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[ On the move aver obetacies nthe Oregon woods, Wit aur Compass system, you can bee-line back to your starting Point without having to back track, With our modifications 10 {Your knife from this book, ite in the woods will be easy. VERYBODY'S KNIFE BIBLE DonPaut All naw ways to use and enjoy ‘your knives in the great outdoors. ‘3rd_Edition Revised, expanded and illustrated Includes: special instruction on self detense.for women. Latest sharpening tips to make your knife cut ike a razor. Photography: T MeL aupiin et a ‘Cover Design: Sunny Woods Paul WHY WE USE “BIBLE” IN OUR TITLE ‘After reading my Bile, m convinced, It's the Inspired Wor of four Creator, and it teaches men and women now 10 live succasstully—-in right rolationehip to others end to God. The founders of my county beloved that to. This book teaches you how to ge slong inthe outdoors successtlly wih your Kao in ght relationship with others and Nature, ¢0 | called Ra bibl, ut tis ‘book doesn't even come close to doing for knives wha tho rca! Be ‘does for people. Read the real Bible, yout what | man (© Don Paul and Path Finder. Wr sprecion auch Deutsch, und hhaben es vor, deses Buch zu abersetsen. Tambien hablamos Espanol, yio vames a reduc. COPYRIGHT: Pathindor Publications and Don Paul, 1986, 1888 & 1891, Our book buyors are alowad te reproduce ard enoy ur elinomater, our ight system for sheaths and kre hancles, nd ‘ur dhilings for knife aiming, etc., But not for commercial purposes. Allrits to commercial marulaciue of our plans and Innovations are reserved. PUBLISHER'S CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION Pau, Don 1937- Everybody's Krfe Biba, the alLnew way to use and enjoy your rives in the great cutdoors./ by Don Paul. ra Exton Incudes index ISBN: 0-938269-13-7 1. Woodorah, outdoors. 2. Cratemanship, outdoors, Guide-books. 3, Outdoor Sports. . Tile. I Tile: Everyoodys Knife Bie, IML Use your knives Inthe outdoors. PNIA7.P3 1992 7os042 Gvist7 Pos. s992 Library of Congress Catalog Number: LC s2-00508 ‘SBN 0-998269-19:7, Path Findor Publications 1296 E. Gibson Suite E-301, Woodland, Calif 95605 INTRODUCING... OUTDOOR BOOKS by PATH FINDER PUBLICATIONS ‘New meted books forouldoots people, shy. your book drowns or gets eaten by pat Send us whats lef oF your old copy- (well pay postage on the ‘ew one) Even if you need to use the pages to makea fre in the woods, ‘Save a few Bart afferings and get back tous Path Finder began over 10 years age. We frst invonted a way ‘never to getlostin the woods without using a map; t's called, The Gre, ‘Dass Camss Cours, Never Gels, Over 25,000 copies are in print. Next, we added to our book lst and widened cur distribution. ‘Wee published Exerybady’s Oution Suita Gui (Gra ic in Gray Times Wedeveip and wate abou al kinds of ideas and outer ‘method, We've the innovative people who wrote abo “in2oe wo ounce wikerne Bed for sleping aboveground. “Whe modifiation for your hunting aif sheath which enables ‘yo to ce the oro jangle ng “Jainow shooting system to give you super built placement day or nigh. scape and evasion taught by anboner Army Ranger Grad. “Lite aving empl procedure fost deere. “erain anus for saving energy a8 yo tavel on foot over rovgh co er haw cold-weather survival method fo keep you alive anywher. “Ta gue to water purfention for any survivals. {ow to use armas to dole your survive ai {Wind reading for supe long distarce stoning Green Beer’ fem concep appli Sur goups so you canenpyteitimatelieayesutoure somes Allof our books have gone into multiple ction. Most major ‘uldoor magazines have reviewed our books and our systome have beat adopted by many outdoor organization. We've been represeed by ‘ver 500 dealers and we've cupplied our books by matt ender ‘outdoorsmen fom vt the wor. Wes independen tr an ecronc manascipt rubbers te sske our books quick reader. Piures and lusaons ou Oat Concepts anya undtntand. Wee cae abot avin you tne evens tt ent want to pbish words we want to supply the did in thisbook. fon weecan. Hopefully thats what ye We plan to publish AMMO FOREVER, a simplified reloading ide fr survivalist, THE COMPLETE SELF DEFENSE MANUAL and 8 second EVERYBODY'S KNIFE BIBLE (BOOK JI) feataring over & hundred ways tse your kalves during 1992 (See the order coupons in the back of this book.) TONNOW, ANDLETUSS HOW TOUS YOUR MOST BASIC OUTDOOR TOOLS. YOUR INDISPENSABLE KNIVES CONTENTS UCTION: Why a new knife bible? Knives need improvement. Here's how to improve yours, bring it into the future, and let it lead you through the woods, ‘Chapter 1 Converting your knife into @ super outdoor tool. Our new copyrighted degree plates enable your knife 10 tell ‘what dime iis, estimate cliff or tee heights, figure river widths, plus @ losd of of other outdoor ticks, We furnish you with a free ‘Copy of our clinometers Chapter 2. How to double your knives’ performance. Why rot teach your knife to do fore than cut? We make it chop like fan axe, signal, Light up your path, and more, with easy ‘modifications, Chapter 3, How to choose the kinds of knives you need. From big biades to small, folders to sheaths from new inventions to-old, we explain the choices and how they work. Also, specialty knives explained, Are they worth it? Chapter_4, The cutting edges how to kee knives are dangerous. Too busy to sharpen yours Chapter 5. Making your Knife feed you. In the habit of eating? Let your knife provide. Here's how, ftom USS. venison to South Pacific coconut, sharp. Dull ‘Suture Selft Chapter 6. Make your knife make--all you need. Surprise! ‘Keep your knife tisk fve while making all the creature comforts, in the woods, The finest outdoor bed for under a dollar. Here's, how. Chapter 7. Design factors in blades. Sone knife points are dll, But you need to know about metals, heat treatment, edges, ec. 29 55 7” 2 Chapter 8. Size and Shape in blades. Shape and size are 97 often the difference between success an failure Chapter 9. Getting a handle on handles. improve your 103 knife handle soit does more than before, We show you How. Chapter 10. Ways and means to carry your knife, Some 111 exposed, some concealed, Off your bell up side down, quick release, in your boot, up your sleeve, behind your back hd few Chapter 11. Staying alive; the knife as defender, Four 115 basic rules for self defense. Simple, life-saving methods, Chspier 12. Never molested; the knife defends women, 118 Special aucnion wa growin problem. Never bethe wines owt estimate danges ands a Chapter 13. No kidding; sharp training for kids. Basic 127 Jessons in knife use, Basic safety lessons, Good for adults too, {Chapter M4. The pivot-action knife axe. Everything the 129 Knife-makers should have included, but left out, The Green Beret author's survival knife design. (hapter 15. How to buy a knife, Used, new, foreign, 197 [SAS or custom, We show you where 19 go, and what tS Chapter 16. Make your own custom blade and custom 141 handle. | Staring from scratch and your own design, or rem a Kit, we show you how to make a custom knife of your very owe and save money. GLossaRy 148, INDEX APPENDIX / OTHER GREAT KNIFE PUBLICATIONS INTRODUCTION WHY A NEW KNIFE BIBLE? Because today’s knives dort do noarly as much as they could ‘and new discoveries in manufacture are newsworthy. ood ero tet nam rn ‘down and impede American production, it doesn't look tke well see Paige ere ech aes ‘ns bck atrovent pa rd ow tne tl oko tl avo You bur fan ererage Scr rth 2 ro, When you va ok you ae {See yeurnteany ko a mosky tm roabvale ce ‘oa her acne i yout nen how a en cl use, Petes ard gon tusratere mato Ye au Faso "Von tow of save ie ay trougrconpletn Pape. 1 ote this book bocause ve leamed enough fo produce what fight be landmark knowledge about knives. Some frends spor ‘otf time wth me inthe fet using these things, and we Gscove ‘Compared to what knives: {today's knives dont. That's 100 bad, OF al the things you cary into the fk! wth you, your knife is one of the mest basic. i ent cus and sees for Pu, you're missing aot of yourknt’s potenti o tho people | consuited really know what a knife should do? When a person spends nic fe werdng Inthe woods and lunges ot {he word, ne learns alot more about Khives tha he people His it at desks and design them. ifs nol thal we have an ae to gen 0 Dun). i's just that we've used these things 20 long and so ston thet ‘we are acutely aware of what ake ought to dob wont mats the reason for modem knives’ complete flue to do so ‘many teks inthe woods and jungle? Amorcan manulacturos con fo longer be as croatve as cur ancastore. Even though we might keow more, wo produce less. Mary goverment officals have mo ‘concept of the value of time because they have Toure the goat ‘temal resting pace, (tar job). To us who produce, ime le money fo them, a waste of time means money. ‘Therelore. they wike ‘ourter-redictive regulations and slow down our pregroee, Moreover, broadening the use of any product sometimes increases the chance of injury to the user. Tha company’s Insurers {901 nervous; the rales increase, As soon as product labiiy ‘neurance goes up, the end product bacomes costier and theelore al compote. Inthe caso of knives, manufacturers cant thnk about ake cuting down a eo; thas too risky. Making Kode to {et you across a rver safely or moasure rapeling ops for you caus kewise be legally troublesome, Tho shortcomings of today's knives can be fed, But the ‘manufacturers in this country are not about to pionear anything which could end up ina courtoom. Wouk! you? Even f you woul be 80 bold as to manufacture anything in tis county, at