Materiais de Construção: José Alexandre Bogas

Materiais de Construção
Materiais Cerâmicos
José Alexandre Bogas
2013
Estrutura e comportamento dos materiais

1 INTRODUÇÃO................................................................................................................... 3
2 HISTÓRIA.......................................................................................................................... 4
3 CERÂMICOS TRADICIONAIS E TÉCNICOS.............................................................. 7
4 ESTRUTURA DOS CERÂMICOS.................................................................................... 7
   
5 PROPRIEDADES MECÂNICAS DOS CERÂMICOS................................................. 10
    
6 MATÉRIAS-PRIMAS....................................................................................................... 11
   
        
   
       
   
    
  
    
7 PROCESSAMENTO DOS CERÂMICOS......................................................................20
8 CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE MATERIAIS CERÂMICOS....................................................23
      
   
   
   

    
    
9 MATERIAIS CERÂMICOS NA CONSTRUÇÃO.........................................................28
  
     
      
   
     
      
      
     
      
10 BIBLIOGRAFIA...............................................................................................................40
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1 Introdução
              
          
            
             
       
           

           
          
           
           
             
             
              
            
               
                
             
             
                
             
        
           
      
           
        
           
          
          
               
            
             
                
             
           

              
  
            
2 História
            
              
              
            
   
             

             
            
          
                
              
             
               
       

    
    
   
    
               
           
               
              
             
            
            
            
            
          

              
          
             
           
              
              
           
             
               
       
             
          
              
         
           
              
          
            
             
               
                 

             
          
           
             
  
              
      

              
             
              
        
3 Cerâmicos tradicionais e técnicos

           
        
            
               

             
        
           
           
         
           
              
           
               
               
            
               
             
 
            

              
           
            
            
4 Estrutura dos cerâmicos

         
             
            
              
             
               
               
             
   

                
              
              

            
         
          
          
            
           
             
           
           

             
              
             
             
               
           
            
         
4.1 Cerâmicas silicatadas

             
            
               
               

               
               
          
               
              
           
           
              
              
               

             
              
           
   
                
               
            
            
              
           
         

         
         
            
    
5 Propriedades mecânicas dos cerâmicos

            
             
          
            

                
             
                
    
             
              
            
             
            
           
              
        
            

           
          
           
               
              
                
     
            

              

                
      
             
          
           
           
               
             
             
              
      
             
            
               
        
5.1 Outras características

           
              
              
           
           
           
           

                
              
               
        
          

            
      
6 Matérias-primas
          
              
           
           
           
              
          
               
          
            
             
             
              
            
           
          
             
  
          

   
6.1 Argila
            
             
            
          
           
              
           
             
           
            
          
              

              
           
     
           

               
            
              
             
              
              
              

               
  
               
              
             
            
              
           
           

 
 
   
     
   
 
   
     
   
          

            
            
              
            
             
 
             
            
            
           
               
              
         
           

          
             
               
          
         

       
        
              

            
               
          
            
             
            
         
               
           
                
            
           
         
            
 
6.1.1 Interacção da argila com a água

               
              
       
             
              
             
         
                
            
               
                
            
    
                
               
              
             
                 
 
                
              

            
           
           
              
           
            
         
6.1.2 Contracção
             
             
        
          
              
              
           
              
            
            

              
               
             
                 
                

               

      
           
6.1.3 Processamento térmico da argila

                
              
           
            
             
 
            

 

           

 
         
         
       
           
     
          

      
       
          
 
   
        
          
      
          

  

                
            
      
6.1.4 Sinterização
             
              
             
              
             
              
            
             
   
            
               

             
            
          
           
         

             
              
               
             
            

           
           
            
            

            
             
             
             
    
             
6.1.5 Crescimento de grão

         
            
            
        
             

             
              
          
             
              
 
6.1.6 Vitrificação
           
            
               
      
            
              
           
              
              
 
           

                
 
6.2 Outras matérias-primas

              
                
                
              
               
     
                
               
         
              

           
             
               
          
                
            
 

            

                
            
             
            
            
       
7 Processamento dos cerâmicos

               

          
              
              
            

            
          
           
         
             
           

            
             
            
              
          
          
            

           

           
           
            
 
           
               
         
           
          

            
              

              
             
             
            
            
  
         
               
                
                
              
              
          
     
           

  
              
      

             

             
             
        
                
            
             
     
               
    
          
            
    
           

             
           
          
         
              

              
               
            
             
         
             

             
              
                
               
     
             
               

              

            
        
                 
 
             

             
              
