Q} What is personality?

2 Marks
Ans] The term personality is used in a number of ways including the apparent features of a person.
However, psychologists use it to refer to the characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.
By characteristic pattern we mean the consistent and distinctive ways our ideas, feelings and actions are organized. When we
talk about personality we usually refer to the totality or whole of the person.

What are the determinants of personality? 8 Marks

Ans} DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY Every person has a different personality and there are a lot of factors which
contribute to that personality. We call them the determinants of personality‘or the factors of personality‘.

These determinants and factors of personality can belong to very different categories.
Earlier, the major debate was primarily between the heredity and environmental factors.
Many psychologists believe that the environment, in which an individual lives in, forms his personality.
On the other hand, some psychologists used to debate that personality is predetermined at the time of birth – which means
that it is hereditary.
Actually, it appears that both the environmental and heredity factors contribute as the important determinants and factors of
personality.
There are various determinants of personality and these have been categorized indifferent ways.
Environmental Factors of Personality: The environment that an individual lives in has a major impact on his personality. The
culture and environment establish attitudes, values, norms and perceptions in an individual. Based on the cultures and
traditions, different senses of right and wrong are formed in individuals. These environmental factors also include the
neighbourhood a person lives in, his school, college, university and workplace. Moreover, it also counts the social circle the
individual has. Friends, parents, colleagues, co-workers and bosses, everybody plays a role as the determinants of personality.
Socialization Process: The contribution of family and social group in combination with the culture is knows as socialization.
Socialization is the process by which an individual infant acquires, from the enormously wide range of behavioral potentials
that are open to him at birth, those behavior patterns that are customary and accepted according to the standards of his
family and social group. It initially starts with the contact with mother and later on the other members of the family and the
social group plays influential role in shaping an individual‘personality.

Identification Process: Identification process occurs when a person tries to identify himself with some person whom he feels
ideal in the family. Generally a child in the family tries to behave like his father or mother. The identification process can be
examined from three different perspectives. First, identification can be viewed as the similarity of behavior (including feelings
and attitudes) between child and model. Second, identification can be looked as the child‘s motives or desires to be like the
model. Third, it can be viewed as the process through which the child actually takes on the attributes of the model.

Biological Factors of Personality:

Heredity Factors of Personality: The heredity factors play a very important role as the major determinants and factors of
personality. Heredity factors are the ones that are determined at the time of conception. These factors not only affect the
physical features of a person, but the intelligence level, attentiveness, gender, temperament, various inherited diseases and
energy level, all get affected by them. The example of how heredity factors determine such a huge and significant part of an
individual‘s personality can easily be observed in children. Many children behave exactly how their parents do. Similarly, twin
siblings also have a lot of things in common.
Physical Features: Just as environmental factors, there are many physical factors as well that determine your personality.
These physical factors include the overall physical structure of a person: his height, weight, colour, sex, beauty and body
language, etc. An individual‘s personality can change over time. Physical factors are one of the major reasons of that. Most of
the physical structures change from time to time, and so does the personality. With exercises, cosmetics and surgeries etc.
many physical features are changed, and therefore, the personality of the individual also evolves.
Brain: Another biological factor that influences personality is the role of brain of an individual. Though some promising
inroads are made by researchers, the psychologists are unable to prove empirically the contribution of human brain in
influencing personality. Preliminary results from the electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) research gives indication that
better understanding of human personality and behaviour might come from the study of the brain.
Situational Factors of Personality: Although these factors do not literally create and shape up an individual‘s personality,
situational factors do alter a person‘s behavior and response from time to time. The situational factors can be commonly
observed when a person behaves contrastingly and exhibits different traits and characteristics. For example, a person‘s
behavior will be totally different when he is in his office, in front of his boss, when compared to his hangout with old friends
in a bar. In this way, situational factors impact a personality in a significant way. They often bring out the traits of a person
that are not commonly seen.
Cultural Factors Culture is traditionally considered as the major determinants of an individual‘s personality. The culture
largely determinants what a person is and what a person will learn. The culture within a person is brought up, is very
important determinant of behavior of a person. Culture is complex of these belief, values, and techniques for dealing with the
environment which are shared among contemporaries and transmitted by one generation to the next. Culture required both
conformity and acceptance from its members. There are several ways of ensuring that members comply with the dictates of
the culture. The personality of an individual to a marked extended determined by the culture in which he is brought up.

Q} What are the different theories of Personality? 4 Marks

Ans] Type Theories:
Type theorists have explained personality on the basis of physique and temperament. Temperament refers to emotional
aspect of the personality like changes in mood, tensions, excitement, etc. A ‘type’ is simply a class of individuals said to share
a common collection of characteristics.

Trait Theories:
Traits are tendencies to behave in relatively consistent and distinctive ways across situations. These are the measurable
aspects of personality. The most common way to describe people is to list these traits or qualities possessed by them. For
example, friendliness, social, honesty, perseverance, submissiveness, dominance, etc.

The groups of personality traits are known as personality factors or dimensions of personality. Allport and RB Cattell are
famous for their work on personality studies using traits.