a, would Yu add othe risk by geting creative? Feeds [Fakes Weapons] Bhelters] [Traps 1 you mt or lo bt, yu et, You can mak ur kno adapt 10 you--your socal efor neds your ates, ‘Sel oren some wet tae Yau ean bey bu ese—tss8 et am about becauso we sud, slagtord, an sue Our Way ‘tot hate urges nite ner Wo wish you haa ben wih us rbaby you toto, But wel mato to bat naga stuaton ar It yu borow fom our xpoienee Tooks sees ine of stabs. [string Gultiton weight aie oF the many modifcavons ound roughest Hus ook You Sf do donee of ew oudnor tits wih our ae, Not ele inp orn ene ponents opal Er Ene ow of enything witha force more than twenty tes ster thn you cold by Sly ppg the hander hole ulm asking cece Now your i wi ako you oa ot ot pace oer ant go. it wt procare mare lod, naka hore ns an ere "ere conto. Fem now on, you yous we sere es Se cae. Let us tao Yo fr bajo ane tar above wh has ver been accomplehed bere wit ewido ot Las uti your hive’ usb. Lat the ke rutacurers be sas Pgh te ou laa how okt your kes ne Guise mag And whan you you know ta you se ee Kno togaer canbe he beat andl savy noses ar eee igri Stes t,t ano ary an te 3 you can be some of tw mac secure te ae aso ce ‘concrete jungles, too. . ‘Speaking of once jungles... Fow ting at mor sicive ot thi han oie, Pan on keping your knife frie, Tk he ne to ascbe your ang sfx metal) with your LD. number, DISCLAIMER (On behalf of you, te reader, wish thank th ramen of ou Consition of giving ws the right fee specs Becane of hat, ten ‘ite a book about knives which dares to take you beyond what rina ives do fer you. 1 wrote this because waned you to have betor Ie with your knife. By extending anyon’ sili anywhere, howeves th ver tere may be some danger. Neither the author nor the passer wis 0 asm any Uality fray we or miss the information in this took. Ob—and oae more thing—ike the ld Sue. the TV Sees Hi Si Blues away chu "Las ee Penlight on blade lights up your night life in the woods. ‘Night works 9 much easier with the cutting aren Muminated Light should be in handle and shine through qulion. But why ‘wait? Become a woods pro now! You can fox up your own Ienif with this and lads af other features inthis book, Chapter 1 CONVERTING YOUR KNIFE INTO A |UPER OUTDOOR TOOL Unity to weight ratio isa concept we came up with when me researched and wiole 24 WAYS TO USE YOUR HAMMOCK IN THE FIELD. We were looking for a phrase Io describe a ratio of ‘muticle utes on an outdoor tem os weigh Tha higher the rao the beter ne fem for sundval ‘The mote things weigh, the more horse oF human” power is required © mave them. Aso, I every tem you naed in the outdoors nly has one use, you" need to cary alot of tame. wmather youre gas-powered mobile or you go into the woods ‘0n foot, you'l do better with a lightor load and fewer items. ‘Theretora, fix all yout outdoor gear so it makes malipia chore rmagie. Besides that, ry to mako each outdoor tem do tricks nothing se can do for you “That's what this chapter Is about. Wee going to show you haw to make your shea do some ouldoor mage. More than thal, wel show you how to make yOUr rife do stuf inthe woods nobody se can do. For example: How (0 el time. That would be helpful you have to meet Somebody at 18:90 at a certain spol, and you Use Our maple ‘avigation system so you know where io go. Even mere inperane Ws cial te know tow much dayight you have lt hethor aoe Wal et up cam or arte at some destination a the rgh ine, Suppese you intend tc @ hil wih your backpack. You ‘ew your pack’s weight but you need to know the angle et he ty You want to fall ree, but you are not sure how for out Ht wil {and from the stump, or whether wil txdge the ravine you tec (7088, How high isthe ree? Let your knife igure tha cance ‘You need to wak down the side of a steop mountain and use yur 100 Mh. rope for suppor. the distance Gown is longer thes Your rope, you should eam ty. How high i your ean pone ‘rom the ground? Again, thats what your knife wiillyou ‘You know how high a mountaintop is because I's labeled on Your map. You need to know your personal elvation. How con you igure t's ke time, Suppose you want to cross a river and you dont know # your ‘Pps wil span the water. You also dont krow how far uparean'you should ener the watarn order to cross salely. What's the citadoe {cr08s the river? Tum your kale lt, sick Minto a tee, and hrs on tho stance, Aol the above—and more can be perormed by making some ‘Ghanges on your kre. Any ot cinomaters wont 0 They Rese ne ‘roracior for anglos and arecion measurement, pis a soatront fe Using your knife as a tine pice, ust put our chnomatre oo yor nt, and make outdoor magi Lear to understand the dliferont kinds of blades avatabie. Wie @ high tipped, upswept bade isnt necessary, h works boc fer Ur fst tick. In oni to tako accurate angle measurements mn Your knlle, you need tobe able to sight & ke weapon, ‘TH more 6 @ you con aim Top ona dour] The tinometor plotes we designed for the sides of The clinometer pla the blade will give you lots of woods Information. 3 it conte ur ile so you cana (ep), tne uae eta tlh on hep yur ailon rt & Weft ot nop ede. re ce hag te poo aor rth ty asian bod Gitte gureean and nt ton he bck oe Blade vemmnmaaemaome pungent Satan ae ernie ee ch tho back ofthe ade, ewe a wang i dnt ha back had Ime Soe wee te om te non rtaone bck foes awoke ne om he na 2 Your iad wi designate tre onino Tangent Pate, ard ely “igoce (or Eas) onthe Paar Pale INDERSTANOING YOUR CLNOMETER . ‘AND DEGREE PLATES: o Ted everyting you nade do nw oto, pt alee cur pos ont side ol yourkn. They ae 7 | A the clinomoter, whien goes on the lett Ede of your knife That plate will heights of athe ‘woods objects on the rearmost quaceant (because You will always be measuring above the horizon), and, 2, Inear stances down on the foremost quasrary, (because you wil wave bo sigting cown) a: The degree wheel. It covers a complete 360° because you can easily compute back azimuthe by ‘acing 189° to tho forward azimuths printed, B ©: The time sce. Aim your knife atthe top ofthe sun and the plate tele you Row much time is Io before dark. ‘Since you know the ting ot fuse and sunrise you can gasiy igure te tme al daylong. tan tthe top of the sun) Cony these ctnametors fn a copier, and oniarge or shank them go toy fi your t tole biage. Then, eut them e ‘ut and tape them on your . nite. Engrave the data fight through the paper Make sure 10 put the Trig Function Cinoreter, (4) on the let side of your biage, Pacing these on your kita correct i importer Bool by alging the plates’ top (araght tino) paral withthe line of egh, (Net the blade) Once paral place ihe carter dvecty under and |usttoucting the "Vetch acoss the back of ne bade.” Now, ihe a ©. ‘cnometer pate Is in place propery; tape i down. Once taped ‘ouble-check the algament METHODSOFMOOIRCATIN Use an ele engraving pana Trace early lo he wrod er, rato oo te es youre. Use a gi Srl Sig eo es Ne at oh tans at thorn per tan mote much ora Acta custom kee mar Ray Graney you cen push cow Rar are : ec you as the This io abe ors eigit the (ull an toe the tip of your kale ike a deme Se sige, soll eee a sue acvocates ne Take fe prosson Twa oar Wo Tose Ray is aavcal {be of Hla. ea ita ging son. “Just ake sr © nd slot.” be says, “otherwise you can generale too much heat land wipe cu the blades temper. Photocopy copy all the clnometer plates to use on a second knife. “Alea, this Information is eiical for a chainsaw. Once Instaed, you can aim your saw at the top ofa tree and tel exact ‘where the tp will and after you fal! ._Dril through the chainsaws barat the top centerpoint ofthe cinemeter pate. Thread a plumb line tough hat hele whan you need Plates 8 and © go on the ght se of your blade. If your blade isnt long encugh for both B and C, superimpose the two. Engrave the C plate with only the hour ination fet, then engrave tho © plate right over I; just romember that tive dogroes equals 20 inate Years ago history's scholars determined that distances shouts bbe measurod In commen unts—fist yards, feet, and now, meters and centimeters etc. In the woods, hoso units of measure dont work. Who carries a tape measure? Use steps. With minimal Practice, youll become consistent. With a tee, for example, count any number ofthe steps away from the base, thn stand there. Aim your knife, multiply the Indicated percentage times the number of Steps you took and you determine how many elepe high hfe Irom your eyotall love ‘Stop off any length of ope on the ground to determine haw i wil relat the rest ofthe measurements you'l take in he woods. ‘Al you havo to doin order fo determine the height of anything Is sight on It, pinch off tho weighad tine-indieator, and read the percentage ch your cinometer scale, Then, ull that percentage ruber by the stance to the object and you determine the objact's height. ‘So, questions such as, "Whore wl he top land?” And “Wl bridge a vor for you?” Or, "How much ropa wil you need to te # ff? ra all ound by steping of the distance. Because ofthis, all the measuring tools you wil ever need will aways be wih you— your lege. ‘Your knife finds tree height at 45 degrees ‘This book applies the math scionce of trigonometry toting various heights and dlstances in tho woods. You don" have to do that because the percentages you moasura aro alady a computed feoult ofa tng futon. Your naw clinameter is ealibatod to keep things simple and easy. if you want to understand tne math behing the develepment, any tigonomery course ila ital ot for you. TELLING TIME WITH YOUR KNIFE For the indaled fe belore sunset, read the right (C) side of your knte. We fred outa way to point your knife atthe sun and fell wnat time Wis, More ciel for outdoor persons, nowever, is knming how much te i let before dark. ‘Wan variations onthe theme, outdoor sports people fit one of three eatagorias: Boginners, Ouloorsmen, and Master Woodsen. Beginners stay on te ira, travel by day, and sleep in ‘camp during the nigh (Qutdooremen go off tras a let, and navigate with map and compaes duting the dy. AL nih, they generally camp. ‘Master outdoorsmen travel anytime, anywhere, and sleep whan thoy fool ke &. Some ofthese have a Io of night iravel experience (rly patrols abeoas or right hunting), Scars on Wier Shin remind them to avoid # when possbl, 30°= 2 hours betore dark. 