           
             
            
             
             
              
       
            

             
           
            
           
              
       
            
               
             
  
8 Classificação de materiais cerâmicos

           
          
            
               

           
          
             
              
             
            
      
            

    
       
       
 
8.1 Produtos de barro vermelho

              
         
              
          
             
           
               
              
              
               
               
              

            

              
            
          
             
          
            
             
     
8.2 Produtos vidrados

            
           

          

           
           
                
            
           
                
               
             
             
              
        
                  

              
              
               
         
8.2.1 Faianças
          
               
              
      
              

           
               
            
               
             
             
              
               
             
            
           
     
             
               
               

               
                 
               
             
   
8.3 Grés
              
            
            
   
                
               
              
      
           

            
           
             
            
                
             
           
            
            
              
              
           
  
8.4 Grés porcelânico

             
            
           
               
           
 
            

           

              
          
8.5 Porcelana
              
              
            
           
             
             
            
          

          
           
             
              
             
  
            
             
             
             
               
               
           
    
         

        
    
    
    
    
    
    
               
              
          
         

9 Materiais cerâmicos na construção
             
           
  
9.1 Tijolos
               
           
         
             
                 
                 
       
               
                
                     
           
                   
   
             

             
              
             
                  
           
             
              
              
           
         
              
              


           
           
            
            
                
           
            
          
               
9.1.1 Processo de fabrico

           
               
            
           
  
             

           
            
     

       
              
             
               
             
               
                   
               
             
        
           
9.1.2 Normalização e marcação CE

            
             
                
         

    
       

  
     
   
   
      
    
   
    
      

      
            
  
     
       
    
      
 

    
     
     
    
    
   
   
    
   

     
 
      
     
          
   
       
    
 
    
          
 
  
                 

           
               
          
            

            
                 
              
            

         

         
9.2 Telhas cerâmicas

           
         
                
            
              
             

              
               
             
              
        
             
            
              
            
              
             
           

             
 
     

     
      
      
      

    
 

    
 
 
    
 
       

              
             
           
             
           
              

             
              
      
       

  
  
 

        
      
    
      
      
    
    
          
 
  
              
              
  
              
             
   
              
             

 
                 
             
   
                  
              
            
         
9.3 Revestimento de paredes e pavimentos

            
              

          

          
         
           

           
          
   

              
            
            
            
        
            

             
           
            
           
           
                 
              
         
             
           
              
              
           

            

             
            
           
            
             
               
              
            
            
       
            

             
           
           
            
               
             
             
                
             
         
                


           
            
         
            
         
          
          
  

           
              
           
        
             
              
             
        
             

            
             
             
             
            

                
         
  
               
                   
                
             
  
             

             
               
            
  
         
         


    
  
     
   
  
     

     
    
 

   
       
  
  
        
        
    
   
 
         
        
      
       

   
   
        
 
      
          
         
        
         
   
      
 
        
      
      
  
       

          
      
      
      
         
 
   
       


                 

  
 
       

   
  
    

    
    
         
 
         
  
        

           
 
   
  
      
         
        
        
      
     
       
  
             

             
            
           
               
            
      
       

   
       
    

 
     

        
     

        
      
                


             
           
              
             
      

    
   
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10 Referências Bibliográficas
          
            
           
 
           

          

            
            
     
              

   
     
             
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              
         
          


           
            
  
            
             
     
      
              

      
         

     
           
     
            
         
              
           

           


          
     
          
       
            

 
              

  
              

            
 
              

         
             

              
              
             

                 
              
              
   
              

              
          
             
  
        
             
 
          

            
  
             

        
             

          
             
   
          

            
     
             
    
           

         
           

       
           

      
           

      
           

        
           

     
           

    
           

      
           

            
            
 
           
             
          
        
     
   
        
    

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    
    

    
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Materiais de Construção: José Alexandre Bogas

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Materiais de Construção

José Alexandre Bogas

   

           

            

             

3 Cerâmicos tradicionais e técnicos

            

4 Estrutura dos cerâmicos

          

4.1 Cerâmicas silicatadas

               

         

5 Propriedades mecânicas dos cerâmicos

            

            

            

5.1 Outras características

           

          

          

           

           

          

           

        

              

6.1.1 Interacção da argila com a água

            

               

           

6.1.3 Processamento térmico da argila

            

            

               

         

            

            

6.1.5 Crescimento de grão

           

6.2 Outras matérias-primas

              

            

7 Processamento dos cerâmicos

            

           

           

            

              

         

           

             

           

              

             

              

             