Psychoanalytical Theory:
This theory was developed by famous psychologist Sigmund Freud. This theory has three major parts: (a) The personality
structure which includes Id, Ego and Super ego (b) Topography of mind and (c) Psychosocial stages of development

Humanistic Theories:
These theories are developed by two psychologists—Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Humanistic theories emphasize the
importance of people’s subjective attitudes, feelings and beliefs especially with regard to self

Explain in brief the Eysenck’s theory of Personality 6 Marks

Ans} EYSENCK’S TRAIT-TYPE THEORY: Eysenck, Hans 1916-97, was a British psychologist. He was known for his Trait type
theory of human personality.

He suggested that personality is biologically determined and is arranged in a hierarchy consisting of types, traits, habitual
responses, and specific responses.
Eysenck began with a theory of personality which he based on two supertraits – extraversion– introversion and neuroticism–
stability.
According to this theory, people who are highly extraverted are sociable and outgoing, and crave excitement and the
company of others.
People who are highly introverted are quiet and introspective; they tend to prefer time alone and to be cautious in the way
they plan their lives.
People who are highly neurotic tend to be anxious, moody and vulnerable, whereas people who are low on neuroticism tend
to be stable, calm and even-tempered.
Eysenck viewed the supertraits of extraversion and neuroticism as independent, and believed that different personalities
arise from differing combinations of the two supertraits.
People who are high in both neuroticism and extraversion tend to exhibit quite different traits than someone who is low in
both, or a combination of low and high.

So people who are high on both extraversion and neuroticism tend to be touchy and aggressive, whereas people who are
high on extraversion and low on neuroticism tend to be carefree and sociable

Eysenck strongly advocates that there are only three major dimensions or superfactors in the description of personality:
extroversion-introversion; emotional stability versus instability, or neuroticism; and psychoticism versus impulse control

In the PEN model, these dimensions or superfactors are based on “constitutional, genetic, or inborn factors, which are to be
discovered in the physiological, neurological, and biochemical structure of the individual”.

Each person does not necessarily have either 100 percent or zero percent of extraversion, neuroticism, or psychoticism. An
individual may show some degree of these superfactors on the continuum.

Q] Explain the Psycho analytic theory of Personality 5 marks

Ans} What is Psychoanalysis?

The goal of psychoanalysis is to bring what exists at the unconscious or subconscious level up to consciousness.

This goal is accomplished through talking to another person about the big questions in life, the things that matter, and diving
into the complexities that lie beneath the simple-seeming surface.

The Founder of Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud and His Concepts

Freud was born in Austria and spent most of his childhood and adult life in Vienna. He entered medical school and trained to
become a neurologist, earning a medical degree in 1881.

Soon after his graduation, he set up a private practice and began treating patients with psychological disorders. His attention
was captured by a colleague’s intriguing experience with a patient; the colleague was Dr. Josef Breuer and his patient was the
famous “Anna O.,” who suffered from physical symptoms with no apparent physical cause.

Dr. Breuer found that her symptoms abated when he helped her recover memories of traumatic experiences that she had
repressed, or hidden from her conscious mind.

This case sparked Freud’s interest in the unconscious mind and spurred the development of some of his most influential
ideas.
Models of the Mind

Perhaps the most impactful idea put forth by Freud was his model of the human mind. His model divides the mind into three
layers, or regions:

1. Conscious: This is where our current thoughts, feelings, and focus live;
2. Preconscious (sometimes called the subconscious): This is the home of everything we can recall or retrieve from our
memory;
3. Unconscious: At the deepest level of our minds resides a repository of the processes that drive our behavior,
including primitive and instinctual desires

Later, Freud posited a more structured model of the mind, one that can coexist with his original ideas about consciousness
and unconsciousness.

In this model, there are three metaphorical parts to the mind:

1. Id: The id operates at an unconscious level and focuses solely on instinctual drives and desires. Two biological
instincts make up the id, according to Freud: eros, or the instinct to survive that drives us to engage in life-sustaining
activities, and thanatos, or the death instinct that drives destructive, aggressive, and violent behavior.
2. Ego: The ego acts as both a conduit for and a check on the id, working to meet the id’s needs in a socially appropriate
way. It is the most tied to reality and begins to develop in infancy;
3. Superego: The superego is the portion of the mind in which morality and higher principles reside, encouraging us to
act in socially and morally acceptable ways.

Defense Mechanisms

Freud believed these three parts of the mind are in constant conflict because each part has a different primary goal.
Sometimes, when the conflict is too much for a person to handle, his or her ego may engage in one or many defense
mechanisms to protect the individual.

These defense mechanisms include:

 Repression: The ego pushes disturbing or threatening thoughts out of one’s consciousness;
 Denial: The ego blocks upsetting or overwhelming experiences from awareness, causing the individual to refuse to
acknowledge or believe what is happening;
 Projection: The ego attempts to solve discomfort by attributing the individual’s unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and
motives to another person;
 Displacement: The individual satisfies an impulse by acting on a substitute object or person in a socially unacceptable
way (e.g., releasing frustration directed toward your boss on your spouse instead);
 Regression: As a defense mechanism, the individual moves backward in development in order to cope with
stress (e.g., an overwhelmed adult acting like a child);
 Sublimation: Similar to displacement, this defense mechanism involves satisfying an impulse by acting on a substitute
but in a socially acceptable way (e.g., channeling energy into work or a constructive hobby)

Q] Explain the type theories of Personality 10 Marks

Ans} The first and foremost assumption underlying the type theories is that all persons can be categorised in one or other
type. But when we look at the reality we find it is not so. Some time a person behaves like an introvert in one situation and
other time he behaves like an extrovert at another time, and such a person cannot be categorised into either extroverts or
introverts.
Besides, most people have both the characteristics, except that one characteristic is relatively more dominant than the other.
Another assumption of type theory is that a person having one characteristic will have all the other related characteristics.
For example, an introvert is assumed to have all other characteristics of this type besides being emotionally sensitive and
reclusive. But in actuality he may not exhibit emotional sensitivity. Thus assumption again does not hold good.