'No matter what catogory you belong to, He inthe woods wil be ‘much sweeter # darkness does not fall as @ surprise. Good {arconors are se to have green thumbs, Purple thumbs belong Io ‘campers who pound en sakes attr dark. Even on a Pace Ieahd, you plan your last few hours of daylight actvty by preparing to enjoy 4 900d righ’ sitep._In cold country, However, tsar to plan and Propare your camp in daylight cen be disastrous. Knowing how ‘much more dayigit you have n ood climate Is abso-eezing ely ciiteal you use the PAULL. system of navigation, (Green Berets Compass Course), you'l know when you should arive at your ‘staring point because the sysiom converts time 2 it eates fo how {ast you travel and you domt wands al over the forest looking for 2 backrail or landmark way home. The system beerlinos yeu the fasiost way, by stalgt lin, back o camp, base, or home, ‘Think about it, One day contains 24 hour; ono cic contains ‘960 degrees. So, every hour, the sun swoops tough 18 degrees. OF vertical angle. Therefore, twe degrees aqusl twenty minutoe LUkewise, in a 90 degres quadrant, you have six hours of tina to measure. OF cours, sb hours belo sunset, he sun wl be rinely dogree3overneas, ‘There's @ problem. you look drecty at Gos sun, you wil do ‘damage to your (only human) eyes. Wear cunglasoes or make a Pair of st glasses out o! tee bark. Either way, you cu down on the ‘amount of sunight fo which your eyes are exposed fA TETHE SUN CIRCLES THE EARTH EVERY 24 HOURS J... » CTHEN 360° 24=15" PERHOUR 80, 45" IS THREE HOURS: Sight our indo on te apf he sun. nse eso he te tne sun deopeas The graduatone on out tine quadrant wil tl yesrhow much eat you have to work wih requlees fu In tne event you will be doing anything that reqult sunlight, measure the time bafere the sun drops bahing the highest “Take care of your eyes. Don't look directly atthe sun. ‘mountain. Sight on the mountaintop, and then the sun. The lapsed time (onthe plata) Between the two measurements gles you the duration of dusk, In the fist Cocodte Dundee, Mick wants to impress his ques the newspaper wir, soo takes her int the vlds ofthe Norther Terttery. Thay got cut ofthe bea, anche looks at Waly’s wate, then checks the sun. He then says that i's two o'clock, and the woman is impressed. Ifyou put ou clnometer plates onthe sie of your knife, you wont have to look al Wally’s watch betore you tl Time by the Sun, ‘Since he local moda wl publish the exact ime of Sunset, and t hardly changes az each day gets shonor or longer, YoU ean shoot the 6un, subtract that time from sunset, ard prose any greeninom by toting them wrt time Its HEIGHT OF ANYTHING Given that you know how faraway you are from an objec, you fan measure ts hel. Sight othe tap, pinch of the woighed ino at the custing 9gge of your biade, Then muliply tho steppect-ff ‘round distance by the Indicated percentage. ‘Thus you can in The heater when you naed a certain gt oie ‘Where @ fain tree top will land, 4 Elevation of an unmappad mountaintop, Height of intended ree house tocaton. Your precise elevation rom map ito. ‘The bullet drop astance down @ mountain sido. ‘Aa we mentioned earl, ths last item Is cial if you are ‘working with ropes, When you are cropping down te side ota cit and discover you have another 40 fo 99, the Od saying, lam at ‘he 2d of my rope," has fata implicallons. LINEAR DISTANCE DOWN A MOUNTAIN, Fromthe top o @ mouriain, th Inear stance down the side of ‘that mountain can be valuable, especially 10 a hunter, because ‘quese-imaing those distances is raroly accurate, s0 you go home Fungry. To do tis tick, you need io use a UTM map, (Universal “Traneworeo Morcalor) because ts cortcured wth verical elevation lata. Read the straight down distance by counting contour lines ftom your target's level fo yours, “Then, mecely aim your krife down toward tho target, and road the parcontage off he forwaré quacrart onthe left side of your ki. Mutiply the verical elvation distance By that perceriage. Convert Worlzental angles ploy 0 big part in helping you get ‘around In the Woods like a pro. Stick your knife In some wood sideways, and measure off the blode. fel o yards or motor tr youre sgt. Prdion 2 Precon bro rarge Sule placerat covered xtrivein THE Gt GUIDE TO OUTDOOR SURVIVAL. * me Ie MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES ur fist innovative cutdcor book i all about never getting fost anywhere. Basically, the book teaches you how to bae-ine bask to ‘any starting point without using a map or back racking. Even so, ‘maps have soveral outdoor uses, " Using the protractor pat, (B) on the righ sie, you can extend ‘myance measurement wit tg, an then vaste ha angle ta Lots of outdoor persons tke o have magnetic azimuths dawn on their maps. Use the protracior plate (8 te remodel your rap by transfering the legend's dacination data to the map grids. Block of the comect ange on your kre, then mave the kilo onthe ma she retrace ine angie. RESECTION Ifyou ean recognize wo monuments and dently these on your ‘map, you can find your location. All the other books teach you to Use a compass for this and mathernatealy decinete. A much beter Way fo use your knife so you dont have to mess around wth Sek your kine nar ray tena uae (ig sid of ‘he blade Up) so te fe blade Now, tho sgh she at the monamente You recognizes fn your map by Stretehing stingy Iniviececton FINDING YOUR LOCATION FROM TWO OBJECTS ON ON YOUR MAP. tay your iene tof tne fue ood tae thaes "seme [oo ope thes ae ine mapped — landmarks You find your location on your map atthe place where those two res orose. DISTANCE ACROSS WATER OBSTACLES Fiver crossings can be dangerous. Wittout any planning, you ‘0 ino the water and ty to evi for &, but tha curent caries you past your irtonded landing spt, down to a place inthe iver where Sou cant get autot the water. To proven is, you need to know: “A Distanca trom rvr bank tho cher ei. 8. Distance t te tof anchors for your rope. 1s your rope Jorg enough? ©. Speed ofthe waters curt. . How fast your dosignatod swimmer swims. Lets tnd he ver crossing distance. Find an easy lana, a ‘lace on the other side where you can get cut of tha water easly ‘That's whore we wil plano land your col, wate dogged body. We assume that the vers roughly the same width throughout scours, especialy the part that you've elected lo swim in. ft lent or you havo any dubs about your swimmers stamina, add @ safely factor to your distance data, ith your knife fa, (stuck in the side of a tree) take two signings, “The fist measures aoross tha river to a lancing pol. “The socond measures nine degrees upstream on your side oft fiver fo the end of an leoecoles tangle. Once you know where these two places are, mark your position. Perhaps tie = hanekerchie! on a branch, or haok ablaze mark in he side ofa ree, ‘SAFE RIVER CROSSING Measure the curront first Now go upsteeam until you tan read 45 degrees fo your intended landing spot across tne river, and 48 ‘dograee back 1 the position you just marked. It should Took tke the folowing: side w= 9ige ‘Side A side 8 because you just mad an isosceles tangle, with the triangle's 90 degree angio whore you frst marked your Position (hanckorchiet or blaze mark), Step off the distance back to the hanckorchie, and that stance wil be equal othe stance acros the rer. Now think about the curert. You know how fas you swim the sistance you jst measured. 1 the water meving faster? Toss 8 tater (piece of wood) and use a stop watch to moasure how fast travels 2 distance equal tothe river's width, If the current is moving faster than you can swim, (maybe twica as fast, go into the water twice afar upstream. Finally. mocity your knit to use as: ‘A MEASURING TOOL FOR DEVELOPING A SQUARE ANGLE von if your knife’s overal measurement is 13 18 Inches, call that one nit of length, and lay out thesia ota tangle in rot ‘3,4 and 5, to creao aright angle accurate enough fo be used for Construction. For any structure in tho mile of the wilderness, ‘square comers are important you want the rot te f. {Once moctied wih our cinometes, you and your kre will do a lot bern he woods. Chapter 2 INVERSIONS: MUNTSR SHEATH AND KNIFE You could lve Bike an absolute king in the woods Hf you could take everthing wth you. But To take all along, you would need & ‘Mac track. So the Kay to beter outdoor We i to farm how to use ‘one thing na varity of ways. ( courso, wal i up your kate to do lt of chores Ht never id belore. Evan botore we start on your knife, though las. IMPROVE HESHEATH | wonder te pope wh ake ahaa oor Nek abou yout be vg tem, Woudet you ques, tat wi he abundart Wecsingsn ban power G06 Bought Io Arore, somebody woul tirk, Gon, hose hinge have been te same fa eng tira ow Mays we cout turk ofan rnpovemect™. Nope. Sheath Totes srw re al the imovatve magia ofa cour cafe Ser wo names his place, “EAT.” Thar sheathe ang Cow Stig No al ver Jou et rd sees rohing besides cara thetlade re pot couse “That prety much sles the problem. You ean be part ofthe euten. Lets maka somo make improvements. 