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Cºul
santa 7082
California, 00052
of
2106
university 3
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 ESTERDAY
MICRONESIA’SY
--

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*
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 ~ MICRONESIA's yesterns

Illustrations for an understanding of

Micronesia's history

Edited by

James M. Vincent
Social Studies é66rdinator

Photographic work by

Carlos Witi
Social Studies Photographer

Published with the assistance of Federal Grants by the Trust Territory

Department of Education, Headquarters, Saipan, Mariana Islands. Sept., 1973
Produced by the Social Studies Project,
a project funded under Title III of the
Elementary and Secondary Education Act,
with funds granted by the U.S. Office
of Education to the Trust Territory of
the Pacific Islands, Department of Edu
cation. Opinions expressed herein are
the author's; no official endorsement
by funding agencies should be inferred.

Trust Territory Department of Education

Printed by the Trust Territory Printing

Office, Saipan, Mariana Islands, 1975

ii
 llſ
5Too
Vº
Contents

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l

Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Micronesia from the beginnings to Spanish times. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;

Cheliteklel (Bidel) a Kodal
Dance Song of Death, Palau 1908 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Love Song from Truk District (about 1920). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

The Origins of Ponape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

A Story from Aineliik, Palau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2%

The Construction of the Catholic Church on Lukunor..........76

Germany in Micronesia: 19th century to 1911,....................79

The Sokehs Rebellion of 1910. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

Batang nu Kanif ni fan ko yol ni Kafini sum.

( A Tang of Kanif against the new customs)................ 100

Johann Stanislaus Kubary (1816–1898).......................108

Japan in Micronesia: 1911, to 1915. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...ll3

Photo Credits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16l

Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162

MAPS
Trust Territory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163

Marianas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16%

Marshalls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165

Palau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166

Ponape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
Truk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168

Yap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
 INTRODUCTION

We offer this collection of historical Micronesian photo

graphs, traditional songs and chants, legends, and historical

documents to the schools and communities of Micronesia. We

hope that this book proves itself useful for the study of

Micronesian history, but it is in itself not a history of

Micronesia. Such a history would ideally be accomplished by

a Micronesian using oral materials besides the printed docu

ments of the various colonial administrations. Yet we still

present this work believing that its often vivid photographs

will give the reader a visual understanding of life in the

islands over the past hundred years.

One fact stands out when one thoughtfully looks at these

pictures. . .the fact that Micronesia has changed quite rapidly

in a short period of time. For centuries the Micronesian

peoples lived in relative isolation from the mainlands to their

east and west. In the last century, Micronesia has found

itself affected by strong nations with overseas empires.

Spain, Germany, Japan, and the United States have each in

turn set up their own administrations over the islands.

These foreign powers have significantly affected the traditional

ways of life through the introduction of