Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Final Paper in PR1
Final Paper in PR1
Final Paper in PR1
INTRODUCTION:
The condition of government schools all over the country and quality of education
being imparted, are going from bad to worse day by day. Government and the concerned
department for education are undeniably lacking of attention though according to the
Commission of the Budgeting office of the Philippines, this sector were given the biggest
allotted budget to improve the best quality of education here in the country, from the
facilities where students are place to the chairs, tables and modules use by students and
teachers. But despite of the big budget allotted in this sector, different conflicts, problems
and challenges arises and one of this is the overpopulated facilities or classrooms which
supposedly the most comfortable places for all students since according to many studies,
environment has a direct impact on teaching and learning which was supported by Sha and
Innamullah (2012).
Based on the statements of Jones (2017), he stated to his blog that over 21 million
of students were enrolled in the schools and institutions in the Philippines. And 18 percent
of the entire student population were forced to attend extremely overcrowded facilities in
the public schools because the classrooms were not enough to hold the same amount of
students every day and every year it increases. Since many students were being placed on
the same place, it definitely affects the performance and learning of students and became
more difficult for them to understand and cope up the lessons. Therefore, the statements
above conclude that government schools are overcrowded because of the continuous
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increase rate of population, addition to this is due to the limitation of the economic
resources and budget contains that are visibly not enough to prevent conflicts and problems
to achieve the best quality of education. From the statements above obviously, this became
one of the main problem that students encounter, the overpopulated facilities that were
Based on the Article that the DepEd had released, the average number of students
in most of the classrooms ranges from 70 to 120 students which is its approximate number
of students were only above 45 and will not exceed above 50. From these, the difficulties
arises and it creates many problem for both, teachers and students in teaching-learning
process. Fortunately, researchers have done this study in order to know the effect of
overcrowded classes on students’ achievement but sadly, less attention were given to
identify the problems face by teachers in overcrowded classes. So the researchers decided
to deal this problem in a different way and try to find out the problem face by students.
Class is the group of pupil put together for the purpose of collective instruction. All
the members of the class have common goals, interest, attitude and attainments. In a short
way, they can say that class consists of homogenous group of pupils, who will work and
progress together.
optimum level such that it causes hindrance and the teaching-learning progress.
The classroom is the most important area within a school. The students spend most
learning behavior can be enhanced when teachers take time to create a classroom climate
in which adolescents feel comfortable with their teachers and peers. But unfortunately, in
Focusing on the effect of this very serious problem prevailing in our country, one
thing is very clear that teaching in such an environment, where the number of students is
Padre Garcia National High School is a public high school wherein overpopulation
is observed. Every school year the population of the students is increasing. This increasing
performance of the students. Even there’s a lot of new buildings in school, still there a less
BACKGROUND OF A STUDY
schools are now being abundant in the number of students who are willing to learn. But the
problem is, there are no enough classrooms for the abundance of the students in the said
their attention was being interrupted by noise of each individuals in the said classrooms.
Environment is one of the factors that affect students, not just in academics, but also
psychologically.
3
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study aim to identify the effects of over-crowded classroom to the academic
performance of the students, particularly the students in Padre Garcia National High
School.
4 .What are the possible outcomes for the students if their classroom is overpopulated?
to student’s academic performance inside the classroom. This study will be beneficial to
the following:
RESEARCHERS. As a student undergo the K-12 curriculum, the researchers of this study
strongly believe that it will be a great help to each to widen their knowledge as a student,
though they were in an uncertain condition of facing the four corner of crowded
classrooms. It will also help the researchers to improve that learning different kind of
knowledge is based the environment they were in. The researchers, would like to prove
that less population in a classroom can help students to enhance each skills in academic
performances. It is also a way for a teachers, to discuss and explain everything, easily
4
STUDENTS. This research can fully understand by the people who are in a crowded
classrooms, suffering in an everyday dilemma of noise, that they can’t even listen to
as they may perform their academic performances well. This research will provide the
student’s adjustment in overcrowded classroom, and give them information how it can
affect their everyday performance in school, because of the said reason. The study will also
shows the student’s way to cope up with their co-students, especially with their teachers.