19 The sheath on most knives comes wih giant bel op so your kite hangs lossly on your bet, and changes locaton ellen, Dont ut up with Customize. Thnk about having your kif hang hig ‘on your belt 80 i doesnt sico rump as you shico into your muse Move your knife were you wart i and aim it between 4 and 2 deare9s forward. Put wo beads of leathor glue were you want Your belt to ft snugly. Once the sheaths lop fs ightanad tof. ou an reach for your knlecomdenty because ft wil stay where jou ut. The forward aim wil alow you to draw your knits to the rear (quicker and easier) and lator, after you add a ight, hil ance ferwars to iluminate your waking path ANGLED GLUE LINES FOR KNIFE SHEATH LOOP Giue tines ”s, for knife belt slides into hold Knife and Night ‘tightly at forward angie. \Whien carving up your winter's meat supply, your blade wil go ull, You really need to carry a diamond impregnated paddies. \Witoro? Cn the teg side of your sheath Den bald Ita pou tor | merely glue on wih epoxy. Then you dont have fo ap tout fo Uso andthe sheath can at a holding padele While you have the glue in your hand, cu the wit straps ot an L&D. watch and and attach tho time place to your sheath also, You get a cheapo high-qualiy Timex, you can use your watch at igh. That's impertant you ae recording rave vectors $0 you san beo-tne back wihout a map. Close one eye when nating fe line 20 ge loops on your sheath allow gour Knife ta side aievers your knife ts herd to find If I keeps Changing edgresees, clue the sheath to make your knife'stey at home where you can stwoysTorate i. sore TSE SUE YoU peeve you ng on Farle aba Te wath sof wort cal on our pos, yo ae ding 2 woos angreeeg, by a wate ht enpeaee 2 ear. YOU ‘aye he sage oom yu crete nour opto cay a sate Baten torn you wit ight wavel is necessary in most of he outdoor terrain yo ven ast axing ur, fe, Your ot Up during the dy and move at night in cold weather, you mey ave oraugh gear you eS to bed down at righ, but FORWARD, LIGHT TRON you can sleep in the sun {ans YOUR PATH uring he day. OF course, iyoure tacica, you move at right bocause we have NVG's, "(Night Vision Gogoles) and the other sds best night ck is an Iragl match soaked in vaseline. In any of the above cases, you travel a aller dark. Night ravelsitcut, hough. Snakes are out eeding at right and you can't soa tip ines and traps. Buy_a periight and tape 0 the forward part of the sheath ‘wi the sheath ted down 19 your thigh, you can ip the penight on and every time you stop forward in pich dark, t wil be Ike The ‘Word in Psalms 118:105—"a lamp unto your feet and a ight unto your path” Anyway, youl thank God forthe Hott at your feat # you have to carry 200 Ibs. of meat eu inh weods alior right falls. Alan beam 's best for chilan use, but you'a tactical for any reason, tunnel the light, Tape a pleco of cardboard around the penight to contain the light beam. That way, cers cant see you waking Inthe dar. IMPROVING YOUR KNIVES In aditon to koeping your krile edge sharp, you need te swing \ aster fr chopping, Speed only helps a itl, so add weight to tha te. Why not make use of the back of your sheath? It ean sharpen your knife and do outdoor math for| you, With alittle give and know-how from this ook, you'll become the master of the outdoors, MOVING THE PIVOT EOINT BEHIND VOURKNICE TO MARE TPACT LIKE A MACHETE Fit though et ik up he speed Dal he pommel 6 rec sinag lanyard Te thon mass be bt iatge eno {Garey aunt tte wet” Wa he tena aru acto yeu can Sean your key tng Mowe and tig te top ot our sts oe er yur porn at ase vet pot. ‘The otaon speed staye the same, but you langthen the raus ‘ofthe suing eo thatthe velocfy on the new, cuisde ac inreases fubstantaly, With such a tek you can convert your knife into & Ininimachate, and notch wood a lt faster to make shelter or a woapon in a hurry. [ne security when the kate was open. Besides, | could use Ie tanya Yo pry my Knit back out of anything, Without lone, the best | coud do was grip & pul 'e cartul not to let the rough hole edge cut your parachute ‘cord or lanyard. Counter srk tho hole then ream or fe the rough jges. I you buy a knife with the Pole akeady there, check o e0e thal ts edges are smoeth In use, let tho kalo sige forward cut ot your erp unl only the Index finger and thumb are left te guide i ae you whip the blade ‘donnward. Be caret. Ifyou mise the target, the hnife can came ‘back at you. ‘Therefore, make sure not to let blade rotation ever ‘bein ine with your body. Jerry Younkins, (author! Combat ard Survival Knives) has a much more active way 1 cat hick poves ‘ef wood, Set the knife edge on the mater and tap the Bac ofthe blade. He calls i his, “chise cuting tecnrique” Its much mors etecive Ityoure chopping into a tree, you nead a heavier bade (ike an axe) 50 that the fasta swinging bade sis nf th target. Velo is dosrable, tut wood and Bone are chopped successuly because fhe moment of neta your blade celvers. You might want to think neta as clout that's why axes ao used for chopping, the head Of the axe welgns more. If you swing withthe eame speed, but ‘Suble the head weight the blade wil bite far deaper in a too, since I=MxV Inertia equals Mass times Velocity you get much more penetrating knto strikes by acing weight (Mass) othe front ofthe blade (he highest veloty area) Here's how: ts almost impossible to att a hard blade, (the ‘Buck actoy sald | might ry a laser) so you may have to grind ato Polches inthe cp. Watch the heat when you do this ls not sro ‘up the temper on tho whole Biade. Knives and drunkards have something in common, They both become prety ussless whan thoy iow ther cool and lose ther temper. I the blade can be ground {use outing of however, you can aad clamp-on fishing sinkers wth 2 pair of pers. Pry the weights apart fe by wedging down hard Into the sinker wih your kno. Ancther way: Use a small sorew camp wih sticky rubber onthe faces. Then attach the weighs to theclame, 24 Acti nour twig at ep ot ek eth sew acsing wo ounone aay Sao op. Thaeroaee srrtsovage aves yo fe era, Wit an ceo wag ite, pus te enange e ot pat ow ale bir te H's pommel yu cower your knelt an ate lke mache, 0 Een cop a: narra, oct oun ae. {toe eh ne tp of he sea, and atch 2 0g swe a tytn (oa wes or Bae agate) es Bove bene iwawaerorneut ote steam” He oe “Water on wood no good. Water on steel, bad del.” Yin tn nls trough hep ofthe sheath you move the iat point orm bopone Mo tip othe knife. Than wth to ie Sapoed in ne est, you ean thong yo wit agar, ang pours ‘i the pommel your pommel mace of ainam (Bu) faten au a spt onthe bot wi les cli Tap ne fate are tvend Armachine sew fl hen Fold fe had on—~ Teton ist ha acrew alone: use metal eas Ino, @ orugetes noad wont sip elf @ nal as gash, 29 cess that ‘amma ing crac win geod targa fe Wille you're grinding or fling, take offal the sharp edges on te handle.” Your kite is upposed to dig ino something other than You and your file can naks mst knives your hand. Sure, i costs money to bend metal quilions, and nobody’ hand wil ft tthe same when you co. But you can th this problem. What you want is a knife with no ‘ough edges. and noting on or near the han that couk ht yo you'e using the knée ince creumstanees. Almoat all culions ‘can be improved by grinding the upper par ata forty-five degree ‘angle 6 your thumb rests thre corto. (On some o the ol mosis, (such as Buck's) you noed to round off 20 the hand grip to make lighter and more comortabie. So fle Some of to bass ei whan rounding I. MAKE YOUR KNIFE A LIFE-SAVER ‘Just about every yoar, somebody gets lst in tho woods. But a wite oF mether figures out they shoué have been Back so 8 search 26 plano is sent. The plane never 09s tho lst party though, and they dia rom exposure. I ndy thay had a way to signal the plane! Put one side of your blade on a buling wheel. With lis of jewelers rouge, bring up a shiny surtace and conver the concave (bload groove) curtace inte a signal miner. For signal accuracy, cut another groove across the back of the blade wih a Wiangular fla. Tepe or gk anything Ma over the notch {9 make a sighting hole. Fist, aim at th sun, hen rotate the kite 60 the Nolo aims al the target you want to signal. The curved Surface inside the blood groove wil provide you with a good, long. flash message. you uso your knfe {or dressing game and you dont want the relested sun fo broadcast your postion all over the ‘woods, simply cover the polished area wit apiece of pe, ‘THE ESSENCE OF SAFE COMBAT. INCREASING RANGE. Nv you watched our Apache gunships knock out Hussein's Fuseian 7-72 tanks, you saw the prneple of Range In action. The haleopters ware to faraway forthe Tanks to shoot, and the tanks wore wel win misla range. Resut—Ados, Saddam ez 1 you fallout of telowship with a bear or wld pig In the ‘weeds, | recommend that you Keep some distance between the two of youunless you tke soars” Boars and boars a7e Ike fastfood ‘atariss—they Ike to charge before dinner. Dont let them got away with You'll enjoy things alot mere f you take tho meal out ot thoirnie, KEEPING AWAY FROM. DANGER BY USING RANGE The rash of handgun sales in San Diego during 1, and the rnilios a year sold in Miami tell us the country is big on Gefensive firepower. ‘Thats OK, but what about knives? You. fan we. pistol fo do the work ofa kaif. Buta Kafe can doa {ot pistol work. In the word of preparation for survival and 2 great outdoor style of living knives don't get the attention they deserve Cheete —etrete w ‘You can get the ostance you need