Type theories explain the structure of personality but fail to explain the development of personality. Type theory do not
mention factors that influence and shape development of personality. Type theories, particularly those based on physical
constitution like that of Sheldon, do not at all take into account the social and cultural factors which are extremely important
in the development of personality.

Lack of considering this is one of the shortcomings of these theories.

Hippocrates Theory: In 400 B.C. Hippocrates attempted to explain personality in terms of body fluid or humors. He
postulated that our body has four types of fluid; yellow bile, black bile, blood and phlegm. Every person is characterised by
the prominence of one type of fluid which determines the temperament of the person concerned.

Thus he classified people into four types which are given below:

a) Choleric – people with predominance of yellow bile are irritable, restless and hot blooded.

b) Melancholic – people with high black bile are sad, depressed and devoid of hope in life

c) Sanguinary – When blood content is high the person remains cheerful, active and he is optimistic in life.

d) Phlegmatic – predominance of phlegm makes a person calm and quite and usually there behaviour is marked by
inactiveness.

Kretschmer’s Theory : He was a German psychiatrist who on the basis of his observation of patients classified people into
four types. He used the physical constitution and temperament for this purpose

The four types he talked about included: (i) Pyknik type (ii)Asthenic type (iii)Athletic type (iv) Dysplastic type.

Pyknic Type – Such people are short in height with heavily built body type. They have short, thick neck. Temperament wise
they exhibit characteristics of being social and cheerful. They are happy-go-lucky, they like to eat and sleep.

Asthenic Type – Such persons are tall and thin with underdeveloped muscles. They are also underweight. They are irritable
and shirk away from responsibility. They have the habit of day dreaming and are lost in the world of fantasy. Temperament
wise they are categorized as “schizoid” and may develop disorder of schizophrenia.

Athletic Type – These are muscular types and have well built muscles and are neither tall nor short. They have stable and
calm nature and are able to adjust themselves to changes in the environment.

Dyspalstic Type – This category includes people who do not exhibit any of the characteristics mentioned above but are mix of
all three types.

Sheldon’s Theory Sheldon on the basis of physical constitution classified their personality into three basic types. These three
types are: (i) Endomorphic (ii) Ectomorphic (iii) Mesomorphic.
 i) Endomorphy – Such persons are short and fatty with a round shape of body. Endomorhphic people are similar to “pyknic”
type mentioned by Kretschmer. They like to eat and drink and make merry. They are gregarious by nature and have leisurely
attitude toward life. Temperament wise Sheldon termed them “viscerotonia.”

ii) Mesomorphy – These people are muscular types. Their muscles and bones are quite well developed and they are
physically well shaped. These people generally are considered to be toughminded, risk taking, assertive and aggressive. They
like to boss over others. Sheldon called these personalities as “somatotonia”

iii) Ectomorphy – Such people are tall but thin. Sheldon called them “cerebrotonia”. These people like to remain away from
people.

Jung’s Theory: Jung postulated personality theory based on psychological characteristics. He divided people into two broad
types i.e. extroverts and introverts.

Extroverts – Such people are socially oriented. They like to mix up with people, are fun loving, optimistic. They are realistic in
their approach towards life. Often such people exhibit leadership qualities.

Introverts – They are the opposite of extroverts. They do not like to mingle with people. They have very few friends. They are
self-centered and conservative. Such people are dogmatic in the sense that they follow traditions and customs of the society
without ever giving thought to their justifiability

Spranger’s Theory Spranger in his book “Types Of Man” described six types of man, taking into account their value
orientation in life. Thus he had theoretical types, economic types, aesthetic types, social type, political type and religious
type.

i)Theoretical Type – They are seekers of truth. They try to understand and make sense of the world around them through
reason and logic.

ii)Economic Type – They are basically utilitarian. They view things form the point of view of practicality and their economic
value.

iii)Aesthetic Type – These people are lovers of nature and beauty. They lay emphasis on form and harmony and believe in
making life attractive and charming.

iv)Social type – Such people are gregarious, like to mingle with people in social gatherings. They reach out for help to people
in distress.

v)Political Type – These are persons who value power and influence. Such persons rank people on the basis of power they
yield.

vi) Religious Type – This type of person lays emphasis on the unity of cosmos. They have spiritual bent of mind and believe in
God.