FUTURE RESEARCHER. This study will provides information about the effects of
This study focuses only on the effects of the overpopulated facilities that affect the
academic performance of students especially in Padre Garcia National High School. The
researchers will focus on the environment that one students have and determine how nature
really affects the cognitive learning of all students who were experiencing to be on the
overcrowded facilities. Therefore, this study will investigate the problem which is the
This research is limited only to students who are in a crowded classroom in Padre
Garcia National High School. This study delimits the other schools in Padre Garcia,
Batangas. Also it will only investigate the most populated classroom and how do students
perform on class, this study is limited only to the overpopulation and the effect of it on the
5
students’ performance and does not cover the other factors that may affect the students’
academic performances.
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CHAPTER II
INTRODUCTION
work of different authors relating to the specific topic Galvan, (2006). According to Okoli,
(2010) a literature review provides an understanding of what existing research has to say
on a matter. While based on Boote and Beile (2005), the main purpose of a literature review
is to provide a context for the research, justify the research, and outline gaps in previous
research and show where the research fits in into the existing body of knowledge. Meda
(2013) claims among other reasons a literature review is done to delimit the problem and
to have a deep understanding of the known and unknown around a specific study area.
Based on the study, 18 percent of the entire student population in the Philippines
are forced to attend extremely overcrowded public schools. Jones (2017) studies show that
overcrowded classroom conditions not only that make it difficult for students to
concentrate on their lessons, but inevitably limit the amount of time teachers can spend on
innovative teaching methods such as cooperative learning and group work or on teaching
anything beyond the bare minimum required by the curriculum. On top of this, teachers in
congested classrooms are generally over-stretched, more likely to suffer from burnout, or
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Despite the shortage of space for many students at public schools in the Philippines,
the DepEd had never attempted to purchase land for new school sites for several reason.
Up until the intervention in 2014, there was a long held belief by some in the DepEd that
school properties should not be purchased, but rather donated by either the local
government or private individuals and organizations. Instead, the DepEd should focused
on constructing additional classrooms at existing school sites .To counter act the widening
student-classroom ratio, the DepEd developed and implemented a wide range of strategies
that were often seen as controversial, including: splitting classrooms in two using wall
dividers; dividing the classes even at the elementary level into morning, afternoon, and
Galabawa cited in “Poverty and Human Development Report” (2002) that stresses
that provision of good education in school is hindered by large class problem. Bigger class
sizes tend to have proper performance in school nation examination results. Osaki (2002)
specifies that among other reasons for poor performance in Mathematics results in many
schools, large classes which do not allow effective student participation as well as enabling
According to Mugisha (1983), her study notes that class sizes affect the teaching
learning process. As the class becomes larger, the teacher eventually fails to teach
effectively. The fewer the pupils the better will be the pupils performance. Moreover, if the
class is full, pupils and teachers cannot feel comfortable. The teacher can neither give
questions to every pupil nor help every pupil. Only the shortcut teaching solutions may be
applied. In such situation, teachers may not provide enough exercise because they fear to
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correct a lot of pupils` exercise books. Many school teachers in Tanzania do not provide
enough exercise to pupils, which is their strategy for reducing heavy workload.
Classroom Interaction
which teachers and students have a reciprocal effect upon each other through what they say
Mbunda (1992) states that in the process of classroom interaction, there emerges
patterns that will indicate the source, the direction and the magnitude of activity flow. The
activity flow differs from lesson to lesson, and from subject to subject, depending on the
objectives of the lesson and the nature of the subject. A lesson demanding more skills than
knowledge or vice versa will require a different pattern of interaction. The interaction
patterns include the teacher-pupil interaction line, pupil- teacher interaction line, pupil-
include lecturing, group work or provision of few exercise so that interactions with students
are made. They also avoid using time to teach individual students. Osaki et al., (2004) states
that one of the reasons why teachers use the lecture method is the presence of too many
Lema (2003) hints that one of the factors that affect teaching is large classes. These
force them to attend the whole class in general rather than attending individual learner.
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A Universal Problem
Shah and Inamullah (2012) found from their studies that over-crowded classes
could have a direct impact on students’ learning .This not only affected students’
performance but the teachers had to face different problems such as discipline, behavioral
problems, poor health and poor performance of students, put stress on teachers and
Carlson (2000) reported that quality learning was not possible when large number
of students were packed into small classrooms. He visited different schools but it was
evident as a serious problem. He further reported that 40 plus children were stuffed into
classrooms designed for no more than 35 kids. They were seated so closely together that
Ijaiya (1999) found a weak positive correlation between the opinion of teachers and
students. Findings showed that over crowdedness diminished the quality and quality of
teaching and learning with serious implications for attainment of educational goals. It was
felt that additional buildings and furniture should give priority in educational planning at
all levels. Overcrowded classroom is not only the problem of one country but it has now
Phillips (2011) submitted a report conducted by the teachers union which showed
that the number of overcrowded classes in New York was the largest, in the last ten years.