by attaching your knife fm o the end of a long wooden pole. That way, whatever sls ‘animal charges you impale sll and becomes a wid nner. Fie or grind two grooves in a hal rele around the side ofthe handle. Once thats Gone, uso the krte as @ jg and line up by laying i next to along pole. Put wo similar grooves in the poe After that, you can make a spoar in soconds by cinching UP a pair ot Plastic tee ovar both groaves. Then, you ean keep cistanco bbetwoen you and danger Later, you have Uma, add securiy to tho ti of wih parachute cord. (One ofthe most popular knives sald today s the S.AK. (Swiss Amy Knife) ts aly 3 handle fl of usetl feels. Tune kup ran ‘the grinder over the tip of your philips-head screw stver s0 the 129985 si down in te serous Sharpon the Blades wih a fine slone ‘or diamond and hold ten degress 50 you have a surgical tol [Now your knives are vorsatlo. Thoy wil cu more—beter an ‘quicker. You can change thoi combat effectiveness by extending ‘ange. You wil have more corto, and they wll nandle petty 25 you make thom do what you want, In shen, they wil perform botor than ovorbotee, which translates to thie: Youll become a real pro Inthe wood, 2 Chapter 3 HOOSE, THE KINDS OF RNIVES YOU NEED ‘Choose your knit vay cretuly if you only plan to carrying ony cone. Te ga thal ono kilt perform well fer you, figure out how Yyouit use i That's tough. Most good outdoor woman and men Fave many oferet things to do with a knte. They dress out sma fame cock, chop wood, stat fires, make traps and shelter and perform minor tet aid Getting one krife to accompish all those ‘unaions is impossible a you drit have fo cary just one. You can carry saveral ‘Sine knives dont weigh much, even 10 a backpacker, you can go ino the woods o¢ gle wah as many as fer knives. f you have io, {ul down on weight by elirinating something ese, bul cary several Knhves. To make good cece, hk about al he reasons you need krivgs, then get every Blade you naed. Think, for example, about heoping one supersharp blade freseno. When you do tat, yout faivaye have a kro ready for fill aurgery. Al things consiered, fhe gain in uly and performance trom saveral knives wil make ‘outer ile more enjoyable and much easier 20 oa lockback,one-hand! ‘opening, folding keite with a blade just under four Inches, 2 Either a Swiss Army, @ Buck Wenger, or an SOG too! ef. 3.8 keychain knife (Oy ilo uses hors fas many as four times a day) Some outdoorsmen purchase knives with the wrong ‘mativation.Perhape: This Swies Army knife allows you to do a variety of chores-enywhere 7 #5: Folders with lockback blades This the Knife for dally we They open wit one hand, cary in hall he space and go in Vere of places ih Tiere i ete ese ‘on your body. Every good woman should own one. SS Tay es ee ere eee: CC. tmace tham fee, ‘macho to carry deal women's knife enetrates, then cuts. “The list of knives you might consider for outdoor, woods use ote ga sonepie teste But the eovest orterin for 4. Able bide ik a Gurkha Kut choosing @ knife fs “D, none of 2. fixed handle shoath knife to hang of your bt, te above = 8. folder, probaby wa a loktack blac 4.8 small pocket file, perhaps with some lool in the Suppose you could arty hand, such as @ Swi Army Oficers, only one knife. To choose very. best kaile for you, Inthe oy, your kite choice shoud be ateren. You personaly, nik about several dont nee ig blade fo shot consncton, But ou mig have To factors. "How wil you use it tepai a car ofa Meurtain ke, or parhape YoU need a hn (© most? Ace you tall enough 10 detend agar somo ofthe nasior customs tho hlghooood fay Boge Dade?” Can you ‘So, your et might ook i farao-a heavy Kl? Woul {oiler or sheath ano work bot foryou? %0 st ‘We developed most of our outdoor concepis on this model Bul, smaller size will do the same tricks, plus be easier to Cary.” Make sure ke tpishigher then te back ofthe blade In Great Livin’ in Grubby Times, we ciscustod thoroughly how to choose 'n use a survival weapon. Begin with an accurate ‘assessment of yours, olowed clocly by an easessiment of your reees. Just as you cary a smal bore pistol witha big bore lo, you ‘ean camy a ema pocket knife along wth your bg bow, ‘The same apples to choosing your knife. Do you ve Ina ul ‘area ful of wid animals, or are you surrounded by a concrete jungle {ull of wider animals? "Wal you use your kre every day oF only Inteuonty? "wo you: alert? geno esk? 6 tie? °o (One other factor n kite choice to consider I this: Wl you be sing your knives alone or wil you most kaly pariner up with a friend? Pemnaps you're usualy wih your wife, of, you fequortly hunt or camp wih a buddy. big par ofthe Green ores Guide 0 Outdoor Survival taught you how to form a survival team Successful. One reason for fring a team st lz the diverse talents of the team’s members. That's what wo do in Special Forces. i you have a varity of talons avaiable to your team, your changes of wining in canifict or surviving are much greater. That's ako true wth knives. AS an india, you probabh ood te eary four koves wth you, bu you il have fo conser ercay how you Be sing tam, how bg yea, you Pat ofa team however. you can achieve fear pret stent, Sng, rppna, rope-cating, an domolton sity ht by aca 2 aitterent kniv diferent members. That's fone area in which ‘Army Spocal Forces, sorews up. Here you get a diversely {lentes team—stll adhering to the Army's» idea of standardizing equipment—-14 ‘man, all carving the ‘ame (cube edged dagger?) blade ‘Thats not too brah Standardization works OK wen your ‘ammunition fis your ‘buddy's rile, but at knives already tit most hands. (Wel Show you how 10 make ido that in another chapter.) ‘What you naed fa wido variety of sizes and blade shapes ‘Camillus Righ country hunters (Curved cuting edges for skinning big game. Penetrating point on Jet ‘Theretore: You can realy specialize in knife elaction for yourself you know a bude has a eiferet blade in case you need {co a special ob. If youre a toam member oF you always ao ito the flee witha buddy, choose your blades with that in mind, and do ‘the choosing together so you cover any possible stuaton. How wal you use your knives? Ifthe primary purpose might be to provide food and you lve The trop, think about a rst-poot big blade to knock a coconut apa. Inthe deser, you could be a Title more carelaee about the rus fee quaiies. Inthe mountains, ypu fied good meat to eat on animals. But, ters's a problem: they Tequkre skinning, So a shinning blade is @ good dea. I! you spend tract time outdoors, you may eam to rap. A bg rile wl Hol you Drepare all kinds of wooden gadgets. small knife is valuable for making tip-ne tigger. a ONE OF THE NECESSARY TRICKS ATACTICAL KNIFE MUST PERFORM (EMARGERENT) \Whon you have decided what you ean work wih and wht you ‘need, ook over what's avaiable. Basically, you have two calogoioe to choose from. Your knife bade ether stores in the han to make 4 short package, or the handlo and blade are thked, whieh often equies a carving place on your body about rine Inches long, irivos with blades folding ito the han: Pckot knives Folding bet knives ips. Balsong, or, buterty knives ives with blades and hanes ed open, Hunting or Sheath Knives Survival Knives Gurkha Kure krves Of course, other kinds of knives pertorm special tasks beter than any ofthe basi four. Some other kinds inluce: Machetes and bole knives Throwing knives /tricens Stuboles and Thandles Dive knivesipybare Fist, ts ook at some knives with blades sored inthe handle 3 PO POCKET KNIVES ‘Acquments again. | have never bean mush of pocket krifo person. The Bulge In my pocket Is uncarforable. The lle folding krwes fallout ot my parts pockets everywhere. ‘More than tha, | ‘ate using any knife en which the blade can colope on my hand. | ke mysinges ‘Arguments for, Fist, you can overcome the pocket-cary probiom. Buy a black nylon sheath and cary your packet knife on {yur belt. After | switched my earty mothod, | sharponod a two: Bladed Buck kre 89 wot eno that k performed lke a razor blade ‘onthe rabbis | butchered. needed vary ltl lonework to mainain that blads, and over two years, | probably ld $00 rabbits with | doubt | wil ever get rid ot my Swiss Army Oftcers kato Cover tha years I have cared fin my backpack and used for jst about everyting. Mine has tweezor, scissors, can opener, and fevan a magalying glass, Tve used tho leather punch to modi all kinds of belt and feot gear, ard recent, in Fj, | used the bottle ‘opener several times a day. ‘One thing wrong on Swiss Amy and other folders fer some of sin America is the corkecrow. Matty ofthe wine Ginko in ‘ur society stay out of the woods and preter to sloop on ‘onerte at Sin ad Main, Abo, glass (bokan wine bolas) treates hazards in the woods, More than a ‘ow fires havo broken out in Calfomia when the suns rays, magnified trough broken bots, ignited como cry grass. ‘What a uiiy folder could employ better would be a wood auger blade. would dela neat ile hole in wood fe accept a plug, which 's one ofthe most often used tigger systems for raps anc snares. you Team o set traps, woul you tka your tigger system to work flawless}? Start with a neat, round hale. Gut ho branch lon. Scrape eff the bare Then use the auger to pick out the corect amor of branch section for appaiot ing ph you hava fo cary a kre in one of your pockets, tle to wah ‘2 thong on one of your bal eops. Use shock cord or any othe ‘late Gordo state our a ams lngih s you dont have to unde 38 Your Knife to use it. Naturally the tie-off Keeps the knife from ‘paring your body, it wil do the sam thing Yor your hand. Shp YOUr wrist through the thong. That's