Wheel,

and Polyurethane.

Polyurethane

The Polyurethane wheels is a perfect tread for transformation. It has the

characteristic of rubber wheels combined with the characteristic of metal wheels.

Polyurethane is always chosen in an industry because it is oil and greases resistant.

Compare to the other conventional rubber, polyurethane has a higher capacity of

load bearings that it became an ideal material for a heavy-duty coupling. It also has

excellent noise deduction properties suitable for an environment where noise

reduction is desirable. As shown in Figure 10 is the example of Polyurethane.

Figure 10. Polyurethane

Source: https://tinyurl.com/ycmycstp

In relation to the function of the prototype, the characteristics of the

polyurethane wheels is observed. It is suitable to be used as a wheel of the stretcher,

because of its durability and elasticity. Also, it provides extremely flex-life and

outlasts other elastomer materials.

Fabric
 There are different types of fabric that are used as a bed of a stretcher. Some of

these fabrics are olefin, leather, and canvas fabric. The bed is considered as an essential

part of the stretcher, for this is where the patient will lie upon transportation. Some of the

characteristics of fabrics are waterproof, non- absorbent, decay resistant and disinfectant.

For the suitability of the bed to the function of the stretcher as outdoor medical equipment.

As illustrated in Figure 11, is the fabric strength table.

Figure 11. Fabric Strength Table

Source: https://tinyurl.com/y5n3n4fo

Canvas Fabric

The canvas fabric is a plain-woven fabric that is used for making sails, tent,

marquees, backpacks, and other items. Canvas fabric is durable and usually made

of cotton or linen fiber. Each material has a different benefit depending on its

characteristics. As shown in Figure 12 is the example of Canvas Fabric

Figure 12. Canvas Fabric

Source: https://tinyurl.com/yapoh6ql

Linen Fabric

Linen is a durable canvas material that maintains its natural oils and its

flexibility. These characteristics of linen protect the canvas from getting brittle over

time. All of the threads of this fabric are all weigh the same, that when moisture
 comes in contact, it will expand or contract. Also, it is a heat conductive that reduces

heat temperature in hot weather. As shown in Figure 13 is the example of Linen

Fabric.

Figure 13. Linen Fabric

Source: https://tinyurl.com/y7bz9xg4

In relation to the function of the prototype, canvas fabric is observed. The

characteristics of being lightweight and durable were considered in choosing this type of

material. It does not produce stress or tugs that makes it suitable as outdoor equipment. It

is placed on top of the cross - weaved strap that served as a bed of the stretcher. This type

of fabric is easy to maintain because of its non- absorbent and decay resistant properties.

Strap

According to Schottke (2007), a strap must be appropriate and sufficiently long for

the patient, especially if the patient is large. The strap must be 6 to 9 feet long and has a

buckle to fit the strap well.

There are various kinds of straps for different types of application. It includes;

polypropylene, polyester, composite, and lastly nylon. As shown in Figure 14 is the

example of Strap.

Figure 14. Strap

Source: https://tinyurl.com/y8scwrh5
 Strapping is usually used in a locking industry. In securing the materials and

holding, a strap is usually made up of leather. It is different as fasteners, for it can be used

for animals, object and people. Strap main purposed is to hold and secure particularly in

the field of industrial and medical industry.

Nylon Strap Webbing

Nylon strap webbing is a reliable and durable material, so it is good for

medical restraint. Compared to other straps, this material gives better and secured

hold. As shown in Figure 15 is the example of Nylon Strap Webbing.

Figure 15. Nylon Strap Webbing

Source: https://tinyurl.com/y8ahaoxs

In relation to the function of the prototype, the nylon strap webbing is used as a

spider strap for making safe the patient and weaved a strap for the bed because of its

strength it provides in securing patient. This material gives the stretcher an advantage when

it comes to holding and securing patients when being transported.

Bearing

There are different kinds of bearings that are designed to handle loads such as

Roller bearings and Ball bearings.

Ball Bearing
 According to Kumar et al. (2014) the purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce

the rotational friction and support radial and axial load. As shown in Figure 16 is

the example of Ball bearing.

Figure 16. Ball bearing

Source: https://tinyurl.com/yd8cwren

In relation to the function of the prototype, the ball bearing has the lowest axial

friction but has a lower radial load. A ball bearing is made of hardened spherical steel that

can handle both radial and thrust load. It serves as the main mechanism in the rotation

process of the Tri-wheel that reduce the friction.

Hinge

According to Thomas Publishing Company (2014), the production of hinges

usually uses metal in manufacturing. The steel's mechanical durability and versatility are

the reason why it is used in the production of metal hinges.

