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Pump Foundation - PS7
Pump Foundation - PS7
Equipment Foundation Dynamic Design
Foundation Dimensions
L1= 12.5 feet foundation width at soil interface
(X) Transverse direction
B1= 32 feet foundation length perpendicular to line of force
(Y) Longitudinal direction
D1= 4 feet foundation thickness
Soil Parameters
gs = 120 pcf soil unit weight from PS7 soil properties
v = 0.4 soil Poisson ratio from PS7 soil properties
V = 1120 fps shear wave velocity in soil G = r V2 = ( gs / g) V2,
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 1
Equipment
Weights of Rotors from Vendor Information
WCP = 805 lbs Weight of the Comp/Pump Rotor 365 kg 3600
WDr = 4385 lbs Weight of Driver Rotor 1989 kg 3600
WGr = 306 lbs Weight of Coupling 139 kg 3600
WOTr = 0 lbs Weight of Other Rotor 0 kg 3600
WOTr = 0 lbs Weight of Other Rotor 0 kg 3600
Weight of Compressor / Pump Equipment
WCMP = 16500 lbs Weight of Pump / Compressor 7484 kg
WMTR = 23320 lbs Weight of Motor (Driver) 10578 kg
WGRB = 0 lbs Weight of Gear Box 0 kg
WSKID = 15650 lbs Weight of Skid 7099 kg
WOTH = 0 lbs Weight of Other Component 0 kg
WOTH = 1500 lbs Weight of Other Component 680 kg
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 2
Dynamic Analysis:
1. Equivalent Radius of Foundation
a. Vertical
ro = ( Area / p )0.5
ro = ( B1 * L1 / 3.1416 )0.5
b. Horizontal
Same as vertical
ro = 11.28 feet
c. Rocking
ro = [ ( B1 * L13 ) / ( 3 * p ) ] 0.25
2. Mass and Mass Moment of Inertia
a. Vertical
Foundation Weight (ADJUST FOR UNIT WEIGHT OF CONCRETE)
Summation of B * L * D * 150 pcf =
c. Mass Ratio
Fdn Weight / Rotating Equipment Weight
MR = 269540 / 56970 = 4.73
MASS RATIO > 3.0 OK.
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 3
d. Rocking Moment of Inertia
The mass moments of inertia are taken from the bottom of the foundation mat.
Foundation mat
SI = 1 / 12 * mi * ( ai2 + bi2 ) + mi * dc2
SI= Icl + Itr
Lower Block
Icl = 240000 * ( 12.5 2 + 4 2 ) = 107087
12 * 32.17
Foundation Mat Total = 160589
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 4
Equipment
This would best be obtained from manufacturer's but the following
approximations should be relatively close for most equipment.
The mass moment of inertia about the center of mass for the rotors
and housing is taken to be small in comparison to the transfer portion.
A nominal amount for the mass moment of inertia about a rotor or
housing center of mass may be included here by factoring the transfer
portion. Alternately, I cl could be estimated and inserted below.
( Icl = 0.5*m*r2 for a solid cylinder along longit. height axis. )
The factors given above should be considered as a very rough
approximation.
Icl = Mass moment of inertia of all rotors about their 6.4
centerlines. Taken as zero since this is small.
USE 1.0 AS A FACTOR IF NO ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION DESIRED.
Other Equipment ͠͠͠ ADJUST DISTANCE FACTOR AS NEEDED FOR NON MACHINE ITEMS.
Itr = 1.00 * 0 * ( 4.125 ft + 3.567 )2 = 0
32.17 D1 + D2 D3 + d
THE HEIGHT IS TAKEN SAME AS THE MACHINE CENTERLINE HEIGHT
Equipment
Itr = 1.00 * 56970 * ( 4.922 ft + 2.77 )2 = 104779
32.17 D1 + D2 + D3 d
Total SI = 265375
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 5
e. Embedment Coefficients for Spring Constants
h = 3 Feet
Vertical
hz = 1 + 0.60 (1 v) * (h/ro) = 1.096
Horizontal
hx = 1 + 0.55 (2 v) * (h/ro) = 1.234
Rocking
hy = 1 + 1.2 (1 v) (h/ro) + 0.2 (2 v) (h/ro)3 =
hy = 1.251
f. Damping Ratio Embedment Adjustment Factor
Vertical
az = [ 1 + 1.9 (1 v) x ( h / ro ) ] / hs0.5 = 1.245
Horizontal
ax = [ 1 + 1.9 (2 v) x ( h / ro ) ] / hx0.5 = 1.628
Rocking
ay = [ 1 + 0.7 (1 v) x (h/ro) + 0.6 (2 v) (h/ro)3 ] / hy0.5
ay = 1.050
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 6
3. Mass Ratio
a. Vertical
Bz = 1 v * Weight
4 * ( gs * ro3 )
Bz = 0.284
b. Horizontal
Bx = 7 8 v * Weight
* ( gs * ro )
3
32(1 v)
Bx = 0.375
c. Rocking
By = 3 * ( 1 v ) SI
8 rs * ro5
a. Vertical
Dz = 0.425 * az = 0.993
Bz0.5
Dz = (Internal) = 0.020 May use up to 0.03.