Holland’s Theory Holland’s is the latest type theory put forth for the explanation of personality. According to him
personality is a combination of interests, values and competencies. He classified people into six types:

i) Realistic Type – These are practical person who can make things and operate machinery and many complex instruments.
These are engineers, technicians and others who do highly skilled work in which they have been trained.
ii) Investigative Type – These are basically scientists, researchers and such other highly creative and innovative persons.
These are people who gather data, analyze and interpret them with a view to solve problem.

iii) Artistic Type – Such persons are actually artists, painters, designers and so on. They are skilled in designing, creating new
and innovative structures, artistic in their approach and they are excellent in decoration and they are dramatists, actors and
entertainers.

iv) Social Type – Such persons are compassionate in their approach, they like to work for others and bring relief to people in
distress. To give examples of such people, we can mention social workers, disaster management persons and related others.

v) Enterprising Type – These are people who are kind of entrepreneurs. They are persons who want to contribute to the
society or to their business. They are the ones who take risks and are ready to take a challenge.

vi) Conventional Type – These are people who are traditional in their approach. They go by rules and regulations and will
expect others also to follow the same.

Q} Explain the need and importance of Personality development 10 Marks

Ans}An individual’s personality refers to his/her appearance, characteristics, attitude, mindset and behavior with others.
Personality development is defined as a process of developing and enhancing one’s personality. Personality development
helps an individual to gain confidence and high self esteem.

Personality development also is said to have a positive impact on one’s communication skills and the way he sees the world.
Individuals tend to develop a positive attitude as a result of personality development.

Need of Personality development: It is essential for individuals to behave well with people around. Being polite with others
will not only make you popular among other people but also earn you respect and pride. You can’t demand respect by being
rude with people around. Personality development plays an important role in developing not only your outer but also inner
self. Human being is a social animal. One needs people around. An individual needs to have that magnetic power which
attracts people towards him. You need to have that charisma of yours. Personality development helps you gain recognition
and acceptance from the society as well as people around.

Personality development plays an essential role not only in an individual’s professional but also personal lives. It makes an
individual disciplined, punctual and an asset for his/her organization. An in-disciplined individual finds it difficult to survive in
the long run. Personality development teaches you to respect not only your Boss and fellow workers but also family
members, friends, neighbours, relatives and so on. Never make fun of anyone at the workplace. Avoid criticizing and making
fun of your fellow workers.

One should never carry his/her attitude or personal grudges to work. Office is not a place where you can be rude to others
just because you had a fight with your friend last night. Personality development sessions help you differentiate between
your personal as well as professional life. It is really essential to keep a balance between both the lives to lead a peaceful and
stress free life.

Importance of personality development.

Personality development grooms an individual and helps him make a mark of his/her own. Individuals need to have a style
of their own for others to follow them. Do not blindly copy others. You need to set an example for people around. Personality
development not only makes you look good and presentable but also helps you face the world with a smile.
Personality development goes a long way in reducing stress and conflicts. It encourages individuals to look at the brighter
sides of life. Face even the worst situations with a smile. Trust me, flashing your trillion dollar smile will not only melt half of
your problems but also evaporate your stress and worries. There is no point cribbing over minor issues and problems.

Personality development helps you develop a positive attitude in life. An individual with a negative attitude finds a problem
in every situation. Rather than cribbing and criticizing people around, analyze the whole situation and try to find an
appropriate solution for the same. Remember, if there is a problem, there has to be a solution as well. Never lose your cool. It
would make the situation worse.

Personality development helps an individual to inculcate positive qualities like punctuality, flexible attitude, willingness to
learn, friendly nature, eagerness to help others and so on. Never hesitate to share information with others. Always reach
office on time. Some people have a tendency to work till late. Late sittings not only increase your stress levels but also spoil
your personal life. Sitting till late at the office indicates that an individual is extremely poor in time management skills.

Personality development helps you develop an impressive personality and makes you stand apart from the rest.
Personality development also plays an essential role in improving one’s communication skills. Individuals ought to master the
art of expressing their thoughts and feelings in the most desired way. Personality development makes you a confident
individual who is appreciated and respected wherever he goes.

Q} What are the components of Personality development? Explain any two components of Personality development 2+4+4

Ans} Components of personality development

Psychologists have tried to identity factors which directly or indirectly influence the growth and development of personality.
Although there are a large number of factors, which influence the development of personality, such factors have been
broadly grouped into three general categories and these are given below.

i) Biological factors

ii) Pscyhological factors and

iii) Environmental factors.

Since these factors tend to determine the way personality develops they are also called as determinants of personality. These
are discussed in detail.

Biological factors consisted of body build, physical attractiveness, homeostasis, physical defects and health conditions.

The psychological factors consisted of intellectual factors, emotional factors including excessive love and affection, self
disclosure, aspiration and achievement and goal setting behaviour. and

Environmental factors consisted of social acceptance, social deprivation, educational factors, family emotional climate,
ordinal position of the individual in the family and size of the family.

Finally it was concluded that personality development takes place through learning processes including imitation.

Two components of Personality development

Family Factors Whereas the culture generally prescribes and limits what a person can be taught, it is the family, and later the
social group, which selects, interprets and dispenses the culture. Thus, the family probably has the most significant impact on
early personality development. A substantial amount of empirical evidence indicates that the overall home environment
created by the parents, in addition to their direct influence, is critical to personality development. For example, children
reared in a cold, unstimulating home are much more likely to be socially and emotionally Mal adjusted than children raised by
parents in a warm, loving and stimulating environment. The parents play an especially important part in the identification
process, which is important to the person's early development. According to Mischel, the process can be examined from
three different perspectives. Identification can be viewed as the similarity of behaviour including feelings and attitudes
between child and model. Identification can be looked at as the child's motives or desires to be like the model. It can be
viewed as the process through which the child actually takes on the attributes of the model. From all three perspectives, the
identification process is fundamental to the understanding of personality development. The home environment also
influences the personality of an individual. Siblings (brothers and sisters) also contribute to personality.