especialy Important i you're Working over war NAMES OF FIVE DIFFERENT BLADE SHAPES zo Pocket nines ofr the cifere’badas. The beaut of pocket ves itis: Mute aces broaden your k's usokinos Ose Dado does one ting we whe arate proves a eins, cea funcon Probay he bel sling poke tae ovr Ne yeas fay been the trapper. | “ neces et | ay tied out why thay called thet To me, apn th art of ang ape and sare for anal an tr" ald days, owever, poopie used manufactured rape Tay Deus tam supers, The taper ke wasn for malay tage woe ‘eld rene ad shining te anal cgtn oes ape So tne le fared te fod blades: A lp poy anda sheeple blade, Cip blades can be honed so sharply tat he eels ke a ace, Thus. he Slade gets ono oy tes parooe te pes spines out cl your hie, The spy Sao ite cars Inch ke able! Tiss a goed blade to sharpen oe ma ond evr use, tut now aR thre or ad eugey, Ot cauta ee reat skiing Bade tor smal gamo f you seuded i Nesom thought doesnt happen.” You can use the esp blade leg {hrough hide and pul ihe skin completly of ¢ warn ani Sheepsloot aes wore egal fr mm sheep Reaves a wotk beter today for mitin” ahs preparing sal woes pieces, 96 ‘inoe the end of the blado isnt sharp, you can work your tingers against ft safely. By pushing on thal rounded ond, you can put pert pressure on the back ofthe biade and gel a prac cu FOR LADIES WITH DELICATE NAILS Opens vith pinch or with caution. Whan buying @ pocket kre, make sure your finger nal te the nal rick. What good i a knife # you cant get to the blade? Lets of knives combine too strong a retum spring wi 100 small a nall-iek, and ft takes a pair of pliers to make the knife Usable. Moreover, | don thnk | could be persuaded to buy a folding kite today that | coulét open one handed. One-handers foday come I two vases: The hole opener (lound on the Cipit Ine) and the stud openers. Ether way, al you have to do Is draw Your kno and fip the Bade to Use your knife. Thats valuable for Working people whe have something aleady in ther sacond hand when they need a knia, yOu aeady own a fackback folder you tant open with one hand, get a U.S. Calvary Catalog. 1-800-333. 5402 for $2. In 120 pages of hitech outdoor gear, they Include a bolton stud so you ean fx your kre to open with one hand. Even with a decent, workable nalbick, the knife is useless for many women wit have ther nai done. “The woman absolutely need a one-hand opering folder. With one arm load of groceries, ‘she can get the kee reac whan she sees what might be trouble in the parking lt. Then I tho trouble develope, she's ready to attack. by surprae and cut a (Ona igh over Lousiana wi a short cent, he told ma tat State was number two in per capita rate of amici. He couldnt Lnderetand why robbers In the French Quarter of New Orivane ‘would hold someone up, collect hel booty, and then kil ne vim, ‘Count on Cold Steak. (Wate 2128 D Knol, Venture, CA 003), You don't have to apon this knife, itunenaps from a lightweight, hare nylon sheath. Cold steel pioneer many new and novel designs to fityour needs. This one, a grent defender, Under $2! "anew why. is because the soln cre cards dont got reports ae cy whan the vim ie, and tertore ane ¢ Ror rao wn eno” Tarfra tis wat yor eae wo run to Frere ueter thew Grats oa ‘0F £0 in credit card fence value. i Even if tho knife you already onn is only a plan folder with no ‘cess for one-handed opening, ty to modi fsa you an gat & 38 ‘open easly with one hand, Your lockback wit be a it sit out of {he box. Take a Ile rubbing compound, max wih oi, and work ‘vin ini th knife eit so your blade works rae. Besides tha, acd ‘some ugh tape around the nal rick to Improve your or. With contiwed working of tho pivot wth the lapping compound and a good arpoingsurtae on the blade, you can ehake your knit pen. Of course, thas secend best; f you shake t open you wind ti holing the biage father than the handle, and you stil have to transter fa the other hand to achieve your goal. Better that you own {knife on which you can fip th blade open and wird up ready for ‘clon wh he Hanae tily In your Pane, FOLDING BELT KNIVES Ifyou hunt out of a truck, (oxampie: bear th dogs) you vl be geting In and out of your vehicle alt. Usvally, your istol hangs off fhe side and your Knife hangs an the other, eo you end up (pun intended siting enone of them, Foliing belt knives are almost as efecive as good hunting knives, You can fir your Kafe s0 has @ one‘hand opening stud land a bolster hol, but the lockback feature on the blade has to {ome rom the factory. Lockback flor cary up, out of the way, Sind ae concealed by mest Jackets. You wont oven know i's thers Unless you each orf. OF couree, oiders aro not the ke of enoice {use or cooking, fee parties stuck tothe biado work their way into the handle orevice and wil crete a high bacteria count on the bade’ uting ecg, % ‘Several companies make folders with more than one blade, so you get a vanaty of good uses out ef the same handle. Remington's Big Gam kite provides a lock-back for bath blades, One cp lade peneates and skins (comewha), and the other has @ gut heok on the end ofa boning caw. Gut hooks are migerabo fo sharpen, ard you shouidn? naed fo cut through bone in the filé. Animale were ‘designed by God to come apart atthe ois when tendons ae cu. I you'e thinking of buying a foling rife ard it doesn't have the blade lockout feature, forget it's only an overgrown pocket ne In a bet pouch, and when the blade colapses on your hand, youl Soody wish youd bought the real thing, (One hurting season in Oregon, a foingkrife was all | used. | crossed cut a couple of deer and a bear with i The kre was lle short forthe teks, but twas a dream to cary: ‘A maringpk knit s for yachismen or fishermen. You use the spke for spicing rope ard taking out knots that would never respond to finger pleking. For hunters and outdoorsmen, however, ropes are being replaced with other fasteners, see Shollor in Book I! of Everybod/s Ouldoer Survival Gude) so the marinspke knife may lose some popula. FIXED BLADE KNIVES. COMBAT. Inmy opinion, noone should buy a combat kre without buying 4 raring krte made of rubber. Mf you own one and dom practice rn, yout jut asiing for trouble when You ty and make R work for you. Path Finders philosophy on combat, however, is don't. Knives got you ino erminalireubieH you win bocause you asses 8 lesser armed vilain wih a deadly weapon. Ifyou go up against an ‘opponent witha firearm, you Just give him an excuse to pull the ‘rigger. Finally, nate, both parize tothe confit tose. Therefore your chances are lose, Jose, of goto jal. Bigger blades are beter because they give you more reach. Trerefre, you can extond your ‘ange rem your opponent and rove in when you have an opering. CGonsidor, for exampl, the Mamma from Black Jack Knives. Cold ‘ioc! makes tho Trailaster, whic is a long bowie-ype blade. Tanto, also trom Cold Stools a good combat Kile bocause the tip of he bade angles back soi sees nicely. 40 From Chis Paifer collection You need 19 carya second compass, and hollow handle knivesarea reat choles for survival. Note holes in ulin and screwdriver HUNTING KNIVES: 1 you undorstand the aforanoe betwoon a sports car and a four wheol eve tek, you can undorsans in ference betwoan 2 folding bet krife and a hunting kite. The litle folder wil get you In ‘and out of some ight spois, anc wil park easly in a smaller pouch but the bg guy has power and can cut qute a lead. Of course, big sivas can't equoeze nto ght paves, and they requre a bg parking spol on your body. ‘when we say “hunting knife we're taking about coli, trong handled, sheathed, norfolcing, unting knives. People call hem bt knives because that's the way they are most often carted. ‘Almost all coma wah a quilion (hand guard that keeps you fom ‘icing your fingers at ona forward plunge) ‘Some ofthe features to lok fr. Kraton handle, pommel hoe with steve, Serrated cuting edge near quillon, and non-ip thumb rest. Penetrating point on dip shape Hot rods say, “Fit doasnt go, chrome i.” We fool the same way about knives. “II won't hold an edge, adorn and fangrave it” Tous, kaves ere a tool, and drawing fancy pictures on them doesnt make alta sense. Belore folding bet krives came along a hunting knife was your main cuttor. ost big game hunters sil refer thom bocause thoy do a big job quickly. Anybody who hunts a lot realy needs ona, because pocket knives are just a litle too fimsy for eressing big ‘ame, Others wil choose the bg biade because they chop limbs, make taps and weapons or work 8s @ quick step when criven iio & tree. Sice the big hurting ke is net going fo be your one and only commend. The bigger he better “The kit you choose ‘n use often depends on how much time you have to eld dress the game you bag. The time facor is most Creal to a hunter atthe end of he day. Here's the problem: You hunt all day when mosi big game is bedded down. Deer, for ‘exam, drop down during the day witha view downocind then let the nose wam hem af approaching man trom upwind. This way they stay somewhat safe. About an hour or so before sundown, ‘hay move around to feed. Thats whan most meet "deer Maker.” ‘Once your gama is bagged, your major riliary mision Isto get your meat out ofthe woods belore nightfall. Yout have to cover the ‘stance 1 your camp or truck in dayight you have any respect for your shins. i! you have fo cary It out of the woods in he dark, stumbing wal make the meat on your lower logs lok something Ike tho animal you jst bulchred. Algo, you'll gat lest easier at night {anless you have our Compass Course Book), Thus, many ‘utsorsman try fo go faster. But t's hard to save time