Although there are not as many research studies on the effect overcrowding has on
student learning as there are with other physical environmental factors, nevertheless
available research shows that overcrowding causes a variety of problems and the findings
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indicate that students in overcrowded schools and classrooms do not score as high on
absenteeism among teachers and students. Teachers reported that overcrowding resulted in
stressful and unpleasant working conditions. The population Corcoran used consistent the
teachers in 31 elementary, middle, and high school buildings in 5 major cities across the
nation. The author so the study observed that the working condition soft the teachers in
It seem obvious that in sealed space without the availability of fresh air from
outside, the occupant soft hot space will die from asphyxiation. While we certainly to seek
adequate ventilation and evidence is accumulating to support the common sense notion that
occupants of a classroom without good ventilation can't function normally and can't learn
otherwise dilute contaminants that can build up inside such contaminant such contaminated
come from people breathing, from their skin, clothes, perfumes, shampoo, deodorants,
building materials and cleaning agents, pathogens, and from a host of other agent that
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Conceptual Literature
DepEd Undersecretary for Planning and Field Operations Jesus Mateo said one way of
improving the learning environment is to reduce the class size, classroom-pupil and
House Bill 473 or An Act Regulating Class Size in All Public Schools and
Appointing Funds thereof which says one teacher shall handle a standard class size of 35
learners with a maximum of no more than 50 students. Mateo stated before the teacher-
pupil ratio at 1:45 but for school year 2017-2018, the teacher-student ratio is 1:31 and will
not exceed to 50 students for elementary level, 1:36 for Junior High School level, and 1:31
Conceptual Framework
12
Poor understanding
Synthesis
This part of the study show the relation between the other related topics to our
study. House bill 473 contained that one teacher shall handle a standard class size of 36
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students with the maximum of no more 50 learner for the school year 2017-2018. This
house bill will not be accomplish right away because of lack of needs. Therefore many
problem occur in this situation that may affects the academic performance of the students.
Just like Shah and Inamullah (2012) found that over-crowed class could have a direct
impact to student’s learning and as Galabawa (2002), states thst schools hindered by large
class problem. Different problem occur inside an overpopulated classroom the quality of
learning is at risk and it was proven on Carlson (2000) report that quality of education was
There are many factors affecting the poor academic performance of the student, one
of it is the ventilation there are some class here in Padre Garcia National High School that
are fully packed in a classroom. Stated in Ventilation Effect on Performance that different
of contaminant from a large number of population may cause a health problem and lack of
concentration. There are also some classes having their class in open places like our school
gymnasium and the TVL building wherein strong wind with a lot of dust is unbearable. .
It therefore conclude that environment of students has impact that affect their
academic performances and should be given more attention. The overpopulated facilities
or classrooms might affect both teachers and students that leads to more poor[7 academic
performances.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
designed to depict the participant to accurate way. Descriptive research is about describing
people who take part in the study. The study used the descriptive method of research in
which was used as a guide for the interviewers in gathering necessary data needed in the
study.
classifying, and tabulating data about prevailing conditions , practices, beliefs, trends, and
cause and effect relationship. The organized data were than subjected to interpretation.
The respondents in this study were the 2900 students from grade 7 to grade 12 of
Padre Garcia National High School. The respondents were chosen through purposive
random sampling. The researchers will randomly pick purposively from the students.
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Data Gathering Instrument
The research instrument that will be used in gathering and collecting data self-
in collecting data are: it is simple to administer, the data obtained is reliable and the coding,
analysis and interpretation of data are relatively simple and straight forward.
The questionnaire is consist of four items and additional asked depending on the
satisfaction of the question. Two item is related to the impact of overpopulation to the
student’s performance academically, one item is for the reason of overcrowding of the
classrooms, and one item is for the possible outcome of the problem.
However, the said questionnaires will be constructed and developed based on other
For the purpose of this research, in depth interviews were used. In depth interviews
emotions, feelings, and opinion regarding a particular research subject .The main
advantage of personal interviews is that they involve personal and direct contact between
interviewer and interviewees as well as eliminate non-response rates but interviewers need
developed a necessary skill to successfully carry an interview (Fisher and Wilson, 2003).
will be secured and given to the principal and other concern personnel of Padre Garcia
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Upon the approval, the researcher conduct in depth interview to the students starting
to grade seven to grade twelve. After the interview have been accomplish, the researcher
express gratitude to those who participate and cooperate in the data gathering. The
researcher also conduct a personal interview to the outstanding students who are
experiencing over populated classroom in every section that the researchers encounter. The
data such as common points or answers, most number of suggestions and most number of
experience will be tallied, tabulated and basis for analysis and interpretation.