Social Factors Socialization involves the process by which a person acquires, from the enormously wide range of behavioural
potentialities that are open to him or her. Socialization starts with the initial contact between a mother and her new infant.
After infancy, other members of the immediate family – father, brothers, sisters and close relatives or friends, then the social
group – peers, school friends and members of the work group, play influential roles. Socialization process is especially
relevant to organizational behaviour because the process is not confined to early childhood, taking place rather throughout
one's life. In particular, evidence is accumulating that socialization may be one of the best explanations for why employees
behave the way they do in today's organizations.

Q} What is the role of positive thinking in personality development?

Ans} Positive thinking is a mental attitude in which you expect good and favorable results. In other words, positive
thinking is the process of creating thoughts that create and transform energy into reality. A positive mind waits for happiness,
health and a happy ending in any situation.

More people become attracted to this notion, good evidence is the increasing courses and books about it. Positive thinking is
gaining popularity among us.

More and more successful people will tell you that they got where they are now because they made a lifestyle
around positive thinking. A person that faces life with a positive attitude will always be more successful in life both
professionally and personally, than a person that cannot take control of his thoughts.

It is increasingly common to hear people say: “Think positive!” to a person who is sad and worried. Unfortunately, many
people do not take seriously this urge. How many people do you know who sit and reflect on positive thinking and meaning
of it?
Benefits of positive thinking
These are just some of the benefits of positive thinking:
– Reduces daily stress
– You get a better health
– A strong confidence
– Live a longer life
– Live a happier life
– You will have more friends
– Better management of important decisions

Q} What is the role of critical thinking in personality development?

Ans}Critical thinking is defined as the ability to make decisions and solve problems based on logical reasoning and evidence
while leaving out emotions to enable evaluation and improvement of one’s own thought process. While this seems like a
simple thing to do, most people do not possess the ability to apply critical thinking to their decision-making process. The
problem starts from school, where students are tested for remembering the lessons more than developing their ability to
apply them in real life situations.
It enables intellectual self-improvement
Critical thinking pushes you to look for answers beyond the obvious; helping you strengthen your cognitive skills in the
process. It allows you to look inwards to find rational explanations of your decision-making process. This critical reflection, in
turn, brings back your focus on facts and evidence instead of emotions and allows you to sidestep your own ego to assess
your performance to increase your overall performance.

Become a better team player

Critical thinking enables you automatically to become flexible in your approach towards a problem, and an active listener and
collaborator in a group setting assigned to solve it. Also, as you focus more on the facts and less on emotions or ego, your
interactions within the team improve and help establish you as a valuable member of the team.

Handle stress better

With their ability to rely on logical reasoning than emotions in their decision making process, critical thinkers can handle
stressful situations much better than others. Whether in a school group or at the workplace, critical thinking coupled with
active listening, using logic and abstaining from emotional decision making can help you see connections that otherwise go
unnoticed. This, in turn can add a lot of academic and professional value to your career.
Q} What is the role of self awareness in personality development?

Ans} Self-awareness involves monitoring our inner worlds, thoughts, emotions, and beliefs. It is important, because it’s a
major mechanism influencing personal development.

High self-awareness is a solid predictor of good success in life, perhaps because a self-aware person knows when an
opportunity is a good fit for them and how to make an appropriate enterprise work well. Our response in challenging
situations is often to get defensive, make excuses, or blame another person, because we don’t want to see our own part in
the disaster. If we can observe ourselves during such incidents, it will be a good start to self-awareness.

As you develop self awareness you are able to make changes in the thoughts and interpretations you make in your mind.
Changing the interpretations in your mind allows you to change your emotions. Self awareness is one of the attributes of
Emotional Intelligence and an important factor in achieving success.

Self awareness is the first step in creating what you want and mastering your life. Where you focus your attention, your
emotions, reactions, personality and behavior determine where you go in life. Having self awareness allows you to see where
your thoughts and emotions are taking you. It also allows you to take control of your emotions, behavior, and personality so
you can make changes you want. Until you are aware in the moment of your thoughts, emotions, words, and behavior, you
will have difficulty making changes in the direction of your life.

Role of self awareness in personality development:

 Practicing mindfulness can increase self-awareness.