1.013 = Dz total
b. Horizontal
Dx = 0.288 * ax = 0.766
Bx0.5
Dx = (Internal) = 0.020 May use up to 0.03.
0.786 = Dx total
c. Rocking
Dy = 0.15 * ay = 0.174
(1+ nyBy) * (ny By) 0.5
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 7
5. Spring Coefficients
L/B = 12.5 / 32 = 0.391
bz = 2.08 from curvefit
bx = 1.00 from Brunel curvefit ?
by = 0.42 Adjusted from curvefit CHECK
6. Equivalent Spring Constant
a. Vertical
kz = G * bz * ( B * L )0.5 * hz
1 v
b. Horizontal
kx = 2 * (1 + v) * G * bx * ( B * L )0.5 * hx
To review the effect of stiffness of a greater magnitude such as that which may be
effected by the use of piers, a factor will be applied to determine the effect of
greater stiffness. Factor of 1 no stiffness change greater than 1 is stiffer.
Factor = 1.00
c. Rocking
ky = G * by * B * L2 * hy
1 v
To review the effect of stiffness of a greater magnitude such as that which may be
effected by the use of piers, a factor will be applied to determine the effect of
greater stiffness. Factor of 1 no stiffness change greater than 1 is stiffer.
Factor = 1.00
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 8
7. Natural Frequency
a. Vertical
fn = 1 x [ kz ] 0.5
2 * p [ m ] 0.5
b. Horizontal
fn = 1 x [ kx ] 0.5
2 * p [ m ] 0.5
c. Rocking
fn = 1 x [ ky ] 0.5
2 * p [ SI ] 0.5
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 9
8. Resonant Frequency
Comparison Range = ± 15 % of operating frequency.
51 cps to 69 cps
a. Vertical
fr = fn / ( 1 2 * Dz2 )0.5
fr = 29.82
( 1 2 * 1.013 2 ) 0.5
fr = fn / ( 1 2 * Dx2 )0.5
fr = 28.45
( 1 2 * 0.786 2 ) 0.5
c. Rocking
fr = fn / ( 1 2 * Dy2 )0.5
fr = 44.48
( 1 2 * 0.194 2 ) 0.5
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 10
9. Magnification Factors Note that w / wn = f / fn
a. Vertical
Mr = (w / wn )2 * M
M = 1
{ [ 1 (w/wn) )] + [ 2 * Dz * (w/wn) ]2 } 0.5
2 2
Dz = 1.01
M = 0.196
b. Horizontal
Mr = (w / wn )2 * M
M = 1
{ [ 1 (w/wn) )] + [ 2 * Dx * (w/wn) ]2 } 0.5
2 2
Dx = 0.79
M = 0.209
c. Rocking
Mr = (w / wn )2 * M
M = 1
{ [ 1 (w/wn) )] + [ 2 * Dy * (w/wn) ]2 } 0.5
2 2
Dy = 0.194
M = 1.028
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 11
10. Force Imbalance
a. Vertical
F = mi * e * w2
b. Horizontal
Same as vertical.
c. Rocking
To = F * H
d. Eccentricity of Loadings
Since e < 0.05 L1, this is acceptable.
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 12
11. Vibration Amplitudes
b. Horizontal
A = mo * e * Mr
m
Ah = 5496 * 0.002 * 0.930
326510
Ah = 3.131E05 inches
c. Rocking
If the following equation is true, then rocking components
can be combined with vertical and horizontal components.
