CHAPTER 1

1.GENERAL:
Pre Engineered Buildings (PEB) are the buildings which are engineered at a
factory and assembled at site. Usually PEBs are steel structures. Built-up
sections are fabricated at the factory to exact size, transported to site and
assembled at site with bolted connections. The structural system consists of
rigid frames. The adoptability of PEB in the place of Conventional Steel
Building design concept resulted in many advantages, including economy &
easier fabrication. These type of building structure can be finished internally to
serve any functions that is actually help in low rise building design. Examples
of Pre-Engineered Buildings are warehouses, Canopies, Factories, Bridges etc.

1.2ADVANTAGES OF PEB:

• Quality control is the main advantage as all the structural member are
engineered beforehand, standards of different codes also taken into
consideration & these components are made in factory under the
supervision of Quality Control Engineer.

• Lower cost due to the saving in design, manufacturing and on site

erection cost.

• Minimizing time of construction due to the use of software for design of

the structural components.

• Low Maintenance due to use of standard quality of paints over steel

members , which increases the ability to withstand & finally the
maintenance cost will be low as compare to conventional steel building.

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 • Quick Erection, as all the members are Pre Manufactured & skilled
labour is used for connections of different components.

• Warranty on PEB, mostly warranty period of 20 years given by

manufactures for PEB.

1.3 COMPONENTS OF PEB:

INTRODUCTION :

A typical assembly of a simple metal building system is shown below to illustrate

the Synergy between the various building components as described below

• Primary components
• Secondary components
• Sheeting (or) cladding
• Accessories

PRIMARY COMPONENTS

Main framing:

Main framing basically includes the rigid steel frames of the building. The PEB
rigid frame comprises of tapered columns and tapered rafters .The tapered
sections are fabricated using the state of art technology wherein the flanges are
welded to the web. Splice plates are welded to the ends of the tapered sections.
The frame is erected by bolting the splice plates of connecting sections together.
All rigid frames shall be welded built-up "I" sections or hot-rolled sections. The
columns and the rafters may be either uniform depth or tapered. Flanges shall be
connected to webs by means of a continuous fillet weld on one side. All endwall
roof beams and endwall columns shall be coldformed "C" sections, mill-rolled
sections, or built-up "I" sections depending on design requirements. Plates,
Stiffeners, etc.

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Columns:

The main purpose of the columns is to transfer the vertical loads to the
foundations. However a part of the horizontal actions (wind action) is also
transferred through the columns. Basically in pre-engineered buildings columns
are made up of I sections which are most economical than others. The width and
breadth will go on increasing from bottom to top of the column. I section consists
of flanges and web which are made from plates by welding.

Rafter:

A rafter is one of a series of sloped structural members such as wooden

beams that extend from the ridge or hip to the wall plate, downslope perimeter
or eave, and that are designed to support the roof deck and its associated loads. A
pair of rafters is called a couple. In home construction, rafters are normally made
of. Exposed rafters are a feature of some traditional roof styles.

SECONDARY COMPONENTS:

Purlins and Grits are secondary structural members used as support to walls and
roof panels. Purlins are used on the roof; Grits are used on the walls.

Purlins:

In steel construction, the term purlin typically refers to roof framing members that
span parallel to the building eave, and support the roof decking or sheeting. The
purlins are in turn supported by rafters or walls. Purlins are most commonly used
in Metal Building Systems, where Z-shapes are utilized in a manner that allows
flexural continuity between spans. Cold formed members can be efficient on a
weight basis relative to mill rolled sections for secondary member applications.

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Girts:

In architecture or structural engineering, a girt, also known as a sheeting rail, is

a horizontal structural member in a framed wall. Girts provide lateral support to
the wall panel, primarily, to resist wind loads.

SHEETING OR CLADDING:

Cladding is the application of one material over another to provide a skin or layer.
In construction, cladding is used to provide a degree of thermal
insulation and weather resistance, and to improve the appearance of
buildings. Cladding can be made of any of a wide range of materials including
wood, metal, brick, vinyl, and composite materials that can include aluminium,
wood, blends of cement and recycled polystyrene, wheat/rice straw fibre.

BRACINGS:

Cable Bracing:

The Cable bracing is a primary member that ensures the stability of the building
against forces in the longitudinal direction such as wind, cranes, and earthquakes.

Diagnal Bracing:

Diagonal bracing in the roof and sidewalls shall be used to remove longitudinal
loads (wind, crane, etc.) from the structure. This bracing will be furnished to
length and equipped with bevel washers and nuts at each end. It may consist of
rods threaded each end or galvanized cable with suitable threaded end anchors.

ACCESSORIES

Anchor bolts:

Bolts used to anchor the structural members to the concrete floor, foundation or
other support. This usually refers to the bolts at the bottom of all columns. Anchor

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bolts are manufactured with circular steel rods having threading portion at the top
for bolting and bent up at the bottom for Foundation.

Fasteners(Bolts):

A bolt is a form of threaded fastener with an external male thread. Bolts are very
closely related to screws. Standard fasteners shall be self drilling screws with
metal and neoprene washers. All screws shall have hex heads and are zinc plated.

Baseplate:
In building construction, a flat supporting plate or frame at the base of a column,
designed to distribute the column's weight over a greater area and provide
increased stability.

Roof & Wall Panels:

Tin shades & Curtain Wall made of Glass & Roll-formed steel sheets usually
comes in this category. The Roof is provided to cover the top surface and Wall
panels are used as side coverings.

1.4 OBJECTIVES :

• To analyse and design of pre engineering metal building of Tea factory

• To optimize the design by adopting cold formed steel section as

secondary member as C or Z purlin

• To prepare the detailed estimate and abstract.

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 CHAPTER 2

2.1DESIGN METHODOLOGY
Preliminary data’s :
• Selection of area or location = Udagamandalam , Tamilnadu
• Area of the Section = 12 x 18 m
• Soil profile = marshall soil /peat soil/lateral soil
• SBC of soil = 100KN/m²
• Modulus of elasticity of steel = 2.00E+05 N/mm²
• Grade of concrete M25 = 25N/mm²
• Wind speed = 47 m/sec
• Purpose = Working industries
• Design life of structure = 25 years

2.2 CONSIDERATIONS:

1)Basic wind speed considered as, Vb = 47.00 m/s

2)The design life of structure is considered as = 25 years

3) Main frames & gable end frames are made with Hot rolled sections.

4) Purlins & wall grits are considered Cold formed sections (Z purlins)

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 CHAPTER -3
PLAN AND ELEVATION AND SECTIONAL VIEW :

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 CHAPTER 4
ANALSYIS
4 MANUAL ANALSYIS:
DIMENSIONS:
Width of building, w = 12.00m
Length of building, l = 18.00m
Height of buildings, h = 4.00m
Bay spacing = 3.50m
Purlin spacing = 1.20m
Roof angle, α = 7.00o
Ridge height (Approx.) = 1.20m

4.1 LOAD CALCULATIONS:

4.1.1 DEAD LOAD

Due to Roofing Sheet: (In accordance with IS 875 Part-1 : 1987)

Unit weight of Galvalume Sheets (0.47 mm Thk) = 5.00kg/m2

Load on end rafters = 5.00× 3.60/2/100 = 0.09 kN/m

Load on intermediate rafters =5.00×3.60/100 = 0.18 kN/m

4.1.2 LIVE LOAD

(In accordance with IS 875 Part-2 : 1987)

Flat, sloping roof with slope upto 10 degrees, the live load is

(Access provided only for maintenance) = 0.75 kN/m²

Live load on end bays =0.75× (3.6/2) = 1.35kN/m

Live load on intermediate bays = 0.75×3.6 = 2.7 kN/m

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4.1.3 WIND LOAD

The wind load calculations are based on IS 875 (Part-3):2015

Design wind speed Vz = Vb x K 1 x K 2 x K 3

Refer APPENDIX A Clause 6.2 ,Table 1 IS:875-(III)-2015

Vb = 47.00m/sec

K 1 = Risk factor = 0.90

(Adopting the case that it falls under category 2 )

K 2 =Terrain factor = 1.00

Category 2- Open terrain with well scattered obstructions havings generally

between 1.5m and 10m
K 3 =Topography factor = 1.00
K1= 0.9; K2= 1.0 ;K3 = 1.0

Design wind speed Vz = Vb x K 1 x K 2 x K 3 = 42.3 m/s

Design wind pressure, z = 0.6x (Vz)²= 1.14KN/m²

Wind load on individual members:

F = (Cpe - Cpi) A Pd

where,

Cpe - External Pressure Co efficient

Cpi - Internal Pressure Co efficient

A - Surface Area of Structural element or Cladding unit

Pd - Design wind pressure

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a.Pressure co-efficient calculation for walls:
(i)External Pressure coefficient (Cpe)
Building height ratio, h/w = 4.00/12.00 = 0.33<1/2