 Becoming a good listener can increase self-awareness.
 Becoming more self-aware can be quite enlightening.
 Self-awareness can open your mind to new perspectives.
 Self-awareness is connected to self-esteem.
 Self-awareness can help you look at yourself objectively.
 Feedback from others can help you be more self-aware.
 Self-awareness can help you know your strengths and weaknesses.
 Self-awareness can help you set intentions.
Q} What is the role of Yoga and meditation in coping with stress?
Ans} Yoga is a way of life that promotes physical as well as psychological well-being.
Yoga has eight main steps. The most important steps which can be ordinarily practised by us are given below:
 Yama: practicing self-regulation.
 Niyama: observing behavioural norms.
 Pranayama: Pranayama is an exercise meant to regulate breathing. It makes the respiratory system work to its
optimum thus ensuring proper supply of oxygen to the blood and improving blood circulation.
 Asanas: Asanas are the physical aspect of yoga in which postures are checked and modified as required for setting
right the imbalance of inner functions which include both physical and physiological aspects of the human body
system. Asanas have preventive, curative, and promotive values.
 Pratyahar: Means withdrawing the senses from the external objects and turn them inward. Yoga helps us to train our
sense organs to remain quiet without outer stimulation.
 Dharna: is focusing of mind on a particular object.
 Dhyan: study contemplation or meditation.
 Samadhi: Extreme level of Dhyana when one looses sense of time and place
Preventive and Curative Values of Yogic Asanas
 Assimilation of food becomes better; waste products get eliminated more easily. Endocrine glands function more
effectively. Certain disorders of liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, bladder and heart get corrected to a great extent.
 Conditions like asthma, diabetes, spondylosis, and constipation etc. can be managed by yoga.
 Promotive Values: The most important steps of practice of Yoga can also bring benefits for the psychological
functioning. They are:
 relief from tension, stress and strain, anxiety, frustration, anger etc.
 Yoga steps produce relaxation, positive thinking, self-confidence, self-awareness
 development of personality, improvement of memory, reduction of sleep deficit, etc.
 Patience, endurance, cheerfulness, straightforwardness, discipline and perseverence are also achieved by practising
yoga systematically for a long time.
 Yoga offers improved physical flexibility, freedom from stress and profound sense of wellbeing.
 People of all ages and conditions can do Yoga.
 Yama, Niyama, Pranayama, Asanas and meditation are important constituents of Yoga.
 Meditation is a state in which attention is directed to one feature of experience and everything else is excluded.
 The aim of meditation as well as Yoga is to induce relaxation.
 Physical exercises and nutrition provide the individuals with good physical health which in turn promotes
psychological wellbeing

Q} What is the importance of Personal health and hygiene?

Ans} Good personal hygiene is important for both health and social reasons. It entails keeping your hands, head and body
clean so as to stop the spread of germs and illness. Your personal hygiene benefits your own health and impacts the lives of
those around you, too.
The social benefits associated with personal habits must also be considered. Since it involves washing your body every day
and caring for yourself, it reduces the chances of body odour and thus, any chances of embarrassment at work or at school.
What does a good personal hygiene routine look like?
One must have a daily personal hygiene routine and that it is important – but what does it involve?
Some of the steps we can follow to keep themselves clean and free of pesky germs that could cause a future illness.
Hand washing
The first place to start with your personal hygiene routine is your hands. We use our hands constantly during the day,
touching many different surfaces, shaking hands with people, eating our meals, typing on the laptop or using a common
telephone at work, or even playing at school. Naturally, our hands are the biggest carriers of germs.
One of the quickest and simplest ways to ensure that your family is safe from illness is to practice good hand hygiene. It can
keep illnesses such as cold, cough, flu and gastroenteritis (these can all be contracted or passed on through poor hand
hygiene) at bay. You can stop the spread of illness-causing germs by washing your hands frequently with water and soap. You
should wash your hands:

 Before eating or cooking food

 Before picking up a baby
 After visiting the toilet
 After coughing or sneezing, or being in contact with someone who is ill
 After being in contact with animals

Dental Care
Caring for your teeth and practicing good oral hygiene wards off gum disease, bad breath, tooth decay and many infections.
Remember to always:

 Make sure you and your family brushes their teeth twice a day – after breakfast, and before bed
 Floss the teeth daily
 Store your tooth brush in a clean, dry place and replace it regularly

Bathing
Do shower every day using warm water and soap. You could consider showering twice a day when the weather is warm. Daily
bathing is an integral part of good personal hygiene because:

 Bathing daily with soap and warm water prevents body odour because it kills the odour-causing bacteria.
 Skin infections such as Athlete’s Foot can be reduced by carefully washing and drying the affected areas daily.
 Shampoo and condition your hair at least once a week to keep the scalp clean and prevent head lice.
 After being out all day or being caught in an unexpected downpour, get home and take a warm shower using a soap
like to remove any harmful germs from your body.

Hygienic Clothes
Germs and dirt can cling to your clothes, too. Wash the clothes you wear after each use so that these germs and impurities
are removed. This is especially important if you have been exposed to an ill family member or friend. Your clothes will come
out clean and smell fresh when you wear them next.
Personal hygiene is not difficult. Once you have a personal hygiene routine in place, it becomes a habit in no time. It is also
important to set an example for your children so that they can also have their own personal hygiene routines to follow.

Q} Briefly explain effective communication skills?

