THE ILIAD

SUMMARY

Nine years after the start of the Trojan War, the Greek (“Achaean”) army sacks Chryse, a
town allied with Troy. During the battle, the Achaeans capture a pair of beautiful maidens,
Chryseis and Briseis. Agamemnon, the leader of the Achaean forces, takes Chryseis as his
prize, and Achilles, the Achaeans’ greatest warrior, claims Briseis. Chryseis’s father, Chryses,
who serves as a priest of the god Apollo, offers an enormous ransom in return for his
daughter, but Agamemnon refuses to give Chryseis back. Chryses then prays to Apollo, who
sends a plague upon the Achaean camp. Concerned for his comrades but still too proud to
help them himself, Achilles agrees to a plan proposed by Nestor that will allow his beloved
friend Patroclus to take his place in battle, wearing his armor. Patroclus is a fine warrior,
and his presence on the battlefield helps the Achaeans push the Trojans away from the
ships and back to the city walls. But the counterattack soon falters. Apollo knocks
Patroclus’s armor to the ground, and Hector slays him. Fighting then breaks out as both
sides try to lay claim to the body and armor. Hector ends up with the armor, but the
Achaeans, thanks to a courageous effort by Menelaus and others, manage to bring the
body back to their camp. When Achilles discovers that Hector has killed Patroclus, he fills
with such grief and rage that he agrees to reconcile with Agamemnon and rejoin the battle.
Thetis goes to Mount Olympus and persuades the god Hephaestus to forge Achilles a new
suit of armor, which she presents to him the next morning. Achilles then rides out to battle
at the head of the Achaean army.

Meanwhile, Hector, not expecting Achilles to rejoin the battle, has ordered his men to camp
outside the walls of Troy. But when the Trojan army glimpses Achilles, it flees in terror back
behind the city walls. Achilles cuts down every Trojan he sees. Strengthened by his rage, he
even fights the god of the river Xanthus, who is angered that Achilles has caused so many
corpses to fall into his streams. Finally, Achilles confronts Hector outside the walls of Troy.
Ashamed at the poor advice that he gave his comrades, Hector refuses to flee inside the
city with them. Achilles chases him around the city’s periphery three times, but the goddess
Athena finally tricks Hector into turning around and fighting Achilles. In a dramatic duel,
Achilles kills Hector. He then lashes the body to the back of his chariot and drags it across
the battlefield to the Achaean camp. Upon Achilles’ arrival, the triumphant Achaeans
celebrate Patroclus’s funeral with a long series of athletic games in his honor. Each day for
the next nine days, Achilles drags Hector’s body in circles around Patroclus’s funeral bier.
The Black Sea has an area of 436,400 km2 (168,500 sq mi) (not including the Sea of Azov),[3] a maximum
depth of 2,212 m (7,257 ft),[4] and a volume of 547,000 km3 (131,000 cu mi).[5] It is constrained by the
Pontic Mountains to the south, Caucasus Mountains to the east, Crimean Mountains to the north,
Strandzha to the southwest, Balkan Mountains to the west, Dobrogea Plateau to the northwest, and
features a wide shelf to the northwest.

The longest east–west extent is about 1,175 km (730 mi).[6] Important cities along the coast include
Odessa, Sevastopol, Samsun, and Istanbul.

The Black Sea is bordered by Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia, and Russia. It has a positive
water balance; that is, a net outflow of water 300 km3 (72 cu mi) per year through the Bosphorus and the
Dardanelles into the Aegean Sea. There is a two-way hydrological exchange: the more saline and therefore
denser, but warmer, Mediterranean water flows into the Black Sea under its less saline outflow. This
creates a significant anoxic layer well below the surface waters. The Black Sea drains into the
Mediterranean Sea, via the Aegean Sea and various straits, and is navigable to the Atlantic Ocean. The
Bosphorus Strait connects it to the Sea of Marmara, and the Strait of the Dardanelles connects that sea to
the Aegean Sea region of the Mediterranean. The Black Sea is also connected, to the north, to the Sea of
Azov by the Strait of Kerch.

The water level has varied significantly over geological time. Due to these variations in the water level in
the basin, the surrounding shelf and associated aprons have sometimes been dry land. At certain critical
water levels it is possible for connections with surrounding water bodies to become established. It is
through the most active of these connective routes, the Turkish Straits, that the Black Sea joins the world
ocean. During geological periods when this hydrological link wasn't present, the Black Sea was an
endorheic basin, operating independently of the global ocean system (similar to the Caspian Sea
nowadays). Currently, the Black Sea water level is relatively high; thus, water is being exchanged with the
Mediterranean. The Turkish Straits connect the Black Sea with the Aegean Sea, and comprise the
Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles. The Black Sea undersea river is a current of
particularly saline water flowing through the Bosphorus Strait and along the seabed of the Black Sea. The
discovery of the river, announced on 1 August 2010, was made by scientists at the University of Leeds, and
is the first of its kind in the world.[7] The undersea river stems from salty water spilling through the
Bosphorus Strait from the Mediterranean Sea into the Black Sea, where the water has a lower salt content.
 Iliad buod

Nagtanim ng galit kay Agamemnom nang agawan

nito ang babaeng pinakamamahal ni Achilleus na si
Briseis kapalit ng pagpapalaya sa batang babaeng
anak ni Chryses na bihag nina Agamemnom. Bagamat
nagbigay ay patuloy ang pagdaramdam ni Achilleus
sa pag agaw sa kanyang kasintahan kaya mina buti
nyang wag ng lumaban. Pinakiusapan din niya ang
inang si Thetis. Gayun paman nagdulot parin ng
kasawian kay Achilleus ang ginawa nyang ito ng
matalo ng mga Trojan sa pamumuno ni Hector ang
mga Achaian at mapatay ang matalik nyang kaibigan
na si Patroclus. Muling lumaban at nakapatay ng
madaming Trojan kasama ang pinuno niling si Hector.
Nagalit si Achilleus kaya di nya binigay ang bangkay.
Nakiusap si Haring Priam na itigil na ang digmaan
upang mabigyan ng marangal na libing si Hector.