Building plan ratio, l/w = 18.00/12.00 = 1.50>3/2 &<4

Wind angle Cpe for surface

A B C D

0 0.70 -0.25 -0.60 -0.60

90 -0.50 -0.50 0.70 -0.10

For percentage of opening b/w 5% to 20% Cpi = ± 0.5

(ii)Internal pressure co-efficient: (Cpi)
Total Wall area

=(2×18.00×4.00)+(2×4.00×12.00)+(0.5×(12.00/2)×1.20×4) =254.40m2

% of openings

Window- (0.9 x 1.2m) - 4.00 no's = 4.32m2

Ventilators - (0.6 x 0.6m) - 9.00 no's = 3.24m2

Main door (1.73 x 2.1) - 1.00 no's = 3.63m2

Door D1 (0.750 x 2.1) 4.00 no's = 6.30m2

Total opening area = 4.32+3.24+3.63+6.30 = 17.49m2

= 17.49/254.40×100 = 6.9%

Consider, % of opening b/w 5% to 20%

Refer Clause 6.2.3.2IS:875-(III)-1987

For percentage of opening b/w 5% to 20% Cpi = ± 0.5

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 (iii) Net pressue co-efficient: [Cpe-Cpi]
Wind angle Cpe - Cpi Cpi =+ 0.5
θo A B C D
0 = 0.70-0.5 = -0.25-0.5 = -0.60-0.5 = -0.60-0.5
0.20 -0.75 -1.10 -1.10
90 = -0.50-(0.5) =-0.50-(0.5) = 0.70-0.5 = -0.10-0.5
-1.00 -1.00 0.20 -0.60

Wind angle Cpe - Cpi Cpi = -0.5

θo A B C D
0 =0.70-(-0.5) =-0.25-(-0.5) = -0.60-(-0.5) = -0.60-(-0.5)
1.20 0.25 -0.10 -0.10
90 = -0.50-(-0.5) =-0.50-(-0.5) = 0.70-(-0.5) = -0.10-(-0.5)
0.00 0.00 1.20 0.40

Spacing of columns, (Lengthwise) = 3.60m

Spacing of columns, (Widthwise) = 4.00m

b. Wind load distribution on walls:

Wind load (0°, Cpi +0.5) (+X) Direction

Main columns

FACES Pressure Net pr. Co-eff Width(m) Load

(KN/m2)
FACE A 1.14 0 .20 4.00 0.91KN/m
FACE B 1.14 -0.75 4.00 -3.42KN/m
FACE C 1.14 -1.10 3.60 -4.51KN/m
FACE D 1.14 -1.10 3.60 -4.51KN/m

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End columns
FACES Pressure Net pr. Co-eff Width(m) Load
(KN/m2)
FACE A 1.14 0 .20 2.00 0.45KN/m
FACE B 1.14 -0.75 2.00 -1.71KN/m
FACE C 1.14 -1.10 1.80 -2.25KN/m
FACE D 1.14 -1.10 1.80 -2.25KN/m

Case (ii) : Wind load (0°, Cpi -0.5) (- X) Direction

Main columns
FACES Pressure Net pr. Co-eff Width(m) Load
(KN/m2)
FACE A 1.14 1.20 4.00 5.47KN/m
FACE B 1.14 0.25 4.00 1.14KN/m
FACE C 1.14 -0.10 3.60 -0.41KN/m
FACE D 1.14 -0.10 3.60 -0.41KN/m
End columns
FACES Pressure Net pr. Co-eff Width(m) Load
(KN/m2)
FACE A 1.14 1.20 2.00 2.73KN/m
FACE B 1.14 0.25 2.00 0.57KN/m
FACE C 1.14 -0.10 1.80 - 0.20KN/m
FACE D 1.14 -0.10 1.80 -0.20KN/m

Case (iii) :Wind load (90°, Cpi +0.5) (+ Z) Direction

Main columns
FACES Pressure Net pr. Co-eff Width(m) Load
(KN/m2)
FACE A 1.14 -1.00 4.00 -4.56KN/m
FACE B 1.14 -1.00 4.00 -4.56KN/m
FACE C 1.14 0.20 3.60 0.82KN/m
FACE D 1.14 -0.60 3.60 - 2.46KN/m

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End columns
FACES Pressure Net pr. Co-eff Width(m) Load
(KN/m2)
FACE A 1.14 -1.00 2.00 -2.28KN/m
FACE B 1.14 -1.00 2.00 -2.28KN/m
FACE C 1.14 0.20 1.80 0.41KN/m
FACE D 1.14 -0.60 1.80 -1.23KN/m

Case (iv) : Wind load (90°, Cpi -0.5) (- Z) Direction

Main columns
FACES Pressure Net pr. Co-eff Width(m) Load
(KN/m2)
FACE A 1.14 0.00 4.00 0.00KN/m
FACE B 1.14 0.00 4.00 0.00KN/m
FACE C 1.14 1.20 3.60 4.92KN/m
FACE D 1.14 0.40 3.60 1.64KN/m
End columns
FACES Pressure Net pr. Co-eff Width(m) Load
(KN/m2)
FACE A 1.14 0.00 2.00 0.00KN/m
FACE B 1.14 0.00 2.00 0.00KN/m
FACE C 1.14 1.20 1.80 2.46KN/m
FACE D 1.14 0.40 1.80 0.82KN/m

c. Presure co-efficient calculation for roof of the building :

Building height ratio, h/w = 4/12 = 0.33 <1/2

Refer Table no.5 - IS:875 Part 3 - 1988

The Cpe for Pitched roof after interpolation is given in the

following table

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For h/w < 1/2, & Roof angle is = 7°

h/w Roof angle Wind angle 0 Wind angle 90

Windward Leeward Windward Leeward
0.33 7 -1.02 -0.4 -0.8 -0.48

For 0o Wind Angle, Windward side Cpe = -1.02

For 0o Wind Angle, Leeward side Cpe = -0.40

For 90o Wind Angle, Windward side Cpe = -0.80

For 90o Wind Angle, Leeward side Cpe = -0.48

Internal Pressure co-efficient ,Cpi = ±0.5

Purlin spacing = 1.20m

Wind load (0°, Cpi +0.5) (+ X)

Windward side pressure = (Cpe-Cpi)pd = (-1.02-0.50)×1.14 = -1.73KN/m2

Load on intermediate bay roof members =-1.73×3.60 = -6.22KN/m

Load on end bay roof members =-1.73×3.60/2 = -3.11KN/m

Leeward side pressure = (Cpe-Cpi)pd =(-0.40-0.50)×1.14 = -1.03KN/m2

Load on intermediate bay roof members =-1.03×3.60 = -3.70KN/m

Load on end bay roof members = -1.03×3.60/2 = -1.85KN/m

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Wind load (0°, Cpi -0.5) (- X)

Windward side pressure = (Cpe-Cpi)pd = (-1.02-(-0.50)) ×1.14 = -0.59kN/m2

Load on intermediate bay roof members= -0.59×3.60 = -2.12kN/m

Load on end bay roof members=-0.59×3.60/2 = -1.06kN/m

Leeward side pressure= (Cpe-Cpi)pd = (-0.40-(-0.50)) ×1.14 = 0.11kN/m2

Load on intermediate bay roof members=0.11×3.60 = 0.39kN/m

Load on end bay roof members=0.11×3.60/2 = 0.19kN/m

(iii)Wind load (90°, Cpi +0.5) (+ Z)

Windward side pressure= (Cpe-Cpi)pd = (-0.80-0.50) ×1.14 = -1.48kN/m2

Load on intermediate bay roof members =-1.48×3.60 = -5.32kN/m

Load on end bay roof members=-1.48×3.60 /2 = -2.66kN/m

Leeward side pressure= (Cpe-Cpi)pd = (-0.48-0.50) ×1.14 = -1.12kN/m2

Load on intermediate bay roof members=-1.12×3.60 = -4.03kN/m

Load on end bay roof members=-1.12×3.60/2 = -2.01kN/m

(iv)Wind load (90°, Cpi -0.5) (- Z)

Windward side pressure= (Cpe-Cpi)pd = (-0.80-(-0.50)) ×1.14 = -0.34kN/m2

Load on intermediate bay roof members=-0.34×3.60 = -1.22kN/m

Load on end bay roof members =0.34×3.60/2 = -0.61kN/m

Leeward side pressure= (Cpe-Cpi)pd = (-0.48-(-0.50))×1.14 = 0.02kN/m2

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Load on intermediate bay roof members=0.02×3.60 = 0.07kN/m

Load on end bay roof members =0.02×3.60/2 = 0.03kN/m

4.2 LOAD COMBINATIONS

Partial Safety Factor as per Table 4: IS 800- 2007.