Ans}

 Listening Being a good listener is one of the best ways to be a good communicator. No one likes communicating with
someone who cares only about himself/herself and does not take the time to listen to the other person. Through
active listening, you can better understand what the other person is trying to say, and can respond appropriately.
 Nonverbal Communication Your body language, eye contact, hand gestures, and tone of voice all color the message
you are trying to convey. A relaxed, open stance (arms open, legs relaxed), and a friendly tone will make you appear
approachable and will encourage others to speak openly with you. Often, nonverbal signals convey how a person is
 really feeling. For example, if the person is not looking you in the eye, he or she might be uncomfortable or hiding the
truth
 Clarity and Concise Good verbal communication means saying just enough – don’t talk too much or too little. Try to
convey your message in as few words as possible. Say what you want clearly and directly, whether you're speaking to
someone in person, on the phone, or via email.
 Friendliness Through a friendly tone, a personal question, or simply a smile, you will encourage your coworkers to
engage in open and honest communication with you. It's important to be nice and polite in all your workplace
communications.
 Confidence It is important to be confident in your interactions with others. Confidence shows your coworkers that
you believe in what you’re saying and will follow through. Exuding confidence can be as simple as making eye contact
or using a firm but friendly tone.
 Empathy Even when you disagree with an employer, coworker, or employee, it is important for you to understand
and respect their point of view.
 Open-Mindedness A good communicator should enter into any conversation with a flexible, open mind. Be open to
listening to and understanding the other person's point of view, rather than simply getting your message across. By
being willing to enter into a dialogue, even with people with whom you disagree, you will be able to have more
honest, productive conversations.
 Respect People will be more open to communicating with you if you convey respect for them and their ideas. Simple
actions like using a person's name, making eye contact, and actively listening when a person speaks will make the
person feel appreciated. On the phone, avoid distractions and stay focused on the conversation.
 Feedback Being able to appropriately give and receive feedback is an important communication skill. Giving feedback
involves giving praise as well – something as simple as saying "good job" or "thanks for taking care of that" to an
employee can greatly increase motivation. Similarly, you should be able to accept and even encourage, feedback
from others.
 Picking the Right Medium An important communication skill is to simply know what form of communication to use.
For example, some serious conversations (layoffs, resignation, changes in salary, etc.) are almost always best done in
person.

Q} What is the role of self esteem in personality development?

Ans} Self-esteem means self-respect and knowing the worth of your abilities and attributes, and it raises our confidence
levels in manifolds.Let us discuss in-depth about the Importance of Self Esteem

1) Acceptance of challenges When there is a factor of self-esteem and respect instilled in your mind and personality, and
you follow the Importance of Self Esteem daily, it becomes your lifestyle slowly and steadily. It is very crucial to take on the
challenges at your workplace to carve a niche for yourself and make an upward swing in your career graph and growth
trajectory.

2) Elevated levels of confidence As mentioned in the introduction of the article, when we realize and follow the Importance
of Self Esteem in our daily lives and especially at our workplace, our confidence levels rise in manifolds. It makes us realize
our self-worth, strength, and even weaknesses making us more aware of ourselves and the factors that can affect our career
graph at the workplace.

3) Helps to articulate your views and opinions Yet another benefit and merit of realizing and following the Importance of Self
Esteem are that it helps to articulate and express your views and opinions about the given situation openly.
4) You do not fear uncertain situations The external factors comprise of competition from the peers, lack of rewards and
praise from the seniors, a certain situation that acts as an obstacle in attaining our work responsibilities, to family issues
amongst others; they are uncertain and can fall upon us anytime during our professional journey. When such uncertain
situations arrive, we have to face and combat them with confidence and figuring out the solutions to the same. And all of it is
mainly possible when we realize the Importance of Self Esteem and are instilled with self-worth and self-respect to the core.

5) You become more resilient In continuation of the point mentioned above, uncertain situations can arise anytime and
anywhere throughout the professional journey. And embracing and following the Importance of Self Esteem makes you more
resilient in life and its overall approach.

6) You are more committed to your goals Our professional life is full of short term and long term goals, and for our success
and growth, it is very crucial to accomplish the same efficiently and effectively. And on the road of success and goal
attainment, we face a lot many bottlenecks and obstacles that can hamper our growth and success.And commitment is
possible by realizing the Importance of Self Esteem.

7) More productivity When you follow the Importance of Self Esteem, you have no doubts about your attributes and
qualities. And you can spend more time on the attainment of the goals by being more productive.

8) You accept that you are not perfect

Plus with the realization of your self-esteem and self-worth, you also come to term with the fact that the people with whom
you are working and will work in future are not perfect and you have to accept them with their imperfections and flaws.

9) Professional as well as personal growth

Self-esteem brings along the merits and benefits such as self-motivation, self-awareness, confidence, efficiency, and deeper
understanding of the subjects and aspects of professionalism and life as a whole.

Q} Explain the role of teacher in developing problem solving skills among the students?

Ans} Students need to develop the ability to apply problem-solving skills when faced with issues or problems that are new to
them. The development and use of problem-solving skills also improves learning. Rossman (1993) suggests that when
students use problem-solving skills, "The role of the student changes from a passive recipient of information to a participant
in the creation of understanding. The problem should captivate students' attention, be meaningful, and allow a wide range of
individual responses."

Role of the Teacher The teacher gathers the students' prior knowledge so that he could assess their background and then
decide how best to approach the problem. The students could also be given the opportunity to "own" the problem instead of
just being given a problem that they may not have interest in or any prior knowledge about. This can be done by simply
asking the students what problems they would like to solve.