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CHAPTER IV
INTRODUCTION
This chapter focuses on the analysis and interpretation of the data generated
from semi-structured questionnaires. The data is presented according to the questions that
was being asked during the interviews. Further, in the presentation of data, student's
TABLE 1
We came up to this topic because some of cannot hear and understand what our teacher
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How do the scholastic standing of the S2: It can affects the scholastic standing
topic."
19
S10: "Lack of space allotted for different
academic activities."
recitation."
diverted."
Majority of them, responded that the major reason why scholastic standing is
being affected was the noise of the students in a particular classrooms that causes them
not to clearly hear the discussion of the teacher. And tend not to focus and divert their
focus into something interesting that leads them in a poor understanding, and difficulty in
coping up with their classmates who have been listening and understand the said topic.
find it difficult to perform their activities well because of lacking of facilities that is
necessary for teaching and learning process, due to the large number of students many
students are not given individual attention that sometimes lead to lose their courage in
answering. Another factor affecting the poor academic performance of the students due to
behaviors and sometimes it leads to lack of cooperation in some cases like group activity.
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TABLE 2
What would be the possible reasons on S2: "Because we are in a Public School,
why classrooms are over populated and we do not have enough classrooms."
classroom?
lack of classrooms."
TVL."
overcrowded."
21
S7: "I think the reason is lack of
classroom".
students."
overcrowded."
their responses the school is lack of enough classrooms that is why overpopulation
happens. Another factor is that students are combined just like the TVL strand, the
agriculture and fishery were combined. The respondents also indicate that the slow
process of the new building, that is hopefully a subsidiary for those class who doesn’t
22
have their own classroom. But still, the demand of the students is inevitable, and
In general, lack of classroom is the main reason why students are suffering in an
overcrowded classroom. They also believe that because we are in public high school, the
demand of the students is inevitable, and tend to put them all in one classroom that is
TABLE 3
classrooms.
How do the students learn well if S2: "Visual aids is really a big help to
occupied?
23
S4: "Learning in this overpopulated
deaths."
overcome it."
of the students."
24
S11: "Individual and group performance
teacher’s strategy. This include the visual and individual or group activities. Too much
noise is one of the major reason of distraction in class but with the help but with the help
of the teacher’s strategy it lessen the noise and avoid distractions. Some of the
respondents believe that learning is in the student’s willingness, even there’s a lot of
hindrance if the students have the determination to learn, they find a way. Learning inside
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TABLE 4
overpopulation to them.
What are the possible outcome for the S2: "Overpopulation is troublesome and
overpopulated
difficulty in learning."
back."
the back."
26
S7: "The fact that there's a lot of students
manage."
attention."
them."
focus."
learning."
27
S14: "Too much noise that result to poor
understanding."
teachers to give individual attention. Aside from that, overpopulation may result to
difficulty in learning and inactive participating in class, there are also some instances that
there’s some students who are left behind in their topics. On the other hand,
overpopulation may lead to positive effect to their social aspect. Despite of this, different
attitudes are difficult to manage for the teachers, this situation lead to more boisterous
environment.
depend on the student, if they let overpopulation be a hindrance to their studies then it is
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CHAPTER V
the academic performance of the students in Padre Garcia National High School. In order
to attain the purpose, four research question were set: (1) How do the scholastic standing
of the students become affected by overpopulation? (2) What are the possible reason on
why classroom are overpopulated? (3) How do the students learn well if facilities inside
their classroom is overpopulated? (4) What are the possible outcomes for the students if
their classroom is overpopulated? The study involved the 14 students experiencing the
qualitative research approach where information on key research question was obtained
The observed classroom in Padre Garcia National High School were crowded, the
studied schools is lack of enough classroom. It was found that there was a direct negative
effect between overcrowding classroom and pupil’s performance. This is to say, the class
size was the main factor for teaching and learning process.