There are different types of hinge that exist in the market some of which are the

following: Butt Hinge, Pivot Hinges, Folding Leg Hinge, and Double Acting Pivot Hinge.

As shown in Figure 17 is the

Figure 17. Hinge

Source: https://tinyurl.com/ybp9ny9j

Butt hinge
 According to Padmanabhuni (2014), Butt Hinges have a lot of applications.

It is used in furniture, doors, windows, and other furnishings. Indoor design is

usually used with stainless steel hinges, although the mortise hinge is generally

used for doors and frames. As shown in Figure 18 is the example of Butt Hinge.

Figure 18. Butt Hinge

Source: https://tinyurl.com/yadz3g5w

Pivot hinge
There are lots of hinges that are available in the market. One of it is the

Pivot hinge that is commonly used for heavy-duty purposes. This type of hinge is

designed for an overlay door where both sides are attached to the door. Pivot Hinge

allows the seamless view and does not block both directions of doors. As shown in

Figure 19 is the example of Pivot Hinge.

Among the different types of hinges, the prototype used pivot and butt hinges for

the folding mechanism of the Single-Operated Multi-Terrain Emergency Stretcher. The

pivot hinge is applicable for the crossed bar mechanism, while the butt hinge is used to

strengthen the crossed bar.

Bolts

According to Oberg (2012), bolts require an applied force in the head for tightening

and joining the materials. In contrast to the screw directly inserted into the material, when

inserted, the bolt is associated with a nut at its end.

 There are lots of screws that are already available in the market. Some of it are

Phillips Screw, Socket Screw, and Slotted Screw. As shown in Figure 20 is the example of

bolts.

Figure 20. Bolts

Source: https://tinyurl.com/y9ynqj8b

Socket Screw

The socket screw is known to allow tightening with higher torque. It has a

hexagonal recess that can be driven by Allen wrench. In contrast to other screws, the

socket screw consists of a large contact surface that allows the application of a large

amount of force without damaging the covers or the tip of the tool. The screw spanners

and the use of sockets can be loosened and tightened by a hex wrench. It uses six-sided

heads of fasteners known as the hex head cap screw. As shown in Figure 21 is the

example of Socket Screw.

Figure 21. Socket Screw

Source: https://tinyurl.com/ycxrnyoa

In relation to the function of the prototype, the socket screw was used because it

allows a large amount of strength to apply without damaging the surfaces of the tool.

Rivet

According to Jean (2012), the process of connecting to pieces of metal with a rivet

is called riveting, and a pin used as a connector is called rivet.

 There are different types of a rivet that is available in the market. Some of these are

the following: Round Head Rivets, Semi-Tubular Rivets, and Blind Rivets. As shown in

Figure 22 is the example of Rivet.

Figure 22. Rivet

Source: https://tinyurl.com/y7uxfkur

Blind Rivets

A blind rivet is tubular that is widely supplied with a mandrel through the

center. For every part to be joined a special tool is used and inserted into a hole

drilled. This assembly tends to expand the blind end of the rivet that causes the

mandrel to snaps. Due to vibration and other reasons mandrel may fall out. This

kind of rivets are non-locking and usually avoided the cause of critical structural

joints. However, this kind of rivets is only used when one side of the joint is

available. As shown in Figure 23 is the example of Blind Rivet.

Figure 23. Blind Rivet

Source: https://tinyurl.com/y7n83geq

In relation to the function of the prototype, blind rivet is used on the prototype

because it is suitable for joining part of the stretcher such as frame and straps. It is used for

assembly of the hinges to the mainframe of the stretcher.

Floaters
Multi Terrain Emergency Stretcher
Amphibian
Amphibious Vehicles
Cutting Process

According to Mukherjee & Ray (1990), metal cutting is important in the

engineering industry. It is commonly used in production processes. Metal cutting studies

usually focus on settings of machine parameters that affect the appearance of the process

and output quality. Process efficiency can be improved by optimizing process parameters.

It determines the region leading to the desired output and identifies it, ensuring a lower

production cost. As shown in Figure 24 is the example of Cutting Process.

Figure 24. Cutting Process

Source: https://tinyurl.com/ky7j25g

Cutting is a method of cutting the object into two or more parts. In the

manufacturing industry there are different types of cutting, such as stamping, water jet,

milling, etching, and laser cutting, but hacksawing and drilling are used on this prototype.

In relation to the function of the prototype, the process of cutting is observed. The

Amphibious Emergency Stretcher used the methods of cutting processes to achieve the

specific portion that is going to be needed on this project.