by bookie {th the woods with over a hundred pound lead on your back. Also, its physealy sky; # you twist an ankle, count ether on slaying out A low ena day, orusing our knees fr fot ‘80, here's the stuaion report: Aim your ke a the top of the ‘sun quickly and ead the dayight le on your clnometer. You have only @ certain tie to get out ofthe woods it you wart to completo thal travel In daylight, plus youll need time to field dress your groceries 2 [Operation Desert Storm Knife by Bardsley has some great features. Top of knife is stright, and quilion could be dled forsighling, Thicker spine to the poit gives strength for prying, Carved eulting edgehelps make this bade a good slicer. Th oregon hounds. A bear does all right with nounde as long 28 ne runs. downhill. Uphil, however, the dogs use davelopad hind quarters tO ‘ose in. Raut, he bear usually ees a ong way down and alow hundred yards up. 2 the time | usually arved at the tee, Id be spent. (One bear | shet departed tis word an hour and a hal tore sundown, |koaw where | was exact woul take me an hour and {quarter to gel fo the main road, My knife told me | only had an hour and a half et before It got dark. doesnt take an Inspector Clouseau te figure out | only had fitgen minutes to dress that Careass out, all to make my drese-out deacline and | wouls probably ess out my shins in the dark. “That's what happened. Though | dnt néed to skin an inch on that bea because the hie and head would goto the taxidermist, at Thad with me wae a ralead point skinning knife, $0 i took me over ‘aha hour belore could loave, Thai meant abe late, and | would Be earying nthe dark. Since | had ist hosted #.700 8. downhil 4 then 900 feot back up another hil | was puppy-dog ted. My shins stl bear wino3s tomy poor ning. Scars “The whole story makes this point: when daygh lading, you need a knife yeu can werk with—tast and eicianty. Drop point of faling point blades open an imal quickly o you lighten the cary without tainting any meat. Also, you need a haty blade to cut ‘Sy teth on the back ofa Blade often weaken i Here, the] blade is long enough to make teeth effective. Clip-shaped point ‘makes this knife a good pole spear attachment. Hollow handle carries survival goodies. Great thong attachment. Handle| ‘wrapped in cord provides utility in the field. Any mother| ‘wearing combat boots should be proud to own one. through find quarter pins Fase you avigs the weigh or naod 10 ‘make two rps. I! he folding belt hunter you ary doesn't do ‘voting you rage, cary a bger bac put Rorsopone ‘your butcher work, on - _— What really do you need in the fig? As we taught in Everybody's Outdoor Survival Guo, you ally nood © knew Now to ‘make ate. That means chop wood iter by saw o axe. So—knite makers troquantly cut @ saw edge on the back of ‘hair big knives. But, that's not the best ea. Que Book dealers in ‘Alaska tell us thal saw tooth knives oten break. Where? At a‘ooth Cut. Chop though whatever you need in halite laser an easier. "Thad lunen recenty with Jey Younkins, @ prominent knife wr. Rest assured, ne Goes his homework. Ho tolls me You can tap on the back of blade and thus otve i ino ab a= you ral around the sid0s and pross in ovor deaper wit each tap. works great and “4 you would be prised atthe size of some limbs ne has cut wih only a small blade! We ‘esigned the PAKA fin ths book) with a pivoting hanaia so You can chop things asily. That's also why we figured out how 10 move the plvot point behind the knife pommel wi a lanyard and thus chep with more fre. Finally the chopping functions he feason we setiad on the Kuki 25 Such a great addiion to your regular fil kife complement. FISH AND FILLET IT. To work on fish best, you need more than one Krife bade. ‘You need to takeoff tha soa, You need te cut through the skin {uso a box krta, especialy on tuna), and you need to cut thin slabs ‘8{ meat of he bone, Bigger knives are simply teo unwieldy for fish. Use a filet blade, wich sa fng, slander, lxle blage witha sharp, ine point land an upswepl tip. This last feature gles the kre a sweeping Gurve 0 that files witha fp of the wrist we the blade Is deep into the meal. ‘Any fishing or boat knits needs to fost. Whon your hands are full of sie on a rocking boat, your kil has a good chance of Sipping out of your hand. I sinks, wave good-bye. Sore kate makers sil contse ther knives with fishing tacKe. When a krifle Tits the water, shouldnt tum ino a sinker. you bought one of {hase cll a hol inthe pommel and tea float on 50 you can gett back Qt ofthe drink Wt sips. You'tbe at safor wih your kite ts nancle has @ good ar. | recommend Kraton, that scky rubber fist uses by Cod Steel your knife handle ls some chinzy, small aré black pastic, size I tit by adding plate wood or wrapring the hancle—preterably wih parachute cord you can use in an emergency 6 Spikes in the quilion at an angle would allow you t use your Jenfe as a grappling hook. Lanyard attachment is solid A Dollow handles great slorage bt normally, the sf nse i Junk. Write to MPI to gota ean of replacements, (©, buy a Bieyle Inner tube. Coat the Inside with elppony ‘ubber cement, and side a cu section of tho tube over your Nanale 30 you have a good gripping surface. The bke tube rubber wil also Insulate your Hand from temporature extremes or electrical current you might fel by euching the tan. ‘You can purchase ether a fixed blado sheath it knife, or @ folder. | preter the former with along blade, but | woulan' estate oan a folder canyng around a boat was important. Make sure Ihe blade is stainless, especialy if fishing in sak water. Also, pck a bade that hes been heat eated so i's haz. With today's 6amnond sharpeners, you can put an edge on a lot easier, so edge durabity 's more important than a so, easy sharpen cing eae SURVIVAL KNIVES: Evor since the movle, FIRST BLOOD, a naw breed of kives for survival has old wo. ive Rambo cred (Stallone got two capios ‘ot our Everybody's Outdoor Suna Gude in Hawail) Fist Blood {ave bith fo rary sana kes, nohding our oan design he PAKA, ° " 4s _ ‘One move good use fora big Bade, When you hold the Blade behind your Bock, you can sing owt and eat. From that same position, you can upper arm block an incoming blow from a Siu. Just make sue to hold the Blade flat along your forearm ‘Several companies have tried to make a good sunival knife and faieg, One area in which they come up shert isthe sawtoothed tek. Without tothe, the blade wilbind nthe wood. The dealer at Alaska's Bullet and Glade shop in Anchorage tells me his: "UP here inthe col, steal put tothe unimate fast. I a company’s {ually control slips, the blades fal, most often when you need folabity the moat” He then woot on te say thatthe blades fafed Tost by breaking—right whore the tolh cute were bacause tooth cults weaken blade meta. Sill, you may want to buy a survival kre. Ifyou folow our ‘meditations, you ean improve the one you buy. Then carry a ‘eeend pocket kfe or folder. But you MUST start with something ‘decenl. Pay attention t0 our chapter on blades. Since a survival Kno siays packed and Unused for long periods of tina ts a goed idea to get a blade that wont rust, a7 When | first pubished thle book, (440 ©) stalnless was hot Evan though it was dificult sharpen, t could hold an edge fora long time. One problem was Yoo britia, Underside sess it ‘would break. Another small problem Iwas so hard haf would dig 42 smal sh Into a rough stone £0 you cout use the sone fo put {roiable straightedge on your kre anymore Now, however, we havo better stoels and llr tee! binds Inthe early 80's, speciety knives hadnt yet come Ino populaiy the ‘way they have today. Inthe trade, specially eters to knives wich wore designed for a special purpose, The form has a boreder meaning today, however; i means knives made with special seal ‘ng (sematimes) special pling which will do a great variety of ‘chores--pts stand up under the toughest of taste, Blackiack hres. {is ust one of the fers which make such krives. They use a rather ‘new ste! blend which wil tay sharp fora long ime, but ya st 59 bite tha t beaks, Dont go for pai, high carbon ste, which wi rust and thus falta cut fr you when you nega l most. Carton stool sts, With @ Imrescope, you cous ciscover ust as much piting slong the cuting 12098 &8 you would on tho cde ofthe Bede. Therefore, ater long periods of storage, the edge-pited bade coulnt cul. There is only ‘one thing worse than going aiels and Torgting something tats remembering everthing, but finding out that what you brought wont cutie, Probably he new, specialy knives are the most raiable you can own today. They choese their steels most careful), and then Plate or Wreat that see so thelr knives outperform arc ot lat other ‘commercial knives by @ wide margin. Even though they cost Irom 15% lo 40% mor, the invostmant is excelent when you consiser a Fetum of more than 100% increased pertormance and relabiy, Blackjack makes a knife so woll that Jerry Younkins bult a ‘cabin with one. The company tls me they wil sharpen any of theit ‘vas for ree tor Ee, and also wit roptaca any thal break. For an ‘extra 15%e-40% in cost, at's rot bad. Cols Steors knives ae also {op of te line, and thoy do just about anything. Take knives from bath of these manufacturers out ofthe Bor andthe ecg wil shave your am “Two decent survival Knives. Top has angles quillion for grappling hook spikes, stuffed into sheath. Botiom: The Brewer, designed by Spanish explorer. This guy had his act together, designed krife with hole in tip of blade. Very wseful. ou oon fay or wom aouTd waler, Ta Sure your sonal ne comes win a rubber