[(fmx)2 + fmy)2 ] 0.5 / [ fmx + fmy ] < 2/3 f
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
A = mo * e * H * My
SI
0.0001158 inches
0.0001425 inches
12. Combined Amplitudes
Av = 0.000143 inches
V = 2 * p * f * A ACI3513R04, pg. 20,eq.337
Vh = 2 * p * f * Ah
a = 4 * p2 * f2 * A a = acceleration
ah = 4 * 3.14152 * f2 * Ah
From review of the Criteria for Vibration of Rotating Machinery
Figure 10.2 of Vibration of Soils and Foundations by Richart,
Hall, Woods. The operation is in lower Region B of graph which
is acceptable. The resonance frequencies are removed
from the operating frequencies.
Several values of soil shear wave velocity were reviewed to
see effects. Foundation should perform satisfactorily in
differing soil types.
Acceptable levels of vibration include structural integrety check,
machine serviceability and human comfort. Designer to review each.
16. REFERENCES
"Foundation Design for Vibrating Machines" by Arya, Drewyer and Pincus
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 14
tion
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 15
rpm
rpm
rpm
rpm
rpm
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 16
lbs
lbs
lbs
lbs
lbs
lbs
lbs
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 17
lbsec2
Ft
lbsec2
Ft
lbsec2
Ft
lbsec2
Ft
lbsec2
Ft
lbsec2
Ft
lbsec2
Ft
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 18
ion.
er
lbsec2
Ft
lbsec2
Ft
lbsec2
Ft
lbsec2
Ft
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 19
/ Ft
^5
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 20
)0.5 * hz
)0.5 * hx
2
* hy
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 21
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 22
lbs
lbs
lbs
lbs
lbs
445907380.xls Pump Foundation 23
General Limits of Displacement Amplitudes
0.1
Operating Frequency, f1
Displacement Amplitude A, (in)
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.005 1
0.002
2
0.001
3
0.0005
4
0.0002
0.0001
200 500 1000 2000 5000
100 10000
Frequency, cpm
0.0001
100 10000
Frequency, cpm
s
Danger to Structures
Caution to Structures
Severe to Persons
1
2 Troublesome to Persons
10000
10000
Void Ratio
Void ratio "e" is defined as the volume of voids divided by the volume
of solids.
e = Vv / Vs
Where Vv = volume of voids
and Vs = volume of solids
The voids in the soil are occupied by either air or water. Note that the
water volume is part of the void volume.
To determine the void ratio when this information is not given the
following offers some suggestions.
The specific gravity (SG) of most soil materials ranges from 2.64 to 2.72.
The unit weight of water gw = 62.4 #/ ft3.
The dry unit weight of soil (gd) is typically known.
Weight of soil (dry) Ws
Volume V = Vs + Vv
Then gd = Ws / V = [ SG * gw * Vs ] / ( Vs + Vv )
Adjusting gd = Ws / V = ( SG * gw ) x Vs /( Vs + Vv )
Dividing both numerator and denominator of last term by Vs
gd = Ws / V = ( SG * gw ) x 1 /( 1 + Vv/Vs ) = ( SG * gw ) /( 1 + e )
Since Vv/ Vs = e
Rewriting
gd * ( 1 + e ) = ( SG * gw ) or (1 + e) = ( SG * gw ) / gd
e = [ (SG * gw)/ gd ] 1
If gd = 115 # / ft3
e = [ 2.68 * 62.4 / 115 ] 1 = 0.45
If gd = 120 # / ft3
e = [ 2.68 * 62.4 / 120 ] 1 = 0.39
d by the volume
er. Note that the
t given the
from 2.64 to 2.72.
gw ) /( 1 + e )
) / gd
Ideally the vendor should supply weights for the equipment rotors. If thi
information is not available some estimate will need to be made. It seems
reasonable that one could use the following.
Electrical Motor rotors30% of the total weight of the motor
Pump Impellers 20% of the pump weight
Some information on electrical motor weights can be found at this site:
http://www.toshiba.com/ind/data/tag_files/LVM_Catalog.pdf
Some other guideline for the motor rotor weight was given as follows:
The stator plus the rotor weight = 2/3 of the total weight of motor
Rotor Weight ≈ [ Stator + Rotor ] x [ ID/OD ]2
Where ID and OD relate to the numbers of poles.
