IMS Interview Questions

1)What are the

Components of IMS?

2) What is the
significance of P-
CSCF?

3) Explain the
registration Call flow
in IMS?

3) Expain Basic call

flow in IMS?

5) EXaplin call flow

when User is calling
from Roaming
Network?

6) Ex plain call flow

when user receiving
call in Roaming
Network?

7)What are the

private headers in
IMS?

8) What is the
significance of Path
header in IMS?

9)

- May 13, 2016 1 comment:

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Saturday, 16 January
2016

PSTN to SIP Call flow

If one user is using
PSTN Network and
another user is using
VOIP Network or
Either VOIP to
PSTN,the inter-
networking between
two technologies is
necessary. That
requires the
translation between
different
protocols,this can be
done by
Signaling/Media
gateways.

Basically PSTN
Network uses the
Signaling protocol
called ISDN User
Part (ISUP) and
VOIP Network uses
the Signaling protocol
called Session
Initiation
Protocol (SIP).

Basically PSTN
Network uses the
Media

Comparison of ISUP
and SIP Messages :

https://telconotes.wor
dpress.com/2013/09/
01/calling-from-pstn-
to-voip/

http://www.tutorialspo
int.com/session_initia
tion_protocol/session
_initiation_protocol_t
o_pstn.htm

- January 16, 2016 No

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Wednesday, 16
September 2015

How to Upgrade RHEL Linux ....

- September 16, 2015 No

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Tuesday, 15 September
2015
Basic Linux Commands used daily

Navig
ation
:
1. To print
working
directory :
pwd
2. To
change
directory
: cd
3. To list
files and
contents of
directories :
ls
4. To list
files/direc
in long
format : ls –
l
5. To list the
hidden
files/direc :
ls –a

6. To view
text files :
less text_fil
e

7. To know
what kind
of a file it
is : file
name_of_fi
le
Mani
pulati
ng
Files:
1. To Copy
files and
directories :
cp file1
filenew
2. To move
or rename
the
files/directo
ries :
mv file1 fil
enew

3. To
remove the
file/director
ies : rm
file
4. To make
directory :
mkdir

Worki
ng
with
com
mand
s:
1. Display
Information
about
command
type:
type comm
and(ls,cp..e
tc)

2. To locate
the
command :
which
command
(ls…etc)

3. To display
the
reference
page: help
–
m comman
d(cd..etc)

4. To display
on-line
command
interface :
man ls
I/O
Redir
ectio
n:
 1. To
redirect
standard
output to a
file : “ >
“ ( ls > fil
e_list.txt )

2. To
redirect
standard
output to a
file : “ <
” (sort
< file_list.t
xt >
sorted_file.
txt)

3. With
pipeline the
output of
one
command is
fed into
input of
another :

ls –l |
less

rpm –qa|
grep –i
filename : Rp
m –qa list for
all rpm files
installed on
system
and Grep
Accweb it find
any containing
the string
“accweb” and
output them.

1. Filters:
sort : Sorts
standard input
then outputs
the sorted
result on
standard
output.

grep : Examine
s each line of
data it receives
from standard
input and
outputs every
line that
contains a
specified
pattern of
characters.
 Permi
ssions
:
1. to
change the
permissions
of
folders/files
: Chmod X
XX
filename

2.
Temporarily
become
super user :
su & sudo
 3. Change
file
ownership
of
user : chow
n user
filename

4. Change
file
ownership
of
group : chgr
p group
filename

5. Change
file
ownership
of user &
group : cho
wn user:gr
oup
filename

Job Control:

1. To know
the process
running : p
s or jobs

2. to know
the
processes
running on
system : Ps
aux
3. to find
process
with
user :
Ps –
u name of
User
4. to kill the
process : K
ill
-9 process
name
 -9 Kill signal
-1 hang-up
signal
-2 interrupt
signal
-15
termination
signal

Wildcards:
1. Matches
any
characters :
*
2. Matches
ant single
character:
?
3. All
filenames :
*

4. All
filenames
that begin
with the
character
"g" : g*

5. All
filenames
that begin
with the
character
"b" and end
with the
characters
".txt"
:b*.txt

Txt
Editor
:

1. to edit
the
configuratio
n/txt file
(command
line) : vi/vi
m
 2. gedit is
the editor
supplied (G
UI) : gedit
Searc
hing:

1.
Search file
by
name : Fin
d -name
"query"

2. Search
file by
type   : Fin
d -
type type_
descriptor_
query

Type
decriptor :
F - regular file
d- directory
I -symbolic link
1.
Search : lo
cate
filename
2. We can
use locate/
grep for
searching :
s" ins
tall.lo
g :
searh
for
word/
string
/line i
na
file (
grep –
n
,displ
ay
with
line
numb
er,
grep –
I it
searc
h for
case
-i "co
des"(
Searc
h
string
) /ro
ot/ins
tall.lo
g
(path
of
[root
@loca
lhost
~]#
grep
"code
s"
install
Install
.log
ing
iso-
codes
-3.16-
2.el6.
noarc
h
Remo
te
Admi
nistra
tion :
1. Can
use ssh wit
h a full
hostname
to connect
to a remote
machine : s
sh
hostname

2. Connect
to a remote
system with
your
current
username :
ssh
username
@hostnam
e

3. Allows
you to copy
files from
one
computer/s
erver to
another
computer/s
erver : scp

Other
Com
mand
s:
1. To know
which user
is
logged : wh
oami
2. To know
who
recently lo
gged : users
3.