Strength Criteria

1. 1.5 D.L + 1.5 L.L

2. 1.5 D.L + 1.5 W.L (+ X)

3. 1.5 D.L + 1.5 W.L (+ Z)

4. 1.5 D.L + 1.5 W.L (- Z)

5. 1.2 D.L + 1.2 L.L + 1.2 W.L (+X)

6. 1.2 D.L + 1.2 L.L + 1.2 W.L (-X)

7. 1.2 D.L + 1.2 L.L + 1.2 W.L (+Z)

8. 1.2 D.L + 1.2 L.L+ 1.2 W.L (-Z)

9. 0.9 D.L + 1.5 W.L (+X)

10.0.9 D.L + 1.5 W.L (-X)

11.0.9 D.L + 1.5 W.L (+Z)

12.0.9 D.L + 1.5 W.L (-Z)

Serviceability Criteria

a. D.L + 1.0 L.L

b. D.L + 1.0 W.L (+ X)

c. D.L + 1.0 W.L (- X)

d. D.L + 1.0 W.L (+ Z)

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 e. D.L + 1.0 W.L (- Z)

f. D.L + 0.8 L.L + 0.8 W.L (+X)

g. D.L + 0.8 L.L + 0.8 W.L (- X)

h. D.L + 0.8 L.L + 0.8 W.L (+ Z)

i. D.L + 0.8 L.L + 0.8 W.L (- Z)

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4.3 ANALSYIS USING SOFTWARE

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 Wind load action on face A

Bending Moment

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 Reaction acting on all beams

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 CHAPTER 5
5 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS:

5.1 DESIGN OF PURLINS

Span of purlin =4.50m
Spacing of purlins =1.20m
Cold formed steel purlins are considered for the design
Grade of steel, Fy =3450.00kg/cm2
Modulus of elasticity of steel, Es =2074000.00kg/cm2

a.Load Calculations
(i)Dead load :
Unit wt of roofing sheets @ 1.20 m spacing =5.00×1.20 = 6.00kg/m
Self wt of purlin, Consider Z purlin (200 x 60 x 20 x 2.55) = 6.77/100
= 0.07kN/m
Total DL =6.00/100+0.07 = 0.13kN/m
DL acting normal to rafter at 7 degree COS 7 =0.99
D.L acting on purlins =0.13×0.99 =0.13kN/m

Total imposed load on each purlin = 0.90 kN/m

(ii)Imposed load :
Imposed load intensity on purlin =0.75kN/m2
Total imposed load on each purlin =0.75×1.20 = 0.90kN/m
Wind Load :
(i) Uplift condition
Max. wind load per meter on each purlin =-1.73×1.20 = -2.08 kN/m

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 (ii) Downward pressure

Max. wind load per meter on each purlin =0.11×1.20 = 0.14 kN/m

D.L + W.L (Uplift pressure) = (0.13+-2.08) = -1.95kN/m

Design of cold formed steel purlins

Max Shear force = -1.95×4.50/2 = -4.39 kN

Max Moment = -1.95×4.50^2/10= -4.94 kNm

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Design Data :-

Effective length of member = 4.50×1000 = 4500.00 mm

Fy = 3450.00 kg/cm² = 338.32N/mm2

Es = 2074000.00 kg/cm² = 2.03E+5 N/mm2

Provide C - Purlin [180 x 60 x 20 x 2]
Sectional properties of C - Purlin [180 x 60 x 20 x 2] are:
Sectional Area, A = 648.00mm2
Depth of section, D = 180.00mm
Width of flange, bf = 60.00mm
C = 20.00mm
Thickness, t = 2.00mm
Moment of Inertia, Ixx = 3.18E+06mm4
Moment of Inertia, Iyy = 3 .61E+05mm4
Radius of gyration, rxx =70.10mm
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Radius of gyration, ryy =23.60mm
Elastic Section modulus, Zxx =3.54E+04mm3
Elastic Section modulus, Zyy =9.02E+03mm3

Checking the above section based on IS 801: 1975

w/t = (60.00-2×2.0) / 2.0 = 28.00

Cl 5.2.2.1

Min. overall depth required = 2.8t [(w/t)2-281200/fy]1/6

= 2.8×2.00×(28x 2-281200/fy] 1/6 = 16.70mm

< 20.00mm SAFE

but not less than 4.8 t = 4.8×2.00 = 9.60mm

< 16.70mm SAFE

Calculation for laterally unbraced beams:

(w/t)lim = 1435/(f) ^0.5 =1435/(1200.00)^0.5 = 41.42

Fb = 0.6Π2ECbdIyc / (L2Sxc) = 125.28 N/mm²

Since here W.L is critical, Fb = 1.33×125.28 = 166.63N/mm²

Fb act = M / Zxx =2074000.00×10^6/3.54E+04 = -139.59N/mm²

< 166.63 N/mm² SAFE

Bending Stress in web:

Compressive stress,Fbw =3656000/(h/t)2 = 36560000/88.00^2 = 472.11N/mm²

Basic design stress, F = 0.6fy =0.6×0/10 = 207.00 N/mm²

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Combined bending and shear stress in web:

[(fbw/Fbw)2+(fv/Fv)2]0.5 = ((-139.59/166.63)^2+(-12.47/75.54)^2)^0.5

= 0.85 =< 1.00 SAFE

Check for deflection:

Actual deflection, Δ =5wl4/384EI = -15.58 mm

Allowable deflection = L/240 = 30.00mm SAFE

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5.2 DESIGN OF MAIN RAFTERS:

Results from Staad pro analysis

Load Case Axial (Fx) VerticalShear HorizontalShear Minor Major

KN (Fy) KN ( Fz) KN Moment(My) (Mz)Moment
KNm KNm

1 148 102 0.00 2.00 0.00

1 148 102 0.00 2.00 0.00

1 37.5 29 1.8 1.2 51.3

1 148 102 0.00 2.00 0.00

25 54.0 71.0 0.00 0.00 78.2

Design Data :-

Length of member in Y-axis (Alter. Purlin spacing) = 2400.00 mm

Length of member in Z- axis = 6120.00 mm

Consider, Section ISMB250

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a. Sectional properties of ISMB250 are:

Sectional Area, A = 4755.00mm²

Depth of section, D = 250.00mm

Width of flange, bf = 125.00mm

Thickness of flange, tf = 12.50mm

Thickness of web, tw = 6.90mm

Moment of Inertia, Ixx = 5.13E+07mm4

Moment of Inertia, Iyy = 3.35E+06mm4

Radius of gyration, rxx = 103.90mm

Radius of gyration, ryy = 26.50mm

Elastic Section modulus, Zxx = 4.11E+05mm3

Elastic Section modulus, Zyy = 5.35E+04mm3

Plastic section modulus, Zpx = 4.66E+05mm3

Plastic section modulus, Zpy = 1.00E+05mm3

Root Radius, R1 = 13.00mm

b. Section classification:

d / tw = (D - 2tf - 2R1)/tf =(250.00-2×12.50-2×13.00)/6.90 = 28.84

ε = (250 / fy)1/2 = (250/250)0.5 = 1.00 < 84 ε PLASTIC

b / tf =(125.00/2)/12.50 = 5.00 < 9.4 ε PLASTIC

d / tw = (D - 2tf - 2R1)/tf = 28.84 < 67 ε No shear buckling

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 c .Design for compression

Slenderness Ratio along z axis, L/rzz =6120.00/103.90 =58.90

Slenderness Ratio along y axis, L/ryy = 2400.00/26.50 = 90.57

h/bf =250.00/125.00 = 2.00

tf =12.50mm

Table 10,IS 800-2007

For Rolled I sections, h/bf > 1.2, tf < 40mm

Bending about z-z axis

Buckling Class = a

Table 7,IS 800-2007

α- Imperfection Parameter = 0.21

λ - Non Dimensionless slenderness ratio

= ((250×58.90^2)/ (3.14^2×200000)) ^0.5 = 0.66

Cl 7.1.2.1.IS 800 -2007

φ = 0.5 *1 + α (λ - 0.2) + λ2

= 0.5×(1+(0.21×(0.66-0.2)+0.66^2)) = 0.77

Stress Reduction factor X = 1* [φ + (φ2-λ2)0.5]

= (1/(0.77+(0.77^2-0.66^2)^0.5)) = 0.86

The design Bending Compressive stress,. Fcd = (0.86×250)/1.1 = 196.44N/mm²

Fcd < fy / γm0 Hence Safe

Capacity = fcd x Ae =196.44×4755.00/1000 = 934.1 KN

29
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Axial compression = 148.0KN

Hence Safe

Ratio =148.0/934.1 = 0.16

d.Check for Shear:

Check for Vertical Shear:

Factored Vertical shear = 102KN

Shear area, As = h x tw= 6.90×250.00 = 1725.00mm²

Nominal plastic shear =Vn =Vp =Asfy/√3 =1725.00×250/3^0.5/1000 =249KN

Design Verical shear strength = Vd =Vn/ϒm0 = 249.0/1.1 = 226.3KN

0.6 Vd = 0.6×226.3 = 135.78 KN

Since V < Vd SAFE

Since V < 0.6Vd LOW SHEAR

Ratio = 102.0/226.3 = 0.45

Check for Horizontal Shear:

Factored Horizontal shear =1.8 KN

Shear area, As = 2 x bf x tf =2×125.00×12.50 = 3125.00mm²

Nominal plastic shear =Vn =Vp =Asfy/√3 =3125.00×250/3^0.5/1000 =451.1KN

Design Horizontal shear strength = Vd =Vn/ϒm0 =410.1KN

0.6 Vd = 0.6×410.1 = 246.06KN

Since V < Vd SAFE

30
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Since V < 0.6Vd LOW SHEAR

e. Check for Bending in Major axis:

Md = βb x Zp x fbd

i)Calculation of Extreme fibre bending compressive stress, fcrb

hf - c/c distance b/w flanges = 237.50mm

hf/tf = 237.50/12.50 = 19.00

LLT - effective length for lateral torsional buckling = 2400.00mm

LLT / ry = 2400.00/26.50 = 90.57

Refer Cl 8.2.2.1.IS 800 -2007

fcr, b = [(1.1 π2 E) / (LLT/ry)2)] x [1 + { (1/20) { (LLT/ry) / (hf/tf) }^2 } ]^0.5

=
(((1.1×(3.14)^2)×(2.00E+05)/((90.57)^2))×(1+(((1/20)×((90.57)/(19.00))^2)))^0
.5)

= 386.51 N/mm²

Extreme fibre bending compressive stress, fcrb = 386.51 N/mm²

ii) Calculation of Non Dimensional slenderness ratio, λLT

λLT = sqrt (fy /fcr.b) = (250.00/386.51)^0.5 = 0.80

iii) Bending Stress Reduction factor, XLT

αLT - Imperfection Parameter for rolled steel sections = 0.21

φLT = 0.5 [1 + αLT (λLT - 0.2) + λLT2

= 0.5×(1+(0.21×(0.80-0.2)+0.80^2)) = 0.89

XLT =1 / [φLT + (φLT2-λLT2)0.5]

31
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 = (1/(0.89+(0.89^2-0.80^2)^0.5)) = 0.79 < 1

Hence,

fbd =XLT x fy / γm0

= (0.79×250.00)/1.1 = 180.29 N/mm²

βb (For Plastic Section) = 1.00

Refer clause 8.2.2. IS 800-2007

The design Bending Strength, Md = βb x Zp x fbd/ γmo

=(4.66E+05×180.29×1.00)/10^6 = 84.0 KNm

Factored Bending Moment =78.22KNm

SAFE

Ratio = 78.2/84.0 = 0.93

f. Check for bending in Minor axis:

The design Bending Strength, Md = βb x Zpy x fy / γmo

=(1.00×1.00E+05×250)/(1.1×10^6) = 22.8KNm

βb (For Plastic Section) = 1.00

Factored Bending Moment = 2.0 KNm

SAFE

Ratio = 2.0/22.8 = 0.09

g.Check for Combined Axial and Bending Moment:

F(x) max = (N/Nd) +MY/Mdy +Mz/Mdz

= (148.0/934.1)+(2.0/22.8)+(0.00/84.0) = 0.25

M(y) max = (N/Nd) +My/Mdy +Mz/Mdz

32
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 = (148.0/934.1)+(2.0/22.8)+(0.00/84.0) = 0.25

M(z) max = (N/Nd) +My/Mdy +Mz/Mdz

=(54.0/934.1)+(0.0/22.8)+(78.2/84.0) = 0.99

h.Check for Deflection:

Rafter Span = 12280.00 mm

from Staad pro analysis

Vertical deflection (y) = 17.83 mm

Industrial buildings - Vertical = Span / 180 =12280.00/180 = 68.22mm

(Rafter supporting - Profiled Metal Sheeting)

33
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5.3 DESIGN OF GABLE END RAFTERS :

Load Case Axial (Fx) Vertical Horizontal Minor Major

KN Shear (Fy) Shear ( Fz) KN Moment Moment
KN (My)
(Mz)
KNm
KNm
25 84.5 3.0 0.00 0.3 11.8
25 84.3 25.0 0.00 0.00 31.0
11 19.0 4.0 0.2 4.0 5.0
11 19.0 4.0 0.2 4.7 5.0
25 84.3 25.0 0.00 0.1 31.0

Design Data :-
Length of member in Y- axis (Altr. Purlin spacings) = 2400.00 mm
Length of member in Z- axis = 6120.00 mm

Consider, Section ISMB 200 Take ISMB200

34
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a. Sectional properties of ISMB200 are:

Sectional Area, A = 3230.00mm²

Depth of section, D = 200.00mm

Width of flange, bf = 100.00mm

Thickness of flange, tf = 10.80mm

Thickness of web, tw = 5.70mm

Moment of Inertia, Ixx = 2.24E+07mm4

Moment of Inertia, Iyy = 1.50E+06mm4

Radius of gyration, rxx = 83.20mm

Radius of gyration, ryy = 21.50mm

Elastic Section modulus, Zxx = 2.24E+05mm3

Elastic Section modulus, Zyy = 3.00E+04mm3

Plastic section modulus, Zpx = 2.54E+05mm3

Plastic section modulus, Zpy = 5.54E+05mm3

Root Radius, R1 = 11.00mm

b. Section classification:

d / tw = (D - 2tf - 2R1)/tf = (200.00-2×10.80-2×11.00)/6.90 = 27.74

ε = (250 / fy)^1/2 = (250/250) ^0.5 = 1.00 < 84 ε PLASTIC

b / tf =(100.00/2)/10.8 = 4.63 < 9.4 ε PLASTIC

d / tw = (D - 2tf - 2R1)/tf = 27.74 < 67 ε No shear buckling

35
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c.Design for compression

Slenderness Ratio along z axis, L/rzz = 6120.00/83.90 =73.56

Slenderness Ratio along y axis, L/ryy = 2400.00/21.50 = 111.63

h/bf =200.00/100.00 = 2.00

tf =12.50 mm

Table 10,IS 800-2007

For Rolled I sections, h/bf > 1.2, tf < 40mm

Bending about z-z axis

Buckling Class =a

Table 7,IS 800-2007

α- Imperfection Parameter = 0.21

λ - Non Dimensionless slenderness ratio -

=((250×58.90^2)/(3.14^2×200000))^0.5 = 0.66

Refer Cl 7.1.2.1.IS 800 -2007

φ = 0.5 *1 + α (λ - 0.2) + λ2

=0.5×(1+(0.21×(0.66-0.2)+0.66^2)) = 0.77

Stress Reduction factor X = 1 / *φ + (φ2-λ2)0.5]

=(1/(0.77+(0.77^2-0.66^2)^0.5)) = 0.86

The design Bending Compressive stress,. Fcd

=(0.86×250)/1.1 = 196.44N/mm²

fy / γm0 =250.00/1.10 = 227.27N/mm²

36
`
 Fcd < fy / γm0 Hence Safe

Capacity = fcd x Ae =177.09×3230.00/1000 = 572.0KN

Axial compression = 84.5KN

Hence Safe

Ratio = 84.5/572.0 = 0.15

d.Check for Shear:

Check for Vertical Shear:

Factored Vertical shear = 25.0KN

Shear area, As = h x tw = =5.70×200.00 =1140.00mm²

Nominal plastic shear =Vn =Vp =Asfy/√3 =1140.00×250/3^0.5/10^3 = 164.5KN

Design Verical shear strength = Vd =Vn/ϒm0 = 164.5/1.1 = 149.6KN

0.6 Vd = 0.6×149.6 = m 89.8 KN

Since V < Vd SAFE

Since V < 0.6Vd LOW SHEAR

Ratio = 25/149.6 = 0.17

Check for Horizontal Shear:

Factored Horizontal shear = 0.2 KN

Shear area, As = 2 x bf x tf =2×100.00×10.80 = 2160.00mm²

Nominal plastic shear =Vn=Vp =Asfy/√3 =1140.00×250/3^0.5/10^3 = 311.8KN

Design Horizontal shear strength = Vd =Vn/ϒm0 = 283.4KN

0.6 Vd = 0.6×283.4 = 170.1KN

Since V < Vd SAFE

37
`
Since V < 0.6Vd LOW SHEAR

Ratio = 0.02/28.34 = 0.00

e.Check for Bending in Major axis:

Md = βb x Zp x fbd

βb (For Plastic Section) =1.00

i)Calculation of Extreme fibre bending compressive stress, fcrb

hf - c/c distance b/w flanges = 189.20mm

hf/tf =189.20/10.80 = 17.52

LLT - effective length for lateral torsional buckling =2400.00mm

LLT / ry =2400.00/21.50 = 111.63

Refer Cl 8.2.2.1.IS 800 -2007

fcr, b =

[(1.1 π2 E) / (LLT/ry)2)] x [1 + { (1/20) { (LLT/ry) / (hf/tf) }^2 } ]^0.5

=
(((1.1×(3.14)^2)×(2.00E+05)/((111.63)^2))×(1+(((1/20)×((111.63)/(17.52))^2)))
^0.5)