For 2 poles OD/ID ≈ 2
For 4 poles OD/ID ≈ 1.5
For 6 &8 poles OD/ID ≈ 1.3
For 10 poles OD/ID ≈ 1.25
For a 23,320 lb motor with 6 poles, this computes to a rotor weight
of
Rotor Weight = 2/3 x 23,320 x (1/1.3)2 = 9,199 lbs
or 4,173 kg
Stator Weight = 2/3 x 23,320 9,199 = 6,348 lbs
Something amiss since rotor should weigh less than stator.
quipment rotors. If this
ed to be made. It seems
he motor
e found at this site:
s given as follows:
total weight of motor
of poles.
tes to a rotor weight
2
= 9,199 lbs
r 4,173 kg
= 6,348 lbs
igh less than stator.
CENTROIDS
The XY plane is horizontal. The origin of the coordinate system is taken as
the center of the lowest block of the foundation.
Foundation
X Y Z WT XX YY ZZ W * XX W * YY W * ZZ
Block 1 12.50 32.00 4.00 240000 0 0 1.64 0 0 393600
Block 2 9.00 29.00 0.13 4894 0 0 8.767 0 0 42903.51
Block 3 8.27 28.27 0.80 27928 0 0 15.354 0 0 428808.1
Others
Equipment
Weight of H P Turbin 16500 0 43 18.05 0 709500 297825
Weight of Generator 23320 0 9 18.05 0 209880 420926
Weight of L P Turbin 0 0 9 18.05 0 0 0
Weight of Gear Pinio 15650 0 10 18.05 0 156500 282482.5
Weight of Gear Wheel 1500 0 12 18.05 0 18000 27075
Evaluation
The centroid in the XY plan plane should be less than 5% of the overall
dimensions. It is taken that this requirement is for each horizontal direction.
Width and length are associated with lowest block.
Bearing Pressure Static
Since the eccentricities will be less than L/6, the bearing pressures can be
determined from the following equation.
p = SV /A ± SV *ex *6 /( Y X2) ± SV *ey *6 /(X Y2)
Y
p = 824 ± 0 ± 513 p2 p4
The force Fo that is generated by an imbalance in the rotor(s) acts
radially outward from the rotor(s) centerline in the direction
of the imbalance. (Full 360 degrees.)
When Fo is acting vertically upward or downward, the moment imposed
on the foundation is zero. (Assumes rotors on foundation centerline.)
The overturning moment varies with the direction of Fo, but is a
maximum when Fo is horizontal. (Will be left and right.)
Dp = M / S = ± 37 psf
Taking 0 degrees as upward
At 180 degrees
At 90 degrees (Fh act to left.)
At 270 degrees (Fh acts to right.)
The bearing pressures should be less than 75%
of the allowable static bearing pressure.
Poisson's ratio should be obtained from the Geotech report.
The following is some information for selecting the ratio
when not directly available.
Table 49, page 72 from "Design of Structures and Foundation for
Vibrating Machines" gives some "typical" values. Other sources
seem to give other "typical" values.
Note that v max = 0.50 or not compressible.
There are equations for n, but varibles are probably not known
any better than a guess at n.
n = (E/2G) 1
TABLE 49
Soil Type n
Saturated Clay 0.45 0.50
Partically Saturated Clay 0.35 0.45
Dense Sand or Gravel 0.40 0.50
Medium Dense Sand or Gravel 0.30 0.40
Silt 0.30 0.40
Sandy soils 0.25 to 0.40
Gravel soils 0.15 to 0.35
otech report.
g the ratio
and Foundation for
ues. Other sources
obably not known
Ideally, the shear wave velocity should be provided in the Geotechnical
Investigation Report. If it is not, some estimation of its value will
be necessary.
There have been studies that have attempted to correlate some standard
soil parameters to obtain shear wave velocities. One of these studies
is "Guidelines for Estimation of Shear Wave Velocity Profiles".
One of the studies referenced in the above report (not the report
recommendations) had the following equation relating N (blow count
per foot) and shear wave velocity.
Vs = 97.0 N 0.314 (m/sec) or 318 N 0.314 (feet/sec)
Most soils will be classified as Soil Type D (per NEHRP and IBC, Table
1615.1.1). Type D soils have a range in shear velocity from 600 to 1200
feet/second. Also, stated is a related blow count from 15 to 50 and
some undrained shear strengths.