4.
history : for
monitoring
commands
executed by
user.
5.
Service : f
or start/sto
p/restart/st
atus
(Service
httpd
start,service
red5 stop,…
etc)

6. Top : to
monitor
system
activities

7. df - to
know disk
file space
on machine
(df –h size
in GB,df –
m sizein
MB )

8. fdisk –l -
to display
with
partitions

9. Netstat :
give
information
about
network
connections
(nestat –
tcp display
all tcp
connections
)

10.
Mount – for
mounting
formatted
partitions

Basic
Netw
ork
Com
mand
s:
1.
Netstat : t
o look up
the various
active
connections
within a
computer

2.
Traceroute :
to know the
number
hop it
travelled to
reach
destination.

3.
Nslookup:
It is use for
DNS quiery.

1. Dig : It is
use for DNS
quiery.It
display full
info.

1.
Ifconfig : It
is very
useful in
determinin
g what
could be
wrong with
a
network.to
know IP
address.

2.
Ifup: enabl
e interface
3. Ifdown :
disable
interface.
 4.
Ping : PING
is used to
check for a
response
from
another
computer
on the
network.

5. Ping -
c hostadres
s:
6.

What
command
used to check
Disk Space ?

1 Command to
know disk
space : df

2 Command to
know size in
GB : df -h
3 Command to
know size in
MB : df -m

How to change
the Ownership
of file/Group?

ls -lart tmpfile
-rw-r--r-- 1
himanshu
family 0 2012-
05-22 20:03
tmpfile
Before using
command :

Command to
change
Ownership of
file: chown ro
ot tmpfile

Command to
change
Ownership of
group :
chgrp friends
tmpfile

After using
command
above:
ls -l tmpfile
-rw-r--r-- 1
root friends 0
2012-05-22
20:03 tmpfile

What
command
used for
finding the
process
running?

Command to
see processes
running : ps

Command to
find the
process run by
user : ps
-u Sukesh

What Comma
nd to kill a
process ?
 Kill
-9 process
name

-9 Kill signal
-1 hangup
signal
-2 interrupt
signal
-
15 terminatio
n signal

Search for a
file by name ?

Find -name
"query"

Search the file

by type?

Find -type
type_descripto
r query

Type
decriptor :
F - regular file
d- directory
I -symbolic link

How to know
which user is
logged?

Command : w
hoami

Who
recently logge
d in?
Command :
users

How do we
transfer file
from one
server to
another?

Comman
d used to
establish ssh
connection : s
sh username
@ IP

How we move
file from one
folder to
another?

Command :
Mv file
name remote
folder path

How do we
copy file from
one folder to
another
folder?

Command:
cp filename r
emote folder
path

What
command use
for add
interface?

Com
mand : if
up
What
command
used fo
remove
interface?

Com
mand : ifdo
wn

To know
Current
working
Directory ?

Command
used : Pwd

Command to
give
permissions?

Chmod
XXX filename

777 rwx rwx

rwx

rwx = 111 in
binary = 7
rw- = 110 in
binary = 6
r-x = 101 in
binary = 5
r-- = 100 in
binary = 4

Chmod 777
filename
- September 15, 2015 No
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Wednesday, 15 October
2014

IMS Technology for SIP Tester

IMS enables a
packet -based
Network to provide
multiple services
on single
control/service
layers via different
access networks.

IMS
Requirements:

1. IP
Multimedia
sessions
2. QOS
3. Service
control
4. Roaming
5.
Internetworkin
g
6. Rapid
service creater
7. Multiple
access

IMS Protocols:

1. SCF(Session
Control
Function)
Cirtuit
Switched
network :-

TUP (Telephony
User Part)

ISUP(ISDN User
Part)

BICC(Bearer
independent call
control)
Packet
Switched
Network:-

SIP
 H.323
2)
AAA(Authenticatio
n, Authorization
and Accounting)

Diameter
3) Other protocols

Megaco(H248)

RTP/RTCP

IMS was originally

standardized by
3gpp.