Grinding Process

According to King & Hahn (2012), grinding includes both buffing, honing and

polishing. In determining the grinding process, it is important to include the correct

decision and to understand the other methods of metal removal. As shown in Figure 25 is

the example of Grinding Process.

Figure 25. Grinding Process

 Source: https://tinyurl.com/ycjybx9d

In relation to the function of the prototype, the process of grinding process is

observed in this prototype. The Amphibious Emergency Stretcher applied the process of

grinding in cutting.

Welding
According to Singh (2012), Welding is a process that uses cohesive and adhesive

forces to join two metals. It is a study of heating and cooling system solidification of the

melt flow. Welding is usually compared to casting because the molten metal is solidified

in the solid base metal and relativity to the whole structure's base in the welding process.

There are different types of welding process that exist in the industry some of which

are the following: Shielded Metal Arc, Welding Gas Cutting, and TIG Welding.

Shielded Metal Arc welding

Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) is a type of welding using alternating

current (AC) or direct current (DC) and creating an electrical arc for the production

of heat and melt filler metal. The molten metal serves as binders. As shown in

Figure 26 is the example of Shield Metal Arc Welding.

Figure 26. Shielded Metal Arc welding

Source: https://tinyurl.com/yac75n35

In relation to the function of the prototype, the Shielded Metal Arc Welding is

observed. It is used in assembling of the frame of the stretcher.

 Among all the process of welding, Shielded Metal Arc Welding is used because it

is easier, cheaper to use and gives a good result.

Assembly

According to Urbancova (2006), it states that it is important to realize that a creative

part comes from the knowledge, experience, and skills of a person. The creativity of an

employee causes innovation. As shown in Figure 27 is the example of assembly.

Figure 27. Assembly

Source: https://tinyurl.com/ybl2lkpt

Assembly is a process that connects all parts. It's an important part of an industry's

production. The assembly is carried out in the manufacturing industry by a machine or

manpower.

In relation to the function of the prototype, the process of assembly is observed in

this prototype. The Amphibious Emergency Stretcher applied assembly in which the

prototype is being assembled, and all the fixtures are being attached
 Conceptual Model of the Study

The paradigm showed below is the conceptual model of the preceding findings,

related literature, theories, concepts, studies presented and observations taken as

demonstrated as follows.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Knowledge Requirements
• Transportation of Victim to
Ambulance
• Basic First Aid
• Air Lift Rescue AMPHIBIOUS
• Water Rescue  Prototype Design EMERGENCY
• Flooding Hazard in Manila  Fabrication and STRETCHER
• Pipes Assembly
• Wheels  Test and
• Strap improvement
• Bearing
• Bolts
• Rivet
• Floater
• Evaluation System

Hardware Requirements
• Aluminum Square Tube
• Nylon Strap webbing
• Ball Bearing
• Floater Attachments

Tools and Equipment

EVALUATION
• Grinding machine
• Handrill
• Welding Machine
(SMAW)

Figure 28. The Conceptual Model of the Study

 Figure 28 shows the conceptual model of the study. Based on the ongoing theories

and studying of the researches, a conceptual model that consist of input, process, output,

and evaluation. The input stage consists of knowledge requirements like the step by step

procedures in constructing the Amphibious Emergency Stretcher. The hardware

requirements include aluminum tube pipes, polyurethane wheels, fabricated hinges, nylon

strap webbing, and ball bearing. Tools and equipment which include the grinding and

welding machine. In the process stage, project design, fabrication, assembly, and testing

and improvement are delicately taken care of.

As a result of the processed input, the final output is the Amphibious Emergency

Stretcher. It is developed for the easy travel of a responder to a victim in a flooded vicinity

in order to provide first aid and transportation to an ambulance or air lift.

Operational Definition of Terms

To have a thorough understanding on the study the following terms are defined as

to how they are used in the study.

Amphibious Emergency Stretcher

Bearing refers to the support of load and reducing rotational friction of the

prototype.

Bolts refers to the fastener for attaching the other parts to the base of the stretcher.

Frame refers to the support of bed and served as the foundation of the stretcher.

Pipes refers to the pole that is attached to the prototype that serves as the holder of

the fabric and as the handle of the prototype.

Polyurethane Wheel

Handle refers to the ergonomically-designed part where the operator holds the

prototype.

Nylon Strap Webbing refers to the securing of load or patient when it is

transported.
 Hinge refers to the mechanical component that connects the base frame, for the

folding mechanism, and to strengthen the crossed bar of the prototype.