The above equation could be used to obtain some estimate of the shear
wave velocity if N values are known. However, it is felt that using
linear interpolation between values stated in the IBC Table is
sufficient for LEC analysis purposes. A range of values above and below
the estimated value (say ± 20%) should cover an adequate range to
enclose the actual value.
Other literature makes different correlations.
The military handbook MilHDBK1007/3, page 10 also gives a graph that
relates blow count to shear wave velocity. This handbook is in the pdf
file within this folder.
the Geotechnical
its value will
e some standard
these studies
ofiles".
the report
(blow count
(feet/sec)
and IBC, Table
from 600 to 1200
15 to 50 and
e of the shear
t that using
able is
above and below
e range to
es a graph that
k is in the pdf
Machine rotors are initially balanced to some degree of acceptable
balance quality. One maximum permissible residual unbalance standard
is ISO 1940/1, "Balance Quality Requirements for Rigid Rotors".
Attached is Table 1 from this standard and a graph that shows
permissible imbalance for rotor speed and balance quality. The G
number or grade is a constant for rotors of the same type.
G = eper x w = constant eper in millimeters and w in radians/second.
G = eper x RPM / 60 * 2 p
For a 3,000 rpm, Grade 2.5 balance
G = 0.0077 mm x 3,000 / 60 * 2 p = 2.42 or Grade 2.5
G = 0.0003 inch x 25.4 * 3,000 /60 * 2 p = 2.39 or Grade 2.5
in Imperial units.
Balance grades are separated by factors of 2.5.
The above relates to the rotor and not to the overall machine balance, ???
but it does relate balance quality requirements.
Design eccentricity for rotating machines are given in "Design of
Structures and Foundations for Vibrating Machines", Chapter 3, page 48
For Large Induction Motors
Peak to peak displacement
SPEED, rpm Amplitude, inch
3,000 and above 0.001
1,500 to 2,999 0.002
1,000 to 1,499 0.0025
999 and below 0.003
It appears that for G = 2.5, a design eccentricity for the foundation
may be taken as 4 times the permissible balance eccentricity:
UNLESS RPM < !,200
e Design = 4 eper = 4 G * 60 / [ 25.4 * 2p * rpm ]
e Design = 3.76 / rpm
for rpm = 3600, e Design = 0.00105 inches
for rpm = 3000, e Design = 0.00125 inches
for rpm = 1800, e Design = 0.00201 inches
for rpm = 1200, e Design = 0.00313 inches
for rpm = 900, e Design = 0.0042 inches
for rpm = 720, e Design = 0.0052 inches
Note that for G = 2.5 = e per x w
with w = 3000 RPM = 314.159 radians / second
e = 0.00796 mm = 0.0003134 inch
Note that for G = 6.3 or 6.25 = e per x w
with w = 900 RPM = 94.25 radians / second
e, ??? e = 0.0663 mm = 0.00261 inch
The level of balance for the type of equipment being furnished is
2.5 per ISO 1940. This should apply for both the electric motor
and the pump rotor.
The Rotor Imbalance is given as U = m x e
From a previous similar compressor, the rotor mass was stated
as approximately 365 kg.
The Rotor Imbalance is then given by the formula
U (g mm) = 9549 x G x M(kg) / rpm (gmm gram millimeter)
or 9,549 x 2.5 x 365 / 3,560 rpm = 2,448 gmm = U
The eccentricity is then e = U /M = 2448 /(365 x 1000) = 0.006707 mm
e = 0.000264 inches
Also from the G chart [ e per x w ] = G
Where w is in radians/second. For 1500 rpm, w = 377 rad/sec.
Then eper = G /w = 2.5 /377 = 0.0066 mm which agrees with above.
I think this relates to a velocity of 2.5 mm/sec [0.0984 inch/sec]
as stated in the G chart.
The force associated with this imbalance is given by
F = m e w2 = 365 kg x [0.006707 mm /1000 mm/m] x 373 2 = 341 N
Where w is in radians/second.
For 1500 rpm, w = 2 x p x rpm / 60 sec = 377 rad/sec
or in Imperial units
m = 365 kg x 2.2046 kg/lb / 32.17 = 25.0133 slugs
F = m e w2 = 25.0133 x [0.000264 / 12 in/Ft] x 373 2
F = 76.6 lbs
Alarm values for the motor for one vendor was given as 5.6 mm/second
with a trip value of 8.9 mm/second [0.35 inch/second].