Key components
or Nodes of
IMS architecture:

1. HSS and
SLF
2. CSCF

3. AS

4. BGCF
5. Media
Gateways
6. MRF

1. HSS &
SLF :

HSS(Home
Subscriber
System)=====
===:

It is a database of
all subscriber and
server data.
It is an Evolution
of HLR(Home
location register)
which is in GSM.
It contain User
Profiles used by
control layer
It contain
subscription
information used
by service layer

User
profile contains
. User identity
.allocated s-cscf
name
. Registration
information and
roaming profile
.authentication
parameters
.control and
service information

SLF (subscriber
location
function):

. An SLF is needed
to map user
address when
multiple HSSs are
used.
. Network with
Single HSS do not
need SLF, On
other hand
networks with
more than one
HSS require SLF.
. Both HSS and
the SLF
communicate
through the
Diameter protocol

1. CSCF(Call
session
control
function):
This
is a sip
server.
There
are
three
types
of
CSCFs ,
dependi
ng on
Functio
nalities
they
1.
PCSCF(proxy)
2.
SCSCF(Serving
)
3.
ICSCF(interrog
ating)

PCSCF:

1. It is the first
point of
contact
between IMS
terminal (UE)
and IMS
network.
2. Its main
functionalities
are:-
 It
establishes
number of IP
sec security
associations (
the ability to
detect the
content of
message has
changed since
its creation)
towards the
IMS terminal.

It verifies
the correctne
ss of sip
requests sent
by IMS
terminal and
forwards sip
messages to
SCSCF.
It
forwards
registration
requests
received from
UE to I-CSCF
It
forwards
requests and
answer to the
UE.
also
Includes Comp
ressor and
de-
compressor
of SIP
It
authenticate
the User and
asserts the
identity of the
user to other
nodes in the
network.

It also
include PDF(p
olicy decision
Function).It is
integrated with
PCSCF or
Standalone
unit.PDF
authorizes
media plane
and manages
Quality of
service over
media plane.
3) The PCSCF
may be located
either in Visited
network or Home
network.

ICSCF:
I CSCF is Sip
proxy located at
the edge of an
administrative
domain.

.It's IP Address is
published in the
DNS of the
domain(using
NAPTR and SRV
type of DNS
records)
.It has an
interface to SLF
and HSS.
. It Queries the
HSS using
Diameter cx
Interface to
retrieve the user
location.
. It also
implements
interface to
Application
servers, to route
requests that are
addressed
to services rather
regular users.
. It may optionally
encrypt the parts
of sip messages
that contain
sensitive
information about
the domain, DNS
names and
capacity. This
functionality is
called
THIG(Topology
hiding inter-
network gateway.

. It is located in
Home Network , In
some special cases
such as
ICSCF(THIG) it
may be located in
visited network as
well.

SCSCF:

S CSCF is the
central node of the
signalling plane.

. It is a sip server
always located in
home network.
. It Uses Diameter
cx and DX to
upload or
download user
profiles, it has no
local storage. All
necessary
information is
stored in HSS.

.It handles SIP

registrations,
Which allows to
bind User
location/IP address
and SIP address.

.It sits on path of

Signalling message
and can inspect
every message.

.It decides to
which application
servers the sip
message will be
forwarded, in
order to provide
services.
.It provide
Routing Services
typically using
ENUM lookups.
.It enforces the
policy of the
network operator.

MRF:(Media
Resource
Function) It
provides a source
of media in the
home network .

.It is used for

playing
Announcements(a
udio/Video)
.It is used for
Multimedia
Conferencing( ex:
Mixing audio
streams)
.It is used for
TTS(text-speech
Conversion) and
Speech
recognition.
.It is used for
transcoding
between different
codec
.It is used for
obtain statistics
and do any sort of
media analysis.

It is mainly divided
into two types:
MRFC and MRFP
MRFC(Media
resource function
controller):

.It is a signalling
plane node that
acts as a Sip user
agent for S-cscf
and which controls
the MRFP with a
H.248 interface.

MRFP:(Media
resource function
processor):
.It is media plane
node that
implements all
media related
functions, such as
playing and mixing
media.

MRF is located in
Home network

BGCF(Break Out
Gateway Control
Function) :

.It is a Sip server

used for routing
Calls between the
IMS terminal and
PSTN phone.
.It routes based on
Telephone
numbers.

. It break out
occurs in same
network as the
BGCF then the
BGCF select a
MGCF that will be
responsible for
internetworking
with the PSTN and
forwards the
signalling to MGCF.
Other wise it
forwards signalling
to BGCF of
another operator.

.The MGCF then

receives the
signalling from
BGCF and
manages the
internetworking
with PSTN
network.

The PSTN/CS
Gateway:
The
internetworking
with CS network is
realized by several
components for
signaling, media
and control
functions.

SGW(Signalling
Gateway):
.It is an interface
with signalling
plane of CS
network.

.It performs Lower

layer protocol
conversion.

.It transforms
ISUP over MTP
into ISUP over
SCTP/IP.

MGCF(Media
Gateway Control
Function):
>It performs call
control protocol
conversion
between Sip and
ISUP.
. It interfaces SGW
over SCTP.
.It controls MGW
with a
H.248(Megaco)
interface.

MGW: (Media
Gateway)
. It is an interface
with Media plane
of CS network.
. It converts RTP
to PCM
. It also performs
media transcoding
when Codecs
doesn't match.