=303.02 N/mm²

Extreme fibre bending compressive stress, fcrb = 303.02 N/mm²

ii) Calculation of Non Dimensional slenderness ratio, λLT

λLT = sqrt (fy /fcr.b) =(250.00/303.02)^0.5 = 0.91

iii) Bending Stress Reduction factor, XLT

Non Dimensional slenderness ratio, λLT = 0.91

38
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Bending Stress Reduction factor, XLT = 0.73 < 1

αLT - Imperfection Parameter for rolled steel sections = 0.21

φLT = 0.5 [1 + αLT (λLT - 0.2) + λLT2

=0.5×(1+(0.21×(0.91-0.2)+0.91^2)) = 0.99

XLT = 1 / [φLT + (φLT2-λLT2)0.5]

=(1/(0.99+(0.99^2-0.91^2)^0.5)) = 0.73 < 1

fbd = XLT x fy / γm0

= (0.73×250.00)/1.1 = 165.56 N/mm²

βb, (For Plastic Section), =, 1.00

The design Bending Strength, Md = βb x Zp x fbd

=(2.54E+05×165.56×1.00)/10^6 = 42.0KNm

Factored Bending Moment, = 31.0KNm

Ratio = 31.0/42.0 = 0.74

f.Check for bending in Minor axis:

The design Bending Strength, Md = βb x Zpy x fy / γmo

βb (For Plastic Section) = 1.00

=(1.00×5.54E+04×250)/(1.1×10^6) = 12.6KNm

Factored Bending Moment = 4.7 KNm

Ratio = 4.7/12.6 = 0.37 SAFE

g.Check for Combined Axial and Bending Moment:

F(x) max = (N/Nd)+My/Mdy+Mz/Mdz

= (84.5/572.0)+(0.3/12.6)+(11.8/42.0) = 0.45

39
`
M(y) max = (N/Nd)+My/Mdy+Mz/Mdz

= (19.0/572.0)+(4.0/12.6)+(5.0/42.0) = 0.53

M(z) max = (N/Nd)+My/Mdy+Mz/Mdz

=(84.3/572.0)+(0.1/12.6)+(31.0/42.0) = 0.89

40
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5.4 DESIGN OF MAIN COLUMNS:

Results from Staad Analysis

Load Case Axial (Fx) Vertical Shear Horizontal Minor(My) Major(Mz)

KN (Fy) KN Shear ( Fz) Moment Moment
KN KNm KNm
25 125.0 122.0 0.1 0.0 106.0
25 125.0 123.0 0.1 0.0 45.0
11 23.0 5.6 4.0 0.1 0.00
10 17.0 5.0 0.3 4.6 11.5
25 88.0 38.0 0.1 0.00 94.7

Design Data :-
Length of member in Y- axis (Alter. Purlin Spacing) = 1500.00 mm
Length of member in Z- axis = 3000.00 mm

Take ISMB250
a. Sectional properties of ISMB250 are:
Sectional Area, A = 4755.00mm²
Depth of section, D = 250.00mm

41
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Width of flange, bf = 125.00mm
Thickness of flange, tf = 12.50mm
Thickness of web, tw = 6.90mm
Moment of Inertia, Ixx = 5.13E+07mm4
Moment of Inertia, Iyy = 3.35E+06mm4
Radius of gyration, rxx = 103.90mm
Radius of gyration, ryy = 26.50mm
Elastic Section modulus, Zxx = 4.11E+05mm3
Elastic Section modulus, Zyy = 5.35E+04mm3
Plastic section modulus, Zpx = 4.66E+05mm3
Plastic section modulus, Zpy = 1.00E+05mm3
Root Radius, R1 = 13.00mm

b.Design for compression

Slenderness Ratio along z axis, L/rzz =3000.00/103.98 = 28.87

Slenderness Ratio along y axis, L/ryy = 1500.00/26.50 = 56.60

h/bf = 250.00/125.00 = 2.00

tf = 12.50mm

Table 10,IS 800-2007

For Rolled I sections, h/bf > 1.2, tf < 40mm

Bending about z-z axis

Buckling Class =a

α- Imperfection Parameter = 0.21

λ - Non Dimensionless slenderness ratio -

42
`
 = ((250×56.60^2)/(3.14^2×200000))^0.5 = 0.64

Refer Cl 7.1.2.1.IS 800 -2007

φ = 0.5 *1 + α (λ - 0.2) + λ2

= 0.5×(1+(0.21×(0.64-0.2)+0.64^2)) = 0.75

Stress Reduction factor X = 1 / *φ + (φ2-λ2)0.5]

= (1/(0.75+(0.75^2-0.64^2)^0.5)) = 0.88

The design Bending Compressive stress,. Fcd

= (0.88×250)/1.1 = 198.92 N/mm2

fy / γm0 = 250.00/1.10 = 227.27N/mm²

Fcd < fy / γm0 Hence Safe

Capacity = fcd x Ae =198.92×4755.00/1000 = 945.9KN

Axial compression = 125.0KN

Hence Safe

Ratio = 125.0/945.9 = 0.13

c.Check for Shear:

Check for Vertical Shear:

Refer Cl 8.4.1.1.IS 800 - 2007

Factored Vertical shear = 123.0KN

Shear area, As = h x tw =1725.00mm²

Nominal plastic shear =Vn =Vp =Asfy/√3 =1725.00×250/3^0.5/10^3=249.0KN

Design Verical shear strength = Vd =Vn/ϒm0 = 249.0/1.1 = 226.3KN

0.6 Vd = 0.6×226.3 = 135.8 KN

43
`
Since V < Vd SAFE

Since V < 0.6Vd LOW SHEAR

Ratio = 123.0/226.3 = 0.54

Check for Horizontal Shear:

Refer Cl 8.4.1.1.IS 800 - 2007

Factored Horizontal shear = 4.0 KN

Shear area, As = 2 x bf x tf = 3125.00mm²

Nominal plastic shear =Vn =Vp =Asfy/√3=3125.00×250/3^0.5/10^3 =451.1KN

Design Horizontal shear strength = Vd = Vn/ϒm0 = 410.0KN

0.6 Vd = 0.6×410.0 = 246.0KN

Since V < Vd SAFE

Since V < 0.6Vd LOW SHEAR

Ratio= 4.0/410.0 = 0.01

d.Check for Bending in Major axis:

βb (For Plastic Section) =1.00

i)Calculation of Extreme fibre bending compressive stress, fcrb

hf - c/c distance b/w flanges =250.00-12.50 = 237.50 mm

hf/tf =237.50/12.50 = 19.00

LLT - effective length for lateral torsional buckling = 1500.00 mm

LLT / ry =1500.00/26.50 = 56.60

44
`
Refer Cl 8.2.2.1.IS 800 -2007

fcr, b =

[(1.1 π2 E) / (LLT/ry)2)] x [1 + { (1/20) { (LLT/ry) / (hf/tf) }^2 } ]^0.5

=(((1.1×(3.14)^2)×(2.00E+5)/((56.60)^2))×(1+(((1/20)×((56.60)/(19.00))^2)))^
0.5)

= 813.47 N/mm2

Extreme fibre bending compressive stress, fcrb = 813.47 N/mm²

ii) Calculation of Non Dimensional slenderness ratio, λLT

λLT = sqrt (fy /fcr.b) = (250.00/813.47)^0.5 = 0.55

iii)Bending Stress Reduction factor, XLT

αLT - Imperfection Parameter for rolled steel sections = 0.21

φLT = 0.5 [1 + αLT (λLT - 0.2) + λLT2

=0.5× (1+(0.21×(0.55-0.2)+0.55^2)) = 0.69

XLT = 1 / [φLT + (φLT2-λLT2)0.5]

= (1/(0.69+(0.69^2-0.55^2)^0.5)) = 0.91< 1

Hence,

fbd = XLT x fy / γm0 = (0.91×250.00)/1.1 =206.02N/mm2

βb ( For Plastic Section) = 1.00

Refer clause 8.2.2. IS 800-2007

The design Bending Strength, Md = βb x Zp x fbd

=(4.66E+05×206.02×1.00)/10^6 = 95.9KNm

Factored Bending Moment = 94.7KNm

45
`
 SAFE

Ratio = 94.7/95.9 = 0.99

e.Check for bending in Minor axis:

The design Bending Strength, Md = βb x Zpy x fy / γmo

βb (For Plastic Section) = 1.00

=(1.00×1.00E+05×250)/(1.1×10^7) = 22.8KNm

Factored Bending Moment = 4.6 KNm

SAFE

Ratio = 4.6/22.8 = 0.20

f. Check for Combined Axial and Bending Moment:

F(x) max (N/Nd)+My/Mdy+Mz/Mdz

= (125.0/945.9) +(0.00/22.8) + (106.0/95.9) = 1.24

M(y) max (N/Nd)+My/Mdy+Mz/Mdz

= (1.70/94.59) + (0.46/2.28) +(1.15/9.59) = 0.34

M(z) max (N/Nd)+My/Mdy+Mz/Mdz

= (8.80/94.59) +(0.00/2.28) +(9.47/9.59) = 1.08

46
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 5.5 DESIGN OF GABLE END COLUMNS:

Results from STAAD pro Analysis:-

Load Case Axial (Fx) VerticalShear Horizontal Minor(My) Major(Mz)

KN (Fy) KN Shear ( Fz) Moment Moment
KN KNm KNm
25 52.0 23.0 3.0 0.5 31.0
25 18.0 28.0 1.4 0.1 12.0
11 7.0 0.1 22.0 8.0 0.1
10 7.6 0.1 21.0 11.0 0.0
25 52.0 23.0 3.0 0.5 31.0

Design Data :-

Length of member in Y- axis (Alter. Purlin spacing) = 2000.00 mm

Length of member in Z- axis = 5000.00mm

47
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Take ISMB200

a. Sectional properties of ISMB200 are:

Sectional Area, A = 3230.00mm²

Depth of section, D = 200.00mm

Width of flange, bf = 100.00mm

Thickness of flange, tf = 10.80mm

Thickness of web, tw = 5.70mm
Moment of Inertia, Ixx = 2.24E+07mm4
Moment of Inertia, Iyy = 1.50E+06mm4
Radius of gyration, rxx = 83.20mm
Radius of gyration, ryy = 21.50mm
Elastic Section modulus, Zxx = 2.24E+05mm3
Elastic Section modulus, Zyy = 3.00E+04mm3
Plastic section modulus, Zpx = 2.54E+05mm3
Plastic section modulus, Zpy = 5.54E+05mm3
Root Radius, R1 = 11.00mm

48
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b.Design for compression
Slenderness Ratio along z axis, L/rzz =5000.00/83.20 = 60.10
Slenderness Ratio along y axis, L/ryy = 2500.00/21.50 = 93.02
h/bf =200.00/100.00 = 2.00
tf =10.80mm
Table 10,IS 800-2007
For Rolled I sections, h/bf > 1.2, tf < 40mm
Bending about z-z axis
Buckling Class = a
α- Imperfection Parameter = 0.21
λ - Non Dimensionless slenderness ratio -
= ((250×93.02^2)/(3.14^2×200000))^0.5 = 1.05
Cl 7.1.2.1.IS 800 -2007
φ = 0.5 *1 + α (λ - 0.2) + λ2
=0.5×(1+(0.21×(1.05-0.2)+1.05^2)) = 1.14
Stress Reduction factor X = 1 / [φ + (φ2-λ2)0.5]
=(1/(1.14+(1.14^2-1.05^2)^0.5)) = 0.63

The design Bending Compressive stress,. Fcd

=(0.63×250)/1.1= 143.73 N/mm²
Fcd < fy / γm0
Hence Safe
Capacity = fcd x Ae =143.73×3230.00/1000 = 464.3KN
Axial compression = 52.0 KN
Hence Safe
Ratio = 52.0/464.3 = 0.11
c.Check for Shear:

49
`
Check for Vertical Shear:
Refer Cl 8.4.1.1.IS 800 -2007
Factored Vertical shear =28.0KN
Shear area, As = h x tw = 200.00×5.70 =1140.00mm²
Nominal plastic shear =Vn =Vp =Asfy/√3 =1140.00×250/3^0.5/10^3=164.5KN
Design Verical shear strength = Vd =Vn/ϒm0 = 164.5/1.1 = 149.6KN
0.6 Vd = 0.6×149.6 = 89.8 KN
Since V < Vd SAFE
Since V < 0.6Vd LOW SHEAR
Ratio = 28.0/149.6 = 0.19

Check for Horizontal Shear:

Factored Horizontal shear = 22.0 KN
Shear area, As = 2 x bf x tf = 2×100.00×10.80 = 2160.00mm²
Nominal plastic shear = Vn =Vp =Asfy/√3 =2160.00×250/3^0.5/10^4=31.18KN
Design Horizontal shear strength = Vd =Vn/ϒm0 = =31.18/1.1 = 283.4KN
0.6 Vd = 0.6×283.4 = 170.1KN
Since V < Vd SAFE
Since V < 0.6Vd LOW SHEAR
Ratio= 22.0/283.4 = 0.08

d.Check for Bending in Major axis:

βb (For Plastic Section) = 1.00
i)Calculation of Extreme fibre bending compressive stress, fcrb
hf - c/c distance b/w flanges = 200.00 -10.80 = 189.20mm
hf/tf =189.20/10.80 = 17.52
LLT - effective length for lateral torsional buckling = 2000.00mm

50
`
LLT / ry = 2000.00/21.50 = 93.02
Refer Cl 8.2.2.1.IS 800 -2007
fcr, b =
[(1.1 π2 E) / (LLT/ry)2)] x [1 + { (1/20) { (LLT/ry) / (hf/tf) }^2 } ]0.5
=(((1.1×(3.14)^2)×(2.00E+05)/((93.02)^2))×(1+(((1/20)×((93.02)/(17.52))^2)))
^0.5)
= 389.13N/mm2
ii) Calculation of Non Dimensional slenderness ratio, λLT
λLT = sqrt (fy /fcr.b) =(250.00/389.13)^0.5 = 0.80
iii) Bending Stress Reduction factor, XLT
αLT - Imperfection Parameter for rolled steel sections = 0.21
φLT = 0.5 [1 + αLT (λLT - 0.2) + λLT2
=0.5×(1+(0.21×(0.80-0.2)+0.80^2)) = 0.88
XLT = 1 / [φLT + (φLT2-λLT2)0.5]
=(1/(0.88+(0.88^2-0.80^2)^0.5)) = 0.79< 1
fbd = XLT x fy / γm0 =(0.79×250.00)/1.1 = 180.64N/mm2
βb (For Plastic Section) =1.00
Refer clause 8.2.2. IS 800-2007
The design Bending Strength, Md = βb x Zp x fbd
=(2.54E+05×180.64×1.00)/10^6 = 45.9KNm
Factored Bending Moment =31.0KNm
SAFE
Ratio = 31.0/45.9 = 0.68

e.Check forbending in Minor axis:

The design Bending Strength, Md = βb x Zpy x fy / γmo
=(1.00×5.54E+04×250)/(1.1×10^6) =12.6KNm
βb (For Plastic Section) = 1.00

51
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Factored Bending Moment = 11.0 KNm
SAFE
Ratio = 11.0/12.6 = 0.87
g. Check for Combined Axial and Bending Moment:

F(x) max (N/Nd)+My/Mdy+Mz/Mdz

= (52.0/464.3) +(0.5/12.6) +(31.0/45.9) = 0.83
M(y) max (N/Nd)+My/Mdy+Mz/Mdz
= (7.0/464.3) + (8.0/12.6) +(0.1/45.9) = 0.89
M(z) max (N/Nd)+My/Mdy+Mz/Mdz
= (52.0/464.3) +(0.5/12.6) + (31.0/45.9) = 0.83

5.6 DESIGN OF BRACE

Wall Brace - Tension:
Results from STAAD pro Analysis:

Load case Length Axial Fx

(m) (KN)

25 6.00 12.0

Length of brace member = 6.00 m

Consider steel rod for bracing
Diameter of tension rod = 16.00 mm
Area of tension rod = (3.14×16.00^2)/4 = 200.96 mm²
Design strength due to yielding of Gross Section:
Tdg = Ag x Fy / ϒmo
Fy - Yield stress of material = 250.00 N/mm²

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Ag - Gross area of cross section = 200.96 mm²
ϒmo - Partial safety factor for failure in yielding 1.10
Tension capacity by yielding, Tdg = (250.00×200.96)/1.10/1000 = 45.7 KN
Axial tension = 12.0 KN
SAFE
Ratio = 12.0/45.7 = 0.26
Roof Brace:
Results from STAAD pro Analysis
Load case Length Axial Fx
(m) (KN)
8 7.10 12.0

Length of brace member = 7.00 m

Consider steel rod for bracing
Diameter of tension rod = 12.00 mm
Area of tension rod =(3.14×12.00^2)/4 = 113.04 mm²

Design strength due to yielding of Gross Section:

Tdg = Ag x Fy / ϒmo
Fy - Yield stress of material = 250.00 N/mm²
Ag - Gross area of cross section = 113.04 mm²
ϒmo - Partial safety factor for failure in yielding = 1.10
Tension capacity by yielding, Tdg =(250.00×113.04)/1.10/1000 = 25.7 KN
Axial tension = 12.0 KN
SAFE
Ratio =12.0/25.7 = 0.47

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 DESIGN OF BASE PLATES, PEDESTAL & FOOTINGS - MAIN
COLUMNS
5.7 DESIGN OF BASE PLATES
From Staad analysis
Fx = 46.11 kN
Fy = 86.00 kN
Fz = 2.30 kN
My = Mz = 0.00 kNm