With all that is stated, it appears than a reasonable e for the
foundation design would be about
8.9/2.5 x (SF=2) x 0.000264 = 0.00188 or say 0.002 inches
ACI 351 provides some guidance in the selection of a design
eccentricity with the following formula.
e = [12000/rpm]0.5 = (12000/1500)0.5 = 2.828 mils
This is believed to be a peak to peak value.
Then for zero to peak = 0.913 mils
USED 2.828/2 x (SF = 2) = 2.828 mils rounded to 0.003 inches
The first criteria is that the reinforcing steel meet the mimimum
need for structural requirements. After this requirement, consider
the amount needed for temperature and shrinkage. There seems to be
no consensus on the minimum amount of temperature reinforcing to
provide, and this discussion does not made it definitive either.
Generally, structural requirements will not be the controlling criteria
for sizing reinforcing steel in mats. Temperature steel ratios have usually
been used to set the minimum ratios. ACI 318, Item 7.12.2.1 for Grade 60
rebar, states a ratio of 0.0018 times the gross area for slab requirements.
ACI 318, Item 10.5.4 adds some confusion as to what is required.
ACI 318 does not specify location for this steel. ACI 207.2R, Item 6.4
states that not less than onehalf nor more than twothirds of the total
quantity be placed in any one face. It is suggested that half of the
required steel be placed in top and bottom of face. No mention of
depth is given in ACI 318.
Note that if a section is subjected to a tension stress, a minimum amount
of steel needs to be added within this area. For example, a spot footing
with center pedestal that has only partial bearing has tensile stresses
in the top of footing on the opposite side of the bearing pressure.
At least minimum reinforcing would need to be provided in top of footing.
One software analysis program (STAAD) uses an alternate criteria for
minimum reinforcing. STAAD gives a minimum reinforcing design of
0.0018 times gross section in each face. This is typically what Lauren
has been using.
(I have seen one design guide (on Internet not specifically codified)
that used a depth of 15 inches to set minimum steel requirements.)
For foundations with a thickness of greater than 4 feet, it is suggested
that minimum reinforcing top and bottom be taken as 0.0018 times the total
foundation thickness divided by two. Alternately, some other literature
may be used to define a minimum value as below.
Foundations of greater than three feet are considered as massive concrete
pours and measures should be taken to control temperature gradients.
ACI 207.2R gives some criteria for selecting a minimum amount of
reinforcing steel for members more than 48" thick. Taking Equation (6.11)
As' = ft' A / fs or As' maximum = A /100 maximum
where As' = area of steel per unit width in A
ft' = tensile strength of concrete, taken = 6.7 x f'c 0.5
A = the effective concrete area around a reinforcing bar
reinforcing bar = 2 dc x spacing
dc = thickness of concrete cover measured from
the surface to center of bar.
fs = steel stress for a particular concrete crack width
= w x 1000 / [ 0.076 * (dc * A)0.333 ] in ksi
w = crack width See old ACI 318 95 Code.
For general type exterior foundations, use w = 0.013 inch as
given in ACI 318 95 Code Commentary R10.6.4.
Example:
Given: Assume #8 bars at 12 inches on center with a cover of 3 inches
f'c = 4,000 psi, exterior foundation, mat thickness 60 inches
Find: As'
dc = 3 + (1" for #8) /2 = 3.5 inches. Note that ACI 350, Item
2.6.6 would limit dc to 2 inches + bar diameter divided by 2.
(My interpetation of cover = 2" in ACI 350.)
So, dc = 3.5" is conservative.
fs = 0.013 * 1,000 / [ 0.076 * ( 3.5 * 2 * 3.5 * 12)0.333 ]
fs = 25.725 ksi
As' = 424 / 25,725 * [ 2 * 3.5 * 12 ]
As' = 0.01648 * 84 = 1.38 in2
But As' max = A / 100 = (3.5 * 2 * 12) /100 = 0.84 sq. inches
Note that foundation thickness is not a factor in setting this
quantity. If the other recommendation was used, the steel area
would be 0.0018 * 12 * 60/2 = 0.65 in2 verses 0.84 in2. There is
quite a bit of difference in these two values, but some degree of
conservatism for heavy equipment foundations seems easily justified.
All faces of the foundation shall be reinforced in two directions.
The maximum bar spacing should not exceed 12 inches.
Bar size shall be not less than #6 (for foundations greater than 3 feet
in thickness.)