Application
Server(AS):

AS is a
sip entity that
hosts and executes
services .

.It interface with

the S-CSCF and I-
CSCF using Sip
and HSS using
Diameter.
. This allows third
party providers
and easy
integration and
deployment of
their value added
services to the IMS
infrastructure.

There are three

different types of
Application
servers:-

SIP AS :- It hosts
and executes IP
multimedia
services based on
sip.

OSA-SCS(open
service Access-
service capability
server):- It
inherits OSA
capabilities to
access the IMS
securely from
external network.

IM SSF(IP
multimedia Service
switching system
Function): It
allows a GSM
SCF(GSM service
control function)to
control an IMS
session. IMS SSF
provides intelligent
gateway
functionality
between sip based
IMS network an IN
systems that use
protocols such as
CAMEL,INAP,AIN
and MAP.

- October 15, 2014 No

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Saturday, 29 March
2014

WireShark Filters with IPaddress & Port

Filter for
ip
address:
Ip.addr ==
148.147.XX.XX

Ip.src ==
148.147.XX.XX
(Source IP
address filter)

Ip.dst ==
148.147.XX.XX
(Destination
IP address
filter)

Ip.src ==
148.147.XX.XX
&& Ip.dst ==
148.147.XX.XX
(Source and
destination IP
address filter)

Filter for
Port:

Tcp.port ==
XXX (TCP port
filter)

Udp.port ==
XXX (UDP Port
filter)

Tcp.srcport==X
XX (TCP port
filter for
source)

Udp.srcport==
XXX (TCP port
filter for
source)
Tcp.dstport==X
XX(TCP port
filter for
destination)

Udp.dstport==
XXX(UDP port
filter for
destination)
- March 29, 2014 No
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Sunday, 9 March 2014

SIPp Commands

SIPp
Commands
:

Register
UAC

sudo ./sipp
1XX.1XX.2X
X.2XX(Serv
er IP) -t u1
-sf
Register.xml
-inf
Register.csv
-i
1XX.1XX.2X
X.1XX
(Local IP)
-m 1
-trace_err
-trace_msg
-trace_logs

Invite UAC
sudo ./sipp
1XX.1XX.2X
X.2XX(Serv
er IP) -t u1
-sf
Invite.xml
-inf
Invite.csv -i
1XX.1XX.2X
X.1XX
(Local IP)
-m 1
-trace_err
-trace_msg
-trace_logs

Register
UAS

./sipp -sn
Register.xml

Invite UAS

./sipp -sn
Invite.xml

Use
Command
for 1000
Calls:-
sudo ./sipp
1XX.1XX.2X
X.2XX(Serv
er IP) -t u1
-sf
Invite.xml
-inf
Invite.csv -i
1XX.1XX.2X
X.1XX
(Local IP)
-m 1000 -l
10 -r 10 -rp
10000
-trace_err
-trace_msg
-trace_logs

-m = Max
number of
calls you
want
generate
(100,1000...
etc)

-l = Max
Concurrent
calls you
want to
generate , If
Max number
of call is
high it may
take more
time to
generate

Example:-
-r = Set the
Call rate per
second

-rp = rate
period in
milliseconds
for call rate.

Example:-
-r 10 -rp
10000 =>
This means
10 calls for
every 10
secs.

- March 09, 2014 No

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IMS Interview Questions

1)What are the

Components of IMS? 2)
What is the significance
of P-CSCF? 3) Explain
the registration Call flow
in IMS? 3) Expain Bas...

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Download the following
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requests routed? A:
Since the contact
header must be present
in Invite and 200. The
BYE will go directly to the
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SIPp Scripts(Register.xml and Invite.xml)UAC

**** SIPp Scripts *****:

Register UAC:
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SEQUENTIAL 100...
IMS Interview Questions

1)What are
the
Components
of IMS?

2) What is the
significance of
P-CSCF?

3) Explain the
registration
Call flow in
IMS?

3) Expain
Basic call
flow in IMS?

5) EXaplin call
flow when
User is calling
from Roaming
Network?

6) Ex plain
call flow when
user receiving
call in
Roaming
Network?

7)What are
the private
headers in
IMS?

8) What is the
significance of
Path header
in IMS?

9)

- May 13, 2016 1

comment:
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Pinterest

Saturday, 16
January 2016

PSTN to SIP Call flow

If one user is
using PSTN
Network and
another user
is using VOIP
Network or
Either VOIP to
PSTN,the
inter-
networking
between two
technologies
is necessary.
That requires
the translation
between
different
protocols,this
can be done
by
Signaling/Med
ia gateways.

Basically
PSTN
Network uses
the Signaling
protocol
called ISDN
User
Part (ISUP)
and VOIP
Network uses
the Signaling
protocol
called Sessio
n Initiation
Protocol (SIP
).