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Size of the column : bf = 140.00 mm
D = 350.00 mm
Size of base plate is taken as a = 240.00 mm
b = 450.00 mm
Hence,
Length of the base plate, l = 450.00 mm
Width of the base plate, w = 240.00 mm
Table – 1 IS : 800 - 2007
Yield strength of the steel = 250.00 N/mm²
For M25 grade concrete,
IS : 800 - 2007Clause - 7.4.1
Bearing strength of concrete = 0.45fck = 0.45×25 = 11.25 N/mm²

Required area of base plate,A = P/(0.45fck) =86.00×10^3/11.25 = 7644.44mm²

Area provided, A1 =240.0×450.0 = 108000.00 mm²
SAFE Intensity of load,w = P/A1 =86.00×10^3/108000.00 = 0.80 N/mm²
Min thickness of base plate,
ts = [(2.5*w*(a2 - 0.3*b2)*1.1) / fy]0.5 > tf
where,
w - Uniform pressure from below on the slab base under the
factored axial compression
a,b - Larger & smaller projections respectively of the slab base
beyond the rectangle circumscribing columns
tf - Flange thickness of compression member
a = 50.00 mm
b = 50.00 mm
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Min thickness of base plate,
tp1 = [(2.5*w*(a2 - 0.3*b2)*1.1) / fy]0.5 = 3.92 mm
> tf = 12.50 mm
Thickness of base plate provided = 16.00 mm
SAFE
Hence provide 450 x 240 x 16 mm thickness of Base plate

5.7 ANCHOR BOLT DESIGN:

Max upllift on supports = 80.80 KN
Maximum Tensile force on Bolts (T) = 80.8 KN
Assuming no. of bolts as = 4.00 nos
Dia of bolt, d = 1.60 cm
Refer Table 2 IS 4000:1992
Area of bolt = 3.1416×1.60^2/4 = 2.01 cm²
Force per bolt = 8.08/(4.00/2)×10 = 40.4 KN
Tension capacity of M16 (8.8 Class) bolt = 56.70 KN
hence SAFE
Shear force Fx = 461.1/10 = 46.1 KN
Shear force Fz = 23.0/10 = 2.3 KN
Resultant shear force = (2.3^2+46.11^2) ^0.5 = 46.2 KN
Total No of bolts Under Shear = 4.00 Nos
Shear Force per bolt = 46.2/4×10 = 11.54 kN
Refer Table 2 IS 4000:1992
Shear capacity of M16 (8.8 Class) bolt = 31.40 kN
hence SAFE
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Embedment Length of Bolt :
Actual tensile stress / bolt, σs =40.4/2.01×100 = 2009.33 kg/cm²
Design bond stress of concrete (M25), δbd =1.4×10 = 14.00 kg/cm²
Diameter of the Bolt, φ = 1.60 cm
Refer IS:456 :2000 cl: 26.2.1
Required Development length,L = φxσs/4xδbd
=1.60×2009.33/(4×14.00×1.6) = 35.88 cm
Provide embedded length of bolt 40 cm
Provided Embedment Length > Required Embedment Length
SAFE
Check for combined Tension & shear:
=(40.4/56.70)^2+(11.54/31.40)^2 0.64 < 1
SAFE

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5.8 DESIGN OF PEDESTAL

Size of pedestal, b =240.00+100.00 = 340.00 mm

Size of pedestal D =450.00+100.00 = 550.00 mm

Height of pedestal,H = 1600.00 mm

Size of pedestal, b considered = 350.00 mm

Size of pedestal ,D considered = 550.00 mm

Effective length/least lateral dmension > 3,

It is Short Column

IS:456 :2000cl: 26.5.3.1

Effective length/least lateral dmension =1600.00/350.00 = 4.6 > 3

Staad support reaction:

Fx (kN) Fy (kN) Fz (kN) Mx (kNm) Mz

(kNm)

46.11 86.00 2.30 0.00 0.00

Self weight of Pedestal

=350.00×550.00×1600.00×25/10^9 7.70 kN

So Factored Net downward load, Fy =86.00+1.5×7.70 = 97.55 kN

Fx = 46.11 kN

Moment due to Horizontal shear, Mz =46.11×1600.00/1000 = 73.78 kNm

Fz = 2.30 kN

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Moment due to Horizontal shear, Mx =2.30×1600.00/1000 = 3.68 kNm

Total Moment, Mx = 0.00+3.68 = 3.68 kNm

Total Moment, Mz = 0.00+73.78 =73.78 kNm

Design axial compression, Pu = 97.55 kN

Design Moment, Mx = 3.68 kNm

Design Moment, Mz = 73.78 kNm

Resultant uniaxial moment wrt minor axis,

Mu =1.15*(Mx² +Mz²)0.5=1.15×(3.68^2+73.78^2)^0.5 = 84.95 kNm
Mu / fck.b.D² =84.95×10^6/25*350.008*550.00^2) = 0.03
Pu / fck.b.D =97.55×10^3/(25*350.00*550.00) = 0.02

Assume dia = 16.00 mm

Clear cover= 40.00 mm
d'/D =(16.00/2+40.00)/550.00 = 0.09
Chart 48 SP 16
p / fck = 0.00
p = =0.00×25= 0.00 %
Minimum reinforcement = 0.80 %
Area of longitudinal steel =0.80/100×350×550 = 1540.00 mm²
No. of rods = 8.0 0.0
Dia of the rod provided = 16.0 12.0
Total Area = 1608.50 mm²
Development length required, Ld = φfs/4Tbd
=16.0×0.87×500/(4×(1.4×1.6)) 776.79 mm
Development length provided = 780 mm
Transverse Reinforcement:

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Diameter of Lateral Tie should not be Less Than =1/4×16.0= 4.00 mm
Providing Lateral Tie Dia. = 8.00 mm
Least Lateral Dimension = 340.00mm
Sixteen Times Smallest Dia. Of Longitudinal Rft. =16×16.0= 256.00 mm
Should not be more than = 300 mm
Providing Pitch for Lateral Tie = 225 mm
provide 2 legged 8 φ @ 225 c/c as transverse reinforcement

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5.9 DESIGN OF FOOTING

Staad support reaction:

SLS Fx (kN) Fy (kN) Fz (kN) Mx (kNm) Mz ( kNm)

Max Fx 16 46.10 86.20 2.23 0.00 0.00

Min Fx 17 46.10 86.20 2.23 0.00 0.00
Max Fy 16 0.03 2.79 21.12 0.00 0.00
Min Fy 17 25.12 -48.80 0.03 0.00 0.00
Max Fz 21 7.66 1.41 0.32 0.00 0.00
Min Fz 20 3.02 9.18 6.41 0.00 0.00

Grade of steel, Fe500 = 500.00 N/mm2

Grade of concrete, M25 = 25.00 N/mm2
Unit weight of concrete, ϒc = 25.00 kN/m3
Assume, diameter of bar = 12.00 mm
Nominal cover of footing = 50.00 mm
Safe Bearing Capacity of soil, SBC = 100.00 kN/m2
Assumed size of footing, along x-axis = 1200.00 mm
along z-axis = 1200.00 mm
Assumed depth of footing = 350.00 mm
Size of pedestal, b = 350.00 mm
Size of pedestal ,D = 550.00 mm
Height of pedestal,H = 1600.00 mm
Height of soil above footing = 1000.00 mm
Depth of foundation below GL = 1300.00 mm
Weight of pedestal =350×550×1600.00×25/10^9 = 7.70 kN

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SLS
Axial load, P = 86.20 kN
Weight of footing =1200×1200×350×25/10^9 = 12.60 kN
Weight of soil above footing =
(1200.00×1200.00×(1000.00)×18-350.00×550.00×(1000.00)×18)/10^9
=22.46kN
Total axial load =86.20+12.60+22.46+7.70 =128.96 kN
Moment alomg X- axis, Mx =0.00+2.23×(1600.00)/1000) =3.57 kNm
Moment alomg Z- axis, Mz =0.00+46.10×(1600.00)/1000) =73.76 kNm
Area of footing required , A reqd =128.96/150.00 = 0.86 m2
Area of footing provided, A prov =1200×1200/10^6 = 1.44 m2
Sectional modulus, Zxx =1200×1200^2/6/10^9 = 0.29 m3
Sectional modulus, Zzz =1200×1200^2/6/10^9 = 0.29 m3

Forces P/A P/A P/A P/A-

kN/m^2 +Mx+Mz -Mx+Mz +Mx-Mz Mx-Mz
Max Fx 358.05 333.27 -154.17 -178.95 NOT
SAFE
Min Fx 358.05 333.27 -154.17 -178.95 SAFE
Max Fy 149.12 -85.27 148.80 -85.86 SAFE
Min Fy 135.52 135.19 -143.59 -143.92 SAFE
Max Fz 75.00 71.45 -10.11 -13.66 SAFE
Min Fz 88.45 17.23 54.90 -16.32 SAFE