1000 80
2000 35 70
4000 16.75 36
6000 10 23
8000 7 17.5
10000 5 13.5
12000 3.8 11
14000 3 8.8
16000 2.1 7.2
18000 1.7 6
D is p la c e m e n t a m p litu d e , m ic r o n s
60
Dangerous
40
Satisfactory
20
0
0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000
Speed, rpm
This graph corresponds to Figure 36, page 53 of
"Design of Structures and Foundations for Vibrating
Machines" by Arya, O'Neill and Pincus. The reference
of Kruglov, N. V., "Turbomacnine Vibration Standards",
Teploenerg, Volume 8, No. 85, 1959 has not been found,
but the graphing of the above appears very close.
Vibrating
reference
Standards",
been found,
The Hydralic Institute has a standard (ANSI/HI 9.6.4) "Centrifugal
and Vertical Measurement & Allowable Values"
The Zones of operation may be somewhat defined by the following
equations. Not sure of source or if applicable.
Does not appear to fit graph.
Zone A 4800/ N 0.5 X 10 6
where N is in radians/sec
Zone B 9000/ N 0.5 X 10 6
Zone C 13200/ N 0.5 X 10 6
9.6.4) "Centrifugal
by the following
D8
b X Curvefit
0.6
0.5
f(x) = - 0.0511363636x^2 + 0.2098863636x + 0.35075
R² = 0.9953801433
0.4
Column D
0.3 Polynom
(Column
0.2
0.1
0
0.1 1
CLOSER
0.371 1.010
0.391 0.998
0.409 0.990
0.426 0.997 1.4
0.443 0.994
0.458 1.004 f(x)==0.9984370805
R² 1.2
- 0.0022258904x^2 + 0.1092267224x + 0.3870244886
0.473 1.005
1
0.486 1.008
0.498 1.004
0.8
0.506 0.998
0.554 1.011 0.6
0.602 0.997
0.695 0.993 0.4
0.785 1.000
0.873 0.991 0.2
0.957 1.003
0
1.039 0.996 0.1 1
1.118 1.006
1.195 0.996
1.268 0.994
1.4
0.5
0.6
0.4 0.4
0.3
Column D 0.2
Polynomial
(Column D)
0
0.2 1
0.1
0
1
1.4
1.2
0.3870244886
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1 10
0.4070559526
Column D
Polynomial
(Column D)
10
8
b Z Curvefit
3
f(x) = - 0.0047447967x^2 + 0.1307244175x + 1.9917472566
2.5 R² = 0.9980015482
Column C
1.5 Polynomial
(Column C)
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000 3
1.000
f(x) = - 0.0034244331x^2 + 0.1138431481x + 2.0374719652
1.000 R² = 0.9984485205 2.5
1.000
1.000 2
1.000
1.000
1.5
1.010
1.014
1
0.999
0.995
0.5
0.996
1.000
1.004 0
0.1 1
1.002
0.999
1.011
75x + 1.9917472566
Column C
Polynomial
(Column C)
0.1
7 8 9 10 11
+ 2.0374719652
Column C
Polynomial
(Column C)
10
2.16
2.1
Column C
2.08
Polynomial
(Column C)
2.06
2.04
2.02
2
1
???????????????????????????????
Fo = Wr fo 1.5 / 322,000 (36)
Fo = Wr fo / 6,000 (37)
Fo = m e w2 = (Wr / g) e w2
fo = w ?????
Fo = Wr fo 1.5 / 322,000 = (Wr / g) e w2
fo 1.5 / 322,000 = e/g w2 0.004889
w 1.5 / 322,000 = e/g w2
1 / 322,000 = (e/g) w0.5
1 = (e/g) w0.5 x 322,000
g = 386 in / sec2
e = (1 / 322,000) x g / w0.5
Fo = m e w2 = (Wr / g) e w2
Fo = Wr fo / 6,000 = (Wr / g) e w2
= 386 in / sec2
e = fo x (1 / 6,000) x g / w2
e = 0.011733
= (Wr / g) e w2
/ g) e w2
) x g / w2
VOID
Am plitude of Vibrations - M eas ured on Bearing. Single Am plitude - Inc hes
Operating Frequency, f1
0.02 E
0.1
0.002
Velocity - 0.01
0.001 in/sec
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000
Frequency, cpm
Dangerous. Shut down to avoid danger
E
5000 10000