Basically
PSTN
Network uses
the Media

Comparison
of ISUP and
SIP Messages
:

https://telcono
tes.wordpress
.com/2013/09/
01/calling-
from-pstn-to-
voip/

http://www.tut
orialspoint.co
m/session_init
iation_protoco
l/session_initi
ation_protocol
_to_pstn.htm
- January 16,
2016 No
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Wednesday, 16
September
2015

How to Upgrade RHEL Linux ....

- September 16,
2015 No
comments:
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Pinterest

Tuesday, 15
September
2015

Basic Linux Commands used daily

i
g
a
t
i
1. To
print
workin
g
directo
ry : p
wd
2. To
chang
e
directo
ry
: cd
3. To
list
files
and
conten
ts of
directo
ries : l
s
4. To
list
files/di
rec in
long
format
: ls –l

5. To
list the
hidden
files/di
rec : ls
–a

6. To
view
text
files :
less te
xt_file

7. To
know
what
kind of
a file it
is : file
name_
of_file
p
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
F
1. To
Copy
files
and
directo
ries :
cp
file1
filene
w
2. To
move
or
renam
e the
files/di
rectori
es :
mv fil
e1 file
new

3. To
remov
e the
file/dir
ectorie
s : rm
file

4. To
make
directo
ry :
mkdir

g
w
i
t
h

c
o
m

1.
Display
Inform
ation
about
comm
and
type:
type c
omma
nd(ls,c
p..etc)
2. To
locate
the
comm
and :
which
comm
and
(ls…
etc)

3. To
display
the
refere
nce
page:
help –
m co
mman
d(cd..e
tc)

4. To
display
on-line
comm
and
interfa
ce :
man ls
e
d
i
r
e
c
1. To
redirec
t
standa
rd
output
to a
file :
“>
“ ( ls
> file
_list.tx
t)
 2. To
redirec
t
standa
rd
output
to a
file :
“<
” (so
rt
< file_
list.txt
>
sorted
_file.tx
t)
3.
With
pipelin
e the
output
of one
comm
and is
fed
into
input
of
anothe
r:
ls
–l | less
 rpm –
qa| grep
–i
filename
: Rpm –
qa list fo
r all rpm
files
installed
on system
and Grep
Accweb it
find any
containin
g the
string
“accweb”
and
output
them.

1.
Filters:

sort : Sort
s
standard
input
then
outputs
the
sorted
result on
standard
output.
grep : Exa
mines
each line
of data it
receives
from
standard
input and
outputs
every line
that
contains
a
specified
pattern of
character
s.
 m
i
s
s
i
o
1. to
chang
e the
permis
sions
of
folders
/files :
Chmo
d XXX
filena
me
 2.
Tempo
rarily
becom
e
super
user :
su &
sudo

3.
Chang
e file
owner
ship of
user :
chown
user
filena
me

4.
Chang
e file
owner
ship of
group :
chgrp
group
filena
me

5.
Chang
e file
owner
ship of
user &
group :
chow
n user
:group
filena
me

Job
Control:
 1. To
know
the
proces
s
runnin
g : ps
or jobs

2. to
know
the
proces
ses
runnin
g on
system
: Ps
aux

3. to
find
proces
s with
user :
P
s –
u nam
e of
User

4. to
kill the
proces
s : Kill
-9 pro
cess
name

 -9 Kill
signal
-1 hang-
up signal
-2
interrupt
signal
-15
terminati
on signal

Wildcard
s:
1.
Match
es any
charac
ters :
*

2.
Match
es ant
single
charac
ter: ?
3. All
filena
mes :
*
4. All
filena
mes
that
begin
with
the
charac
ter
"g" : g
*

5. All
filena
mes
that
begin
with
the
charac
ter "b"
and
end
with
the
charac
ters
".txt" :
b*.txt

E
d
i
t
 1. to
edit
the
config
uratio
n/txt
file
(comm
and
line) :
vi/vim
2.
gedi
t is
the
editor
suppli
ed (G
UI) :
gedit
r
c
h
i

1.
Search
file by
name
: Find
-name
"query
"

2.
Searc
h file
by
type   
: Find
-
type t
ype_d
escript
or_qu
ery

Type
decriptor
:

F
- regular
file
d-
directory
I
-symbolic
link
1.
Search
: loca
te
filena
me

2. We
can
use lo
cate/g
rep for
search
ing :
i
n
g
/
li
n
e

i
n

a
f
il
e

(
g
r
e
p

–
n
,
d
i
s
p
l
a
y
w
i
t
h
r
c
h

s
t
r
i
n
g
)

/
r
o
o
t
/
i
n
so
s
t
~
]
#
g
r
e
p

"
c
o
d
-
c
o
d
e
s
-
3
.
1
6
-
e
A
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
r
a
1. Can
use ss
h with
a full
hostna
me to
conne
ct to a
remot
e
machi
ne : ss
h
hostna
me

2.
Conne
ct to a
remot
e
system
with
your
curren
t
userna
me
:ssh
userna
me@h
ostna
me

3.
Allows
you to
copy
files
from
one
compu
ter/ser
ver to
anothe
r
compu
ter/ser
ver : sc
p
 e
r
C
o
m
m
a
n
1. To
know
which
user is
logged
: whoa
mi

2. To
know
who
recentl
y logg
ed : us
ers

3.