Conclusion
Base on the findings of this study and research evidence, the following conclusion are
made:
29
Too much noise is the main reason of distraction of the students inside an
Padre Garcia National High School is lacked of enough classroom which were
affected. Teachers could not effectively concentrate on the individual pupil. The
teacher’s strategies including the teacher’s material is necessary for the student’s
learning.
individual to study in the situation like overpopulation. But still both parties must
do their part, the government must do something about this situation in order to
In light of the study findings, discussion, and conclusion the following recommendation
are made for Padre Garcia National High School and educational stakeholders.
Stakeholders:
30
Teachers have to use different techniques, in particular, interactive method so
This study found that Padre Garcia National High School faced the
This study revealed that too much noise is one of the factors affecting the
overpopulation.
31
BIBLIOGRAPHY
32
Boote, D.N., & Beile, P. (2005). Scholars before researchers. Educational
Researcher, 34(6),3-15.
Corcoran, Thomas B.; Walker, Lisa J.; White, J. Lynne. (1988). Working in
Fisher, Kenn. 2002. The impact of school infrastructureon student outcomes and
Galvan, J.L. (2006). Writing Literature Reviews: A guide for students of social
https://asiafoundation.org/2017/04/05/school-congestion-philippines breakthrough
Metelo,A.(1998).DescribingClassroomInteraction.http://www.salzburgseminar.or
g/Retrieved on January20,2011.
33
Mugisha, K.K.S. (1983).Factors Affecting the quality of Primary Education in
Tanzania: A study of selected Schools in Bukoba Ruraland Urban District. Dares Salaam:
life and real life experiences (Honours in Education, Unpublished thesis). The Liberty
University, U.S.A.
Shah, J., & Inamullah, H.M. (2012). Overcrowded classrooms: A serious problem
34
APPENDICES
35
Consent to Participate in this Study
Good day!
We, the researchers from Grade 11 Stem Resiliency would like to conduct an interview
regarding our research about overcrowded classrooms here in Padre Garcia National
High School. We're humbly asking for all of your cooperation to fulfill our desire to
finish our study. Your cooperation will be the biggest help for us.
____________________________ __________________________
36
1. Does the noise of the students affect each individual's focus?
classroom?
4. Does the demand of the students become a reason why we there's an overpopulated
classroom?
6. What do you think is the main reason on how classroom are overpopulated?
37
CURRICULUM
VITAE
38
Name: John Jerico N. Balat
PERSONAL BACKGROUND:
Age: 17
Citizenship: Filipino
Occupation: Cashier
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
(2008-2014)
(2014-2018)
________________________
39
Name: John Lester G. Braga
PERSONAL BACKGROUND:
Age: 16
Citizenship: Filipino
Occupation: Housewife
Occupation: Driver
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
(2006-2014)
(2014-2018)
________________________
40
Name: Jhon Kenneth A. Delos Reyes
PERSONAL BACKGROUND:
Age: 17
Citizenship: Filipino
Occupation: Automotive
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
(2007-2014)
(2014-2018)
________________________
41
Name: Roberto M. Matulac Jr.
PERSONAL BACKGROUND:
Age: 17
Citizenship: Filipino
Occupation: Housewife
Occupation: Driver
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
(2008-2014)
(2014-2018)
________________________
42
Name: Ericson B. Mendroz
PERSONAL BACKGROUND:
Age: 17
Citizenship: Filipino
Occupation: Sewer
Occupation: Driver
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Lobo, Batangas
(2008-2014)
(2014-2018)
________________________
43
Name: Albert M. Montejo
PERSONAL BACKGROUND:
Age: 16
Citizenship: Filipino
Occupation: Housewife
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
(2008-2014)
(2014-2018)
________________________
44
Name: Andrew L. Redondo
PERSONAL BACKGROUND:
Age: 16
Citizenship: Filipino
Occupation: Teacher
Occupation: Carpenter
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
(2008-2014)
(2014-2018)
________________________
45
Name: Thomas Lee G. Salao
PERSONAL BACKGROUND:
Age: 16
Citizenship: Filipino
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
(2008-2014)
(2014-2018)
________________________
46
Name: Kristine Mae L. Diaz
PERSONAL BACKGROUND:
Age: 17
Citizenship: Filipino
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Rosario, Batangas
________________________
PERSONAL BACKGROUND:
Age: 17
Citizenship: Filipino
Occupation: (Separated)
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
________________________
48
Name: Karen U. Tapay
PERSONAL BACKGROUND:
Age: 17
Citizenship: Filipino
Occupation: Sewer
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
(2008-2014)
(2014-2018)
________________________
49