TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS

ARTICLES TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRIC CAR

NAMA : Mahmudin
NIM : 171010300480
KELAS : 03TMSM005

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK MESIN

FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS PAMULANG
2018
 TECHNOLOGY ELECTRIC CAR
Electric vehicles have existed since the late nineteenth century. In fact, in 1900 electric
vehicles, including trolleys and trains, than there were gasoline-powered cars. Battery-
powered trains were developed in the mid-19th century and widespread adoption began
after Werner von Siemens debuted his electric passenger train at the 1879 Berlin Trade Fair.
Siemens' train, powered by a third rail, transcended the limits of batteries and facilitated
the development of electric streetcars.

As a means of local transportation, electric streetcars succeeded where steam engines–with

their noise, sparks and steam–had failed and by 1900 they were adapted worldwide for use
in railways, subways and short-range industrial environments such as mines.

Electric train development progressed rapidly. The adoption of AC current (which allows for
higher voltages) enabled long-distance travel and higher speeds. Electric railways came to
be seen as the future of transportation and planners envisioned that all systems of city and
suburban traffic would become electric.

Though the streetcar was more prominent, electric cars developed in parallel. In the 1830's
Scottish businessman Robert Anderson invented the first crude electric carriage. Professor
Sibrandus Stratingh of Groningen, the Netherlands, designed and built the small-scale
electric car with Christopher Becker in 1835.

Electric Cars Flourish

Such a car, powered by a battery that would rapidly expire, had little potential until Gaston
Planté's 1865 invention of the lead-acid battery which could be recharged. In 1881 Camille
Faure's lead-oxide battery greatly increased capacity and conductivity, thus paving the way
for electric cars to flourish.

France and Great Britain spearheaded development of the electric car, soon followed by the
United States. EVs broke land speed records and outsold gasoline models at the turn of the
century. Gas-powered cars were considered noisy, uncomfortable, difficult to drive. They
also required crank starting which was not only a pain, it could break your wrist. Have a look
at this marketing letter from Detroit Electric agent J.F. Hayden who is "forcibly convinced
that the Electric Automobile [sic] will largely supersede the gas cars."

Agent Hayden was not alone in his view. In addition to the electric car's superior comfort
and safety, the processes of extracting and refining crude oil into a useable energy source
was extremely expensive. Briefly stated, the future car of 1900 was electric, just as it is
today.

Though the auto industry was still in its infancy, several companies manufactured electric
vehicles in the U.S. Prominent names included:

 Baker (link to picture of collector Jay Leno)

 Detroit Electric (currently being revived by a Netherlands-based company)
 Studebaker
 These vehicles were sold primarily as “town cars” to affluent and high income
individuals. Curiously, electric cars, with their tidy, crank-free operation, were also
marketed as appropriate for women drivers. All was not perfect, however, with the
electric car. They were still slow and had limited range. Batteries were cumbersome
and leaked, spewing noxious fumes that belied their "clean" image.
 Gasoline Wins The Day
 Thomas Edison began to develop an improved battery for the electric auto. His
patented alkaline battery was lighter weight and longer-lasting; the "Edison Storage
Battery Company" was founded and successfully produced batteries for 70 years.
Cars, however, were not the primary application. His battery development coincided
with gasoline engine-related advances that sounded the death knell for the electric
car.
 The electric starter, invented and introduced by Cadillac in 1913, increased the
potential of the internal combustion engine and provided a safe, effective, and
consumer-friendly alternative to the hand-crank. However, it was the Model T,
which debuted in 1908 without an electric starter, that really did in the electric car.
Henry Ford's production model made autos affordable for the masses. Gasoline, at
 that time a by product of the burgeoning petroleum industry, was also cheap and
increasingly available.
 A final significant contribution to the inability of the electric car to flourish in the
United States was the widespread adoption of Westinghouse's AC electric system,
which could carry power for greater distances, in favor of Edison's DC system.
Electric vehicles were rapidly deprived of a readily available DC power source for
recharging and AC/DC converters were extremely costly.
 Mass-produced gas-powered autos became the standard and cost one-third as much
as their electric counterparts. By the 1930s, the electric automobile industry was
defunct.

A proud Reva driver. Photo by Jon Rawlinson

Just as they did at the turn of the 20th century, electric cars appear to be coming of age in
the early 21st century. Sales numbers have fluctuated with the economy but we'll leave
those figures to other folks. We're looking at the big picture and from our perspective
there's a lot of buzz about EV's. Detroit automakers are committed to building electric cars,
both federal state governments are offering tax incentives to EV consumers, and driveable
battery-powered models are showing up on the convention floor at major auto shows.

EV's: A Powerful Trend

On the roads and highways of the U.S. the unavoidable presence of hybrid cars underscores
the trend toward alternative fuel vehicles [AFVs]. Have a look at this chart:

Number of AEVs in use by fuel type, 1992-2006. Source: DoE AFDC

If this trend continues, the buzz you're hearing might turn into the hum of an electric motor.
It's impossible to know if today's buzz will be tomorrow's irony, but the powerful drivers of
EV production are only going to get stronger:

 Air and water pollution

 Dwindling oil supplies controlled by politically noxious governments
 High oil prices
Barring any black swan-type developments in the auto industry, electricity is the best short-
to-medium term power alternative for personal transportation. Other alternative fuels hold
promise but electricity is well understood, readily available from a variety of sources, and is
supported by infrastructure.

Financial Incentives

Aside from saving money on gas, U.S. consumers and businesses benefit from an increasing
number of financial and other incentives available to them as buyers of BEV:

 Federal tax credits

 State tax rebates and other programs
 Local government initiatives such as carpool lane access for AFV drivers

Admittedly, EVs – even the golf-cart-style neighborhood electric vehicles [NEV's] – are still
expensive and not so widely available. AFV's and EV's in particular are out of reach for most
drivers. But if the success of the Prius, which has made hybrids commonplace, is any
indication, more and more people will have access to these cars.

Electric Car Disadvantages

Currently, BEVs suffer from limited range and low speeds. As a result, their use is limited to
local destinations (thus the aforementioned "NEV"). Electric charging stations in the U.S. are
far and few between. However, an electric car can be charged at home and solar recharging
is becoming more and more feasible.

What's in the Future for Electric Cars

Their future is with either the Altairnano NanoSafe™ battery mentioned above, along with the
nanophosphate™ technology developed by A123Systems. This technology is creating a “new
generation” lithium-ion battery called an M1 cell, with the hope of substantially better performance
in BEVs. It uses olivines, minerals found in nature that, once broken down and following the addition
of metals, possess a high charge/discharge content.
The incredible performance capacity can be seen in the Killacycle , a drag-racing electric-powered
motorcycle. The KillaCycle uses a 7.5 kWh lithium-ion pack featuring 990 M1cells and powered by
two Model L-91 DC motors.
A123Systems is developing a Battery Range Extender Module utilizing their nanophosphate™
technology that can convert current-model HEVs into PHEVs.

LINK: http://www.futurecars.com/futurecars/electric_cars2.html