4.
history
: for
monit
oring
comm
ands
execut
ed by
user.

5.
Servi
ce : fo
r start
/stop/r
estart/
status
(Servic
e
httpd
start,s
ervice
red5
stop,…
etc)
6.
Top :
to
monit
or
system
activiti
es
7.
df -
to
know
disk
file
space
on
machi
ne (df
–
h size
in
GB,df
–
m size
in MB )
8.
fdisk –
l -
to dis
play
with
partiti
ons

9.
Netsta
t : give
inform
ation
about
netwo
rk
conne
ctions
(nestat
–
tcp dis
play all
tcp
conne
ctions)
10.
Mount
– for
moun
ting
forma
tted
partiti
ons

N
e
t
w
o
r
k
C
o
m
m
a

1.
Netsta
t : to
look
up the
variou
s
active
conne
ctions
within
a
compu
ter

2.
Tracer
oute :
to
know
the
numbe
r hop
it
travell
ed to
reach
destin
ation.
3.
Nslook
up: It
is use
for
DNS
quiery.

1.
Dig : It
is use
for
DNS
quiery.
It
display
full
info.

1.
Ifconfi
g : It
is very
useful
in
deter
mining
what
could
be
wrong
with a
netwo
rk.to
know
IP
addres
s.

2.
Ifup: e
nable
interfa
ce

3.
Ifdown
:
disabl
e
interfa
ce.
 4. Ping
: PING
is used
to
check
for a
respon
se
from
anothe
r
compu
ter on
the
netwo
rk.

5.
Ping -
c host
adress
:
6.

What
comman
d used to
check
Disk
Space ?

1
Comman
d to know
disk
space : d
f

2
Comman
d to know
size in
GB : df
-h
3
Comman
d to know
size in
MB : df
-m

How to
change
the
Ownershi
p of
file/Grou
p?

ls -lart
tmpfile

-rw-r--r--
1
himanshu
family 0
2012-05-
22 20:03
tmpfile

Before
using
comman
d:

Comman
d to
change
Ownershi
p of
file: cho
wn root
tmpfile
Comman
d to
change
Ownershi
p of
group :
chgrp fri
ends
tmpfile

After
using
comman
d above:
ls -l
tmpfile

-rw-r--r--
1 root
friends 0
2012-05-
22 20:03
tmpfile

What
comman
d used
for
finding
the
process
running?

Comman
d to see
processes
running :
ps
Comman
d to find
the
process
run by
user : ps
-u Sukes
h

What Co
mmand
to kill a
process ?

Kill
-9 proce
ss name

-9 Kill
signal
-
1 hangu
p signal
-
2 interru
pt signal

-
15 termi
nation
signal

Search
for a file
by
name ?

Find
-name
"query"

Search
the file
by type?
Find -type
type_des
criptor
query

Type
decriptor
:
F
- regular
file
d-
directory
I
-symbolic
link

How to
know
which
user is
logged?

Comman
d : whoa
mi

Who
recently l
ogged in?

Comman
d : users

How do
we
transfer
file from
one
server to
another?
 Co
mmand
used to
establish
ssh
connectio
n : ssh u
sername
@ IP

How we
move file
from one
folder to
another?

Co
mmand :
Mv fil
e
name re
mote
folder
path

How do
we copy
file from
one
folder to
another
folder?

Co
mmand:
cp filen
ame rem
ote folder
path
What
comman
d use for
add
interface
?

Comman
d: i
fup

What
comman
d used fo
remove
interface
?

Comman
d : ifdo
wn

To know
Current
working
Directory
?

Comman
d used :
Pwd

Comman
d to give
permissio
ns?

Chmod
XXX filen
ame
777 rwx
rwx rwx

rwx = 111
in binary
=7

rw- = 110
in binary
=6
r-x = 101
in binary
=5
r-- = 100
in binary
=4

Chmod
777
filename
- September 15,
2015 No
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Wednesday, 15
October 2014

IMS Technology for SIP Tester

IMS enables
a packet
-based
Network to
provide
multiple
services on
single
control/servi
ce layers via
different
access
networks.

IMS
Requireme
nts:

1. IP
Multime
dia
sessions
2. QOS
3.
Service
control
4.
Roaming
5.
Internet
working
6. Rapid
service
creater
7.
Multiple
access

IMS
Protocols:

1.
SCF(Ses
sion
Control
Function
)
Cirtuit
Switched
network :-

TUP
(Telephony
User Part)

ISUP(ISDN
User Part)

BICC(Bearer
independent
call control)
Packet
Switched
Network:-

SIP

H.323
 2)
AAA(Authen
tication,
Authorizatio
n and
Accounting)

Diameter
3) Other
protocols

Megaco(H24
8)

RTP/RTCP

IMS was
originally
standardize
d by 3gpp.

