COMMUNICATION MODELS

• TRANSMISSION MODEL

- describes communication as a one-way, linear process in which a sender encodes a message and
transmit it through a channel to a receiver who decodes it.

• TRANSACTIONAL MODEL

- is the exchange of message between the sender and the receiver where each take turns to send or
receive messages.

• CONSTITUTIVE MODEL

- according to Robert Craig, communication is no secondary phenomenon that can be explained by

antecedent psychological, sociological, cultural, or economic factors; rather, communication itself is the
primary constitutive social process that explains all of these factors.

PRINCIPLES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION

Clear pronunciation: words delivered should be visible or clear enough in order to achieved the goal of
the message to the receiver.

Preparation: Before communicating orally the speaker should take preparation both physically are
mentally.

Unity and integration: There should be a wholeness in speech as this addresses to group of people.

Precision: The meaning of the words must be specific.

Natural voice: The speaker’s must not be fluctuated at the time of oral communication. On the other
hand artificial voice must be avoided.

Planning: The speaker should take proper plan for delivering speech.
Simplicity: The speaker should use simple and understandable words in oral communication. It should be
easy and simple.

Legality: The speaker’s speech should be legal and logical at the time of oral communication.

Avoiding emotions: At the time of oral discussion, excessive emotions can divert a speaker from main
subject. So, the speaker should be careful about emotion. The speech must be emotionless.

Acting: Many people lose concentration after listening for a few minutes. So speech must be
emotionless.

Efficiency: Speakers efficiency and skill is necessary for effective oral communication.

Vocabulary: Speaker should use the most familiar words to the receiver of the message to avoid any
confusion in the meaning of the words.

COMMUNICATION ETHICS

Ethics is the moral system or judgment of what is right from wrong and also refers to the

values, conduct, manners and behavior with the respect of rightness and wrongness of an action.

If it is used in communication, we define communication ethics as the governing principles of

communication that has to do with the rightness and wrongness as well as appropriateness

relevant to the dimensions of communication. Ethical communication advocates truthfulness,

accuracy, honesty and endorse freedom of expression with its diversity of perspective that leads

to the respect of other communicators before evaluating and responding to their messages.

Ethical communication is fundamental to thoughtful decision-making and responsible thinking. It is

about developing and nurturing relationships and building communities within and across contexts,
cultures, channels and media. Ethical communication is also accepting responsibility for the messages
you convey to others and the short-term or long-term consequences of your communication.

Furthermore, ethical communication might extend to the medium or even the language you choose for
delivering your message. Using a medium that limits the audience or delivering a message in a language
that your audience does not fully understand, limits how your message is received and perceived. For
example, if you are speaking to an audience of primarily deaf or hearing-impaired employees, ethical
communication requires having a sign-language interpreter.