Having a process for solving problems helps to keep efforts focused and eliminates becoming stalled. Problems solving
usually involved the following steps

 Role of teacher in development of problem solving skills:

 Model a useful problem-solving method:
 Teach within a specific context:
  Help students understand the problem:
 Take enough time
 Ask questions and make suggestions
 Link errors to misconceptions:
 Communicate:
 Encourage Independence:
 Be sensitive
 Encourage Thoroughness and Patience:
 Brainstorm:
 Reflect.
 Provide plenty of time every day for children to choose activities based on their interests and developmental levels:
 Follow children's leads.
 Reinforce children's solutions:
 Extend creative thinking and problem solving:
 Step back and watch children's independent problem solving:
 Focus on the process children are engaged in:
 Acknowledge children's efforts, letting them know that what they are doing is important:
 Create accepting environments where children feel free to express their ideas without fear of being wrong:
 Give children opportunities for open ended play activities in long periods of time:
 Provide a variety of problem-solving experiences:

Q} What are leadership qualities? How do you develop leadership qualities among students?

Ans}
 Vision. True leadership involves looking beyond today, to tomorrow and beyond. ...
 Optimism. A true leader must be able to inspire and motivate others. ...
 Adaptability. ...
 Strong communication skills. ...
 Confidence. ...
 Decisiveness.

Even though leadership is considered as something innate and natural, it can also be taught and developed by adopting a
wise approach. Here are a few tips that we, as teachers, can adopt to help instill leadership skills in students:

Encourage Team Activities:

Learning to work in a team is one of the most important ways you can help impart leadership skills to your students. They
should be taught to work in teams so that they can learn to cooperate with other kids, irrespective of the cultural, societal,
physical, and other differences. This way, they will also commit to get along with fellow students and learn to work efficiently
as a team.
Identify the child’s interests and motivate him/her to participate in group activities at school. Encourage them to join the
school sports team, school band, or anything else to learn valuable lessons about teamwork.
Emphasize on Perseverance:
A good leader has to handle both success and failure equally. Whether it is a cricket match or any team activity, it is
important that children get exposed to both the sides of the coin viz. victory and disappointment. This is the only way they
will learn how to deal with disparaging situations. They should know how to handle the loss and move forward, accepting
sportively the success of the opponent team/individual. This way, they will learn to persevere in all situations.They have to
understand the importance and power of perseverance and must learn to stay committed without quitting in tough
situations.
Hone their Decision-Making Abilities:
Decision making is an important aspect of leadership. Students should learn to handle an adverse situation and come up with
good decisions. Teach your students to take decisions by narrowing down their options and choosing the best from many
choices. Whether it is about deciding on a school activity or choosing a movie to watch, they have to be taught to weigh the
pros and cons of each option and should be guided to make the most informed decision. This habit will definitely reward
them in their everyday life.
Teach them to communicate confidently: One cannot become a leader until and unless he/she possesses effective
communication and social skills. It is, hence, important that students are taught to communicate their desires and thoughts
as effectively and clearly as possible. Poor communication skills may lead to loss of confidence and productivity. If students
make it a practice to communicate with people in a wide variety of situations, both at school and at home, this can surely
help them develop strong language skills. When they communicate properly, they learn to inspire others and build better
relationships.
Character of a Leader Matters:
Even though a student possesses all the leadership qualities, his/her character is what makes him stand strong. A student has
to be taught to show integrity, trustworthiness, honesty, respect, and empathy in all situations of life. They should build up
others with their words and actions. They should know the importance of character.
Be a Role Model:
Students learn a lot better from their role models rather than anything else. Be the role model for them, and let them see for
themselves the actual way to live life. For this, you can yourself get engaged in any community activity, and work together
with your students to show them what it is to volunteer and lead others.
Also, let them know about the positive and successful personalities from their domain of interest, and get them books to
learn about their role-model’s life. Reading will certainly help expand their world and open up their minds to new
possibilities.

Q} What are emotions? What are the indications of emotions? How do you cope with emotions? Explain

Ans} There are many different types of emotions that have an influence on how we live and interact with others. At times, it
may seem like we are ruled by these emotions. The choices we make, the actions we take, and the perceptions we have are
all influenced by the emotions we are experiencing at any given moment.

Basic Emotions: During the 1970s, psychologist Paul Eckman identified six basic emotions that he suggested were universally
experienced in all human cultures. The emotions he identified were happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, surprise, and anger. He
later expanded his list of basic emotions to include such things as pride, shame, embarrassment, and excitement.
Emotional indications or symptoms or along with other psychological or cognitive symptoms including:
 Aggression, irritability or agitation
 Changes in mood, personality or behavior
 Confusion or forgetfulness
 Difficulty with concentration or attention
 Difficulty with memory, thinking, talking, comprehension, writing or reading
 Grandiosity
 Hallucinations or delusions
 Heightened arousal or awareness
 Poor judgment
 Racing thoughts and rapid speech
 Reckless or inappropriate behaviors
 Coping with Emotions
 Letting rationality take control of the situation as far as possible
 Keeping calm in words and actions
 Accepting reality
 Thinking through the possible outcomes of a situation and taking positive alternative lines of action in good time
 Carrying on with essential duties even if there is an upsetting event
 Seeking or accepting suitable advice or assistance
 Recovering quickly from a sad event.
 Identify the problematic emotion
 Analyze underlying cause of emotion
 Reflect on the effect on self and others
 Weigh capacity to handle emotions
 Seeking guidance/counseling
 Delaying action
 Self distraction
 Walking away
 Expressing emotion through writing