Key
components
or Nodes of
IMS archite
cture:

1. HSS
and SLF
2. CSCF

3. AS

4. BGCF
5. Media
Gateway
s
6. MRF

1. HSS
& SLF :

HSS(Home
Subscriber
System)==
======:

It is a
database of
all
subscriber
and server
data.
It is an
Evolution of
HLR(Home
location
register)
which is in
GSM.
It
contain Use
r
Profiles use
d by control
layer
It contain
subscription
information
used by
service layer

User
profile cont
ains
. User
identity
.allocated s-
cscf name

.
Registration
information
and roaming
profile
.
authenticati
on
parameters
.control and
service
information

SLF (subsc
riber
location
function):

. An SLF is
needed to
map user
address
when
multiple
HSSs are
used.
. Network
with Single
HSS do not
need SLF,
On other
hand
networks
with more
than one
HSS require
SLF.
. Both HSS
and the
SLF
communicat
e through
the
Diameter
protocol

1.
CSCF(C
all
session
control
functio
n):
 a
r
e

t
h
r
e
e
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
C
S
C
F
s
,
d
e
p
e
n
1.
PCSCF(p
roxy)
2.
SCSCF(S
erving)
3.
ICSCF(in
terrogati
ng)

C
S
C
F

1. It is
the first
point of
contact
between
IMS
terminal
(UE) and
IMS
network.
2. Its
main
function
alities
are:-
establish
es
number
of IP
sec
security
associa
tions ( t
he
ability to
detect
the
content
of
message
has
changed
since
its
creation)
towards
 It
verifies
the corr
ectness
of sip
request
s sent
by IMS
terminal
and
forwards
sip
message
s to
SCSCF.

It
forwards
registrati
on
requests

received
from UE
to I-
CSCF
It
forwards
requests
and
answer
to the
UE.
It also
Includes
Compre
ssor
and de-
compre
ssor of
SIP
message
s.
It
authenti
cate the
User
and
asserts
the
identity
of the
user to
other
nodes in
the
network.
 include
PDF(pol
icy
decisio
n
Functio
n).It is
integrate
d with
PCSCF
or
Standalo
ne
unit.PDF
authoriz
es media
plane
and
manages
Quality
of
service
over
media
3) The
PCSCF may
be located
either in
Visited
network or
Home
network.

ICSCF:

I CSCF is
Sip proxy
located at
the edge
of an
administra
tive
domain.

.It's IP
Address is
published in
the DNS of
the
domain(usin
g NAPTR
and SRV
type of DNS
records)
.It has an
interface to
SLF and
HSS.
. It Queries
the HSS
using
Diameter cx
Interface to
retrieve the
user
location.
. It also
implements
interface to
Application
servers, to
route
requests
that are
addressed
to services
rather
regular
users.

. It may
optionally
encrypt the
parts of sip
messages
that contain
sensitive
information
about the
domain,
DNS names
and
capacity.
This
functionality
is called
THIG(Topolo
gy hiding
inter-
network
gateway.

. It is
located in
Home
Network , In
some special
cases such
as
ICSCF(THIG
) it may be
located in
visited
network as
well.

SCSCF:

S CSCF is
the central
node of the
signalling
plane.

. It is a sip
server
always
located in
home
network.
. It Uses
Diameter
cx and DX
to upload or
download
user
profiles, it
has no local
storage. All
necessary
information
is stored in
HSS.

.It handles
SIP
registrations
, Which
allows to
bind User
location/IP
address and
SIP address.

.It sits on
path of
Signalling
message
and can
inspect
every
message.
.It decides
to which
application
servers the
sip message
will be
forwarded,
in order to
provide
services.
.It provide
Routing
Services
typically
using ENUM
lookups.
.It enforces
the policy of
the network
operator.

MRF:
(Media
Resource
Function)
It provides
a source of
media in the
home
network .

.It is used
for playing
Announcem
ents(audio/
Video)
.It is used
for
Multimedia
Conferencin
g( ex:
Mixing audio
streams)
.It is used
for
TTS(text-
speech
Conversion)
and Speech
recognition.
.It is used
for
transcoding
between
different
codec
.It is used
for obtain
statistics
and do any
sort of
media
analysis.

It is mainly
divided into
two types:
MRFC and
MRFP
MRFC(Media
resource
function
controller):
.It is a
signalling
plane node
that acts as
a Sip user
agent for S-
cscf and
which
controls the
MRFP with a
H.248
interface.

MRFP:
(Media
resource
function
processor):
.It is media
plane node
that
implements
all media
related
functions,
such as
playing and
mixing
media.

MRF is
located in
Home
network
BGCF(Brea
k Out
Gateway
Control
Function) :

.It is a Sip
server used
for routing
Calls
between the
IMS
terminal and
PSTN phone.