O-ing to keep waler out ofthe Noliow hancle. Almost all are packed with wrong stu, so changa the “Tha quck and easy way sto buy a survval ‘San from MPI, 37 East SL, Winchostr, Mass. 01860-1106. Tho kt has just about everything you'll need—-as specified by the ‘companys deskn exper. ‘Weve soon some survival knife handles packed wih usaless Junk. Make sure the wire saw works, than lube it roaly well (Pigigrease) and rewrap i. Gut down onthe number of fish nooks to ‘boul thee. Incude at least one barbies hook so you can sew Up ‘2 human injury. Ags some manetilament fishin. th most survival knives, you can wrap the line around the plastic Insert (oocdie containe!), which also helps to cut down on the movement (and noise) inl the hai 0 ‘Add wood matches dipped in parttin. you cut them too shor, you can always use a pa ef plers found on a Sues Buck to fextend your reach witha burning match. Add a twoWve fot langth ‘0f good black yon thread. Tink about a few hallzcne tablets for putying water. Use thse it you dont have a modern tiraton straw to puly wator absolutly, aven trom Giarcia parastes, Some goodie kits contain a scalpel: that's OK it you don’ sharpen your smaller blades tan, Al ast you'l have a een Blade ‘or surgery in the Held to cut a snekebie wound open. Add a Tew buttorty sutures. Thon yeu wort have to push a fish hook through your leg, and any field wound can slay open somewhat, wich helps Iain fn case the orginal wound was messy. Finaly, aad a couple ‘of sewing neadies and tvead so you can exact splines cr repair your sit ‘Any mere room? Add clamp-on fish sinkers forthe Blade's clip to make your knife act ike an axe, You also wil need sinker if you ‘use your hammock for aga nat, crab trap or retrigoratr. “The compass hes fo bo smal tof tho Inside the handle. In frder to make I more accurate, enlarge tho sight base. Uso your ‘lade on @ vee stump to sight on a afacton in which yeu inten to ‘move. Push the blag ite the wood, and then line your compass up win the cut inthe wooos. Mako sure your knile has a thong hole. Before you wrap your hand in tape, buy and add two tight iting key ngs of over the hand. They make excelent snares when attached o wire. ‘Wrap part of the handle In shiny fuorescant het pink tape you'ra tactical. Gut a 12" pic of that tape off and stick ton the Back of your shit colars. That way, you and your buddy can see ‘ch other, ut nobody else ea, Dont buy a suvival kite without a quiion. Keeping your hand away trom the blade Is a good idea, and you need someting to Sight through fr accurate woods measurement, Finally, stone the back edge ofthe tip 2s well 2s the cuting fedgo. You'ilwart your kn o ct in two drections sometimes to 50 cut through blood vesaes in an animal or perhaps In sef defense ‘Win a sharp e0ge on each side ofthe blade, you can cut foreward for backward wth by flpping yeur knife back and oth. Aso, you ‘ant the poit sharp s0 You gel easy penaration when spearng. Remember, on a krte with an upswopt tp, you cant sharpen the Insige-out curve on the back of the blade unless you Use & rod ‘thar eoramic or damond, Teron tole bnife led EiChapor Claim o fame: Riss {pce than aon car Woden ane by benebum. Size 22 thong hole by Mio Ri. Marlo cas cating edge by Mise Buttes tonanan ‘THE BIGGIES—FROM BOLO TO BOWIE Both my Cold Stee! Bowie (Tralttasior) and my Black Jack Mamba are big knives. The Blades measure 9 12 inches. ‘The rule for shoath kniflo blades ie general tho Biggor the better. ust make sure you can cary the kno ha way which allows you to use TReasiy. Several eomparves now produce big blades with a special ‘Sheath. The kil hangs Upside down on palo! suspenders. It your big blade comes with a belt loop sheath, you can partial solve the lan out ofa truck problem when you mod the heath to hang formar. Als, punch a hol inthe bottom of the Sheath end attach a leather or nylon thong through it so you ean Ve the kt ot en your eg. 5 Tamed by Blade Magazie, “Ber (tery Buy ofthe Yaar 1687. Too good aed 9 bowser Blackjack mamta's ite brother is @ lock back folder, The stud on the blade gives me more positive one-iand opening than a thumb hole. Also, telease in center of handle helps prevent accidental lock release by squeeze In heavy is By my definition, any blade longer than the nine inches is a biggle.Blg blades wl co wonders when t comes to sicing and all dotonse. Blackack’s Mamba is euch a blado. Perhape is tha bes, most urably edges and most reabe big kale you can own, You may encounter the noes fr along reach wit a yeu ca have at nappan, you cen Make ety mh he Date te sysiom. Even your consi ec soya fow oot fag, yeu can develop romance ke power wt ao handed da a basal ype sung, sourse baller way ogo wth Sou Sxwoqors foun emasajntg tn. Tata. oe a endng acvance wamags, an you ont ‘ek rosea he pleas much er ansea Ityou regulary need a lads longor than 10 Inches, you shouts think about buying a machete: dust about ary surpus sare wil sell ‘one for under $10. They come shen (169 orong (24". Blackjack ‘makos a speciaty machete which costs substantially rove, but its lon The blade I tapered all the way to fh ip, sult you can ‘Sting the thing al daylong wihour geting as ec ale, a ght tip ‘ves you a lot more veloc, so youl through jungle brush ease 8 BOLO KNIVES wind up somewhere between machatos and bowies for size, The round noge onthe top ofthe biade quickly digs the meat out of coconuts—my mast dependable South Seas food But whe bolo knives aro cheap, they dont hoid an edge and they rust Ike Hawaian jnk yard iron. Therefore, you have to work on the edge very ime you use them. What's your tne worth? “THE KUARILIN A CLASS BY SELF ‘The big deal wth this knife isthe blade ands uilty. Because the tip of the blade is heavy, it chops like an axe. Since the tuivsture o he sharpened bottom edge Is porfact—far beter than {gn axe chops beter. The balance is much better than that found on @ camp ave, end you can use this knife for a variety of purposes, incdng skinning, draw king, nasly shetr fabrication, ‘and a host of overs Similar designs to the Kuktl show up from many ifferent facteries under a variety of nares. This bade isthe big one fo own Ifyou ito Into the fet with for knives. Bocause of he curvature Of the blade, slashes wit tremendous cutting power. The angle Gown kom the blade line on the handle alowe you fo reverse thust ino a target effctvoy. These knives are beter balanced than an fxe, and therefore are mare contolable. own a Becker Machax—~ [twas simply my epee. Black Jack produces Kulctlike blades in 2 \arely of shapes, butte Becker Machax isthe best forme because itil oa vanity of tas, EXTRAORDINARY KNIVES, | not very big on T-handled, or pushrbade knives, One such contraption fs worn lie a bolt buckle, so you get the element of Surprise in afack Big deal. You work your way in cose, and then pull tho knife and wha you are doing that, you could easly sur Eome damage you draw baloe you move in clos, your assaliant Sees the knife, 9 ho krows about your new, ollensive capability. he caries a handgun, your eri probably going lobe fetal Many manufacturers produce blades under to Inches. I can recommend them for keyehain cartas in the ety, and for women Short knives often become survival knives, however, because thats all you have when a situation arises. ‘Thetefore--dan BUY & cheap, shor-bladed knife. Spend the extra ton dollars; yout 53 ‘absolutely need the qualty when the chips are down. i there ‘were ever a time when quailly counted, l would be when you Needed a knife ina suprise stuation. Throwing knives sell wll after a ht movie uses tat action in a stunt. Don't go fer. You can buy throwing knives cheap, and IWeraly destioy some nico tree who learning to be bad. Bat you sould waste the timo, Buttery knives take oo long fo open unis you happen fo be 8 tex driver in the Philipines and have time to practice. "Most ‘utteiy blades are a bear to sharpen. | dey yeu over to sharpen any buttoly knife lke the razor cuiters from SpyderCo, Cold ‘Steel, or Blackjack. Cold Stool makos excollent small knives for defense purposes, and sinco they are ane pie in gman sheath, you doat need te apen them, ‘Switch blades and push blades are lkewiee poor investments, aan a one-hand opening loeKback bade, you dont have ta wory about the blade broaking, and its odge wit be tar sharper than you anything you ean ever hope to develop. ter ways fo gat couble ‘edged culting and detense utty are with boot knives and dagger, both abit unwieldy because ofthe ted hanese. The overall length ofthe to willbe bt msch to cary, SPECIAL KNIVES FOR THE CAMP KITCHEN you Ive in the woods, you wil be storing and freezing a oto game—birds, feh, venison an bear—permape even elk. A good ‘ural house sheuld have two kichers: ene for cookin, ane the other for harvesting. Do the same in camp. You need an area for harvesting ana ona for cocking, Probably ha best idea for any outdooreporson’s kitchen isto stock with the same four blades youl cary with you nthe wood, [A Becker Machax boats a mast cleaver ary day. nino inch Blade cculs meat, bread and al kinds of vegetabies. A few smaier hunting knives and a tilt kite round out your colton. With these tools in the klchen, you increase you knife Nanding and curing skis day ‘Neo, those biados will hold an edge far biter than most commercial trade ktchon keives. Any magnet ool sip wil hold ham ona wal, With jst one sot of krives for Both Kchen and field, you can go anywhere and fel right at home, 5 ity bother to sharpon your knives? Dull knives wil cu you simply have to push and sca harder to make them do thet ‘work, Tnats why