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Max. pressure @ base = P/A+Mx/Zxx+Mz/Zzz=
=128.96/1.44+3.57/0.29+73.76/0.29 = 358.05 kN/m2
< 100.00 kN/m2 =SBC
pressure @ base = P/A-Mx/Zxx+Mz/Zzz =
=128.96/1.44-3.57/0.29+73.76/0.29 =333.27 kN/m2
> 100.00 kN/m2 =SBC
pressure @ base = P/A+Mx/Zxx-Mz/Zzz =
=128.96/1.44+3.57/0.29-73.76/0.29 =154.17 kN/m2
< 100.00 kN/m2 =SBC
Min. pressure @ base = P/A-Mx/Zxx-Mz/Zzz =
=128.96/1.44-3.57/0.29-73.76/0.29 =178.95 kN/m2
< 100.00 kN/m2 =SBC
Effective cover to reinforcement =50+12/2 = 56.00 mm
Effective depth of footing, dz =350-56.00 = 294.00 mm
Effective depth of footing, dx =294.00-12 = 282.00 mm

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 64
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Pressure along Z axis, Pz = 358.05 kN/m2
Pressure along X axis, Px = 358.05 kN/m2
Factored Moment along X direction = (1.5×w×b×l ^2) / 2
=358.05×1×(0.325)^2/2×1.5= 28.36 kNm/m
Factored Moment along Z direction = (1.5×w×b×l ^ 2) / 2
=358.05×1×(0.425)^2/2×1.5 =48.50 kNm/m.
Check for depth:
Mx = 0.133fckbd2
Required Depth of Footing = (Mu/0.133fckb)0.5
dx = =(28.36×10^6/0.133/25/1000)^0.5 = 92.36 mm
< 282.00 mm
dz = =(48.50×10^6/0.133/25/1000)^0.5 = 120.78 mm
< 294.00 mm
SAFE

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Reinforcement along Z direction:
Mz/bd2 =48.50×10^6/1000/294.00^2 = 0.56
p(%) = 0.090 %
Ast,z reqd = 0.09×1000×294.00/100 = 264.60 mm2
Min. reinforcement = 0.12% bD =0.12×1000×350/100 = 420.00 mm2
Dia. Of bars = 12.00
Area of one bar = 3.1416/4×12.00×12.00 = 113.10 mm2
Spacing of bar reqd = 269.28 mm
Spacing of bar provided = 250.00 mm
Area of reinforcement provided = 1000/250.00×113.10 = 452.39 mm2
provide 12 φ @ 250 c/c as reinforcement along Z axis

Reinforcement along X direction:

Mx/bd2 = 28.36×10^6/1000/282.00^2 = 0.36
p(%) = 0.080 %
Ast,x reqd = 0.08×1000×282.00/100 = 225.60 mm2
Min. reinforcement = 0.12% bD =0.12×1000×350/100 = 420.00 mm2
Dia. Of bars = 12.00
Area of one bar = 3.1416/4×12.00×12.00 = 113.10 mm2
Spacing of bar reqd = 269.28 mm
Spacing of bar provided = 250.00 mm
Area of reinforcement provided = 1000/250.00×113.10 = 452.39 mm2
provide 12 φ @ 250 c/c as reinforcement along X axis

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Design for one-way shear:
Critical section for the one way shear is at deff away from the face of column.

Along Z direction,
Pressure at a distance dz from face of column = 232.56 kN/m2
Design shear force, Vu = 232.56 x 1 x 0.13 = 30.47 kN
Shear stress, Tv = Vu/bdz =30.47×10^3/1000/294.00 = 0.10 N/mm2
100Ast,z /bdz = 100×452.39/1000/294.00 = 0.15
Tc = 0.32 N/mm2
SAFE
Along X direction,
Pressure at a distance dx from face of column = 352.23 kN/m2
Design shear force, Vu = = 352.23 x 1 x 0.04 = 15.15 kN
Shear stress, Tv = Vu/bdx =15.15×10^3/1000/282.00= 0.05 N/mm2
100Ast,x /bdx = =100×452.39/1000/282.00 = 0.16
Tc = 0.32 N/mm2
SAFE
Design for two-way shear:
Critical section for the two way shear is at a distance deff /2 away
from the face of column along all the four sides.
Punching area = (550.00+282.00)×(350.00+294.00)/10^6 = 0.54 m2
Punching shear force =
=128.96-(333.27+358.05)/2×0.54 = 56.25 kN
perimeter of critical section =
=2×((550.00+282.00)+(350.00+294.00))/10^3 = 2.95 m
Punching shear stress = = -56.25×1000/2.95/1000/282.00 = -0.07 N/mm2
Tc= 0.25(fck)^0.5 = =0.25×(25)^0.5 = 1.25 N/mm2

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ks = 0.5+Bc or 1 = 1.00
Allowable shear stress =ks.
Tc = =1.00×1.25 = 1.25 N/mm2
SAFE

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 CHAPTER 6
ESTIMATION

SL.NO Description of work Specification Quantity Rate Cost

1 Substructure
a Excavation
Excavation Quantity 92m³ 200/m³ 18400
Filling Quantity 83m³ 200/m³ 16600
Earth filing in Plinth Area (200mm) 216.00m² 34.20/m² 7387.2
b Concreting
Structural Concrete M25 Concrete 11.67 m³ 4200/m³ 49014
Rebars Fe500 structural steel 1.75 m³ 45000/MT 27900
PCC(Footing) M10 Concrete 2.99 m³ 3800/m3 11362
PCC(75mm thk flooring) M10 Concrete 0.05m³ 3800/m3 190
Flooring Mortar (20mm thk) 4.23 m³ cement =350/bag, sand =1450/m³ 17061.5
2 Superstructure
Structural steel frames
(Columns, Rafters, Bracings, Wall grits etc.,) Hot rolled/Hot formed /Builtup Sections with 2 coats of Red Oxide Zinc Chromate
15.94m³ Primer 48000/ton 329280
Cold formed Steel in Purlins Light Gauge Purlin Sections 2.97m³ 57000/ton 169290
Structural steel in Gusset plates, Base plates, sag rods & Connections etc. Hot rolled sections 4.24m3 48000/ton 203040
Eaves Gutters Colour Galvalume sheets of 0.47mm thk 39.60RM 275/RM 10890
Trims & Flashings (Joint parts) Colour Galvalume sheets of 0.47mm thk 35.64m² 285/m² 10157.4
Down take pipes PVC Pipe 150mm dia 25.60RM 320/RM 8192
Roof Coverings (Galvalume /GI sheets) Colour Galvalume sheets of 0.47mm thk 200 m² 285/m² 57000
3 Fixtures and Fittings
Main door (double door),MD 1200*2100 (Aluminium Frame with puf Panel) 1 pcs 8630/pcs 8630
Door ,D 900*2100(Aluminium /Frame with puf panel) -
Door ,D1 900*2100(Aluminium /Frame with puf panel) 4.00pcs 2396/pcs 9584
Windows ,W1 900*1200mm(Aluminium /Glass) 4.00pcs 2500/pcs 10000
Ventilators,V 600*600(Aluminium/Glass) 9.00pcs 2500/pcs 10000
Ceiling ,Gypsum Boards Laminated gypsum board 100m² 973/m² 9730
Floor ,Vitrified Tiles Vitrified Tiles 100m² 597/m² 5970
total 989678.1
c Estimation cost
Steel fabrication works 70/kg 5,53,700
RCC Works 3,00,000

Total amount 18,43,378

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 CHAPTER 7

7. CONCLUSION

Steel is such a versatile material that every object we see in our daily life has used
steel directly or indirectly. There is no viable substitute to steel in construction
activities. Steel remains and will continue to remain logical and wide choice for
construction purpose, environmentally also as much as of the steel used in
recycling process.

We designed the tea factory using Pre engineered metal building method with
major quantities of steel sections . Area of the building is 216 sq.m and total
weight of steel used in building is 11400 kg. we designed I section for primary
members and purlins members using cold formed steel section and rafter and
main column using hot steel section . Footing designed in RCC with M25 grade
of concrete. Braces are designed using diagonal rod bracing. The structure was
analysed using STAAD PRO and checked for safety .

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 CHAPTER 8

8.REFERENCES

1. Design of Steel Structures by N. Subramanian.

2. Pre-Engineered Steel Building a promising future by Dr. Abhay Gupta,

Vice President (Engineering) Era Building System Ltd.

3. IS 875:2015 (Part 3): Code of Practice for Design of Wind Load

4. IS 800:2007 Code of Practice for General Construction in Steel

5. IS 456:2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice

6. IS 875:1987 (Part 1 to 2): Code of Practice for design load (other

than earthquake) for buildings & structures.

7. IS 801:1975 Code of practice for use of Cold formed light gauge steel
structural members in general building construction

8. IS 811:1987 Specifications for Cold Formed Light Gauge Structural

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