-Stress analysis

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Index
Title Page
-Overview on stress analysis 2
-Stress strain curve 4
-Mohr's circle 5
-Cylinder stress
(Thin & Thick vessel) 8
-References 10
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Stress analysis
Overview:
Stress analysis is the general term used to describe analyses of
the results quantities of the stresses and strains and it's related to
the strength, stiffness, and life expectancy of the sample
Definitions:
Stress: is "force per unit area" or the ratio of applied force F and
cross section - defined as "force per area".
 tensile stress: stress that tends to stretch or lengthen the
material - acts normal to the stressed area
 compressive stress: stress that tends to compress or
shorten the material - acts normal to the stressed area
 shearing stress: stress that tends to shear the material -
acts in plane to the stressed area
 Tensile or Compressive Stress - Normal Stress
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Tensile or compressive stress normal to the plane is usually
denoted "normal stress" or "direct stress" and can be
expressed as
σ = Fn / A
where
σ = normal stress ((Pa) N/m2, psi)
Fn = normal component force (N, lbf )
A = area (m2)
Shear Stress:
Stress parallel to the plane is usually denoted "shear stress" and
can be expressed as
τ = Fp / A
where
τ = shear stress ((Pa) N/m2)
Fp = parallel component force (N, lbf)
A = area (m2)
Strain:
Strain is defined as "deformation of a solid due to stress" and can
be expressed as
ε = dl / lo
= σ / E
where
dl = change of length (m, in)
lo = initial length (m, in)
ε = unit less measure of engineering strain
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E = Young's modulus (Modulus of Elasticity) (N/m2 (Pa),
lb/in2 (psi))
(Young's modulus can be used to predict the elongation or
compression of an object)
E = stress / strain
= σ / ε
= (Fn / A) / (dl / lo)
Shear Modulus:
S = stress / strain
= τ / γ
= (Fp / A) / (s / d)
Where
S = shear modulus (N/m2) (lb/in2, psi)
τ = shear stress ((Pa) N/m2, psi)
γ = unit less measure of shear strain
Fp = force parallel to the faces which they act
A = area (m2, in2)
s = displacement of the faces (m, in)
d = distance between the faces displaced (m, in)
Stress Strain curve :
It describes the relationship between
the stress and strain that a particular material displays is
known as that particular material's stress–strain curve. It
is unique for each material and is found by recording the
amount of deformation (strain) at distinct intervals of
tensile or compressive loading (stress)
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Yield strength: the proportional limit. For metals, it is often, but
not always the same in tension and compression at which the
stress-strain curve becomes non-linear
The ultimate strength: is the maximum engineering stress on the
Sample
Mohr's circle
Mohr's circle is a geometric representation of the 2-D
transformation of stresses. The Mohr circle is then used to
determine graphically the stress components acting on the system
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Stress transformation equations
Steps of drawing Mohr's circle:
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Cylinder stress
A cylinder stress is a stress distribution with rotational symmetry;
that is, which remains unchanged if the stressed object is rotated
about some fixed axis.
Cylinder stress patterns include:
 Circumferential stress or hoop stress, a normal stress in the
tangential direction;
 Axial stress, a normal stress parallel to the axis of cylindrical
symmetry;
 Radial stress, a stress in directions coplanar with but
perpendicular to the symmetry axis.

Thin-walled pressure vessel theory:
An important practical problem is that of a cylindrical or spherical
object which is subjected to an internal pressure p. Such a
component is called a pressure vessel
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(for a cylinder)
(for a sphere)
where
 P is the internal pressure
 t is the wall thickness
 r is the mean radius of the cylinder.
 is the hoop stress.
 When the vessel has closed ends the internal pressure acts
on them to develop a force along the axis of the cylinder.
This is known as the axial stress and is usually less than the
hoop stress.

 Though this may be approximated to

Thick-walled vessels:
 A and B are constants of integration, which may be discovered
from the boundary conditions
 r is the radius at the point of interest

"If then and a solid cylinder cannot have an
internal pressure so "
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References:
1. FEA Concepts J.E. Akin
2. NC state university
3. Solid Mechanics Part I Kelly
4. http://inventor.grantadesign.com/
5. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/
6. https://en.wikipedia.org