.It routes
based on
Telephone
numbers.

. It break
out occurs in
same
network as
the BGCF
then the
BGCF select
a MGCF that
will be
responsible
for
internetwork
ing with the
PSTN and
forwards the
signalling to
MGCF. Other
wise it
forwards
signalling to
BGCF of
another
operator.

.The MGCF
then
receives the
signalling
from BGCF
and
manages
the
internetwork
ing with
PSTN
network.

The
PSTN/CS
Gateway:

The
internetwork
ing with CS
network is
realized by
several
components
for
signaling,
media and
control
functions.
SGW(Signa
lling
Gateway):
.It is an
interface
with
signalling
plane of CS
network.
.It performs
Lower layer
protocol
conversion.
.It
transforms
ISUP over
MTP into
ISUP over
SCTP/IP.

MGCF(Medi
a Gateway
Control
Function):
>It
performs
call control
protocol
conversion
between Sip
and ISUP.
. It
interfaces
SGW over
SCTP.
.It controls
MGW with a
H.248(Mega
co)
interface.

MGW:
(Media
Gateway)
. It is an
interface
with Media
plane of CS
network.
. It converts
RTP to PCM
. It also
performs
media
transcoding
when
Codecs
doesn't
match.

Application
Server(AS)
:
AS
is a sip
entity that
hosts and
executes
services .
.It interface
with the S-
CSCF and I-
CSCF using
Sip and HSS
using
Diameter.
. This allows
third party
providers
and easy
integration
and
deployment
of their
value added
services to
the IMS
infrastructur
e.

There are
three
different
types of
Application
servers:-
SIP AS :- It
hosts and
executes IP
multimedia
services
based on
sip.

OSA-
SCS(open
service
Access-
service
capability
server):- It
inherits OSA
capabilities
to access
the IMS
securely
from
external
network.
IM SSF(IP
multimedia
Service
switching
system
Function):
It allows a
GSM
SCF(GSM
service
control
function)to
control an
IMS session.
IMS SSF
provides
intelligent
gateway
functionality
between sip
based IMS
network an
IN systems
that use
protocols
such as
CAMEL,INAP
,AIN and
MAP.

- October 15,
2014 No
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Saturday, 29
March 2014

WireShark Filters with IPaddress & Port

Filter
for ip
addres
s:

Ip.addr
==
148.147.X
X.XX
Ip.src ==
148.147.X
X.XX
(Source IP
address
filter)

Ip.dst ==
148.147.X
X.XX
(Destinati
on IP
address
filter)

Ip.src ==
148.147.X
X.XX &&
Ip.dst ==
148.147.X
X.XX
(Source
and
destinatio
n IP
address
filter)

Filter
for
Port:

Tcp.port
== XXX
(TCP port
filter)

Udp.port
== XXX
(UDP Port
filter)
Tcp.srcpo
rt==XXX
(TCP port
filter for
source)

Udp.srcp
ort==XXX
(TCP port
filter for
source)

Tcp.dstpo
rt==XXX(T
CP port
filter for
destinatio
n)

Udp.dstp
ort==XXX(
UDP port
filter for
destinatio
n)

- March 29,
2014 No
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Sunday, 9
March 2014

SIPp Commands

SIPp
Comma
nds:

Registe
r UAC
sudo
./sipp
1XX.1X
X.2XX.2
XX(Serv
er IP) -t
u1 -sf
Register
.xml
-inf
Register
.csv -i
1XX.1X
X.2XX.1
XX
(Local
IP) -m 1
-trace_e
rr
-trace_
msg
-trace_l
ogs

Invite
UAC
sudo
./sipp
1XX.1X
X.2XX.2
XX(Serv
er IP) -t
u1 -sf
Invite.x
ml -inf
Invite.cs
v -i
1XX.1X
X.2XX.1
XX
(Local
IP) -m 1
-trace_e
rr
-trace_
msg
-trace_l
ogs

Registe
r UAS

./sipp
-sn
Register
.xml

Invite
UAS

./sipp
-sn
Invite.x
ml
Use
Comma
nd for
1000
Calls:-

sudo ./
sipp
1XX.1X
X.2XX.2
XX(Ser
ver IP)
-t u1
-sf
Invite.x
ml -inf
Invite.c
sv -i
1XX.1X
X.2XX.1
XX
(Local
IP) -m
1000 -l
10 -r 10
-rp
10000
-trace_
err
-trace_
msg
-trace_l
ogs
-m =
Max
number
of calls
you
want
generat
e
(100,10
00...etc)

-l =
Max
Concurr
ent calls
you
want to
generat
e , If
Max
number
of call is
high it
may
take
more
time to
generat
e

Exampl
e:-

-r =
Set the
Call rate
per
second
-rp =
rate
period
in
millisec
onds for
call
rate.

Exampl
e:- -r
10 -rp
10000
=>
This
means
10 calls
for
every
10 secs.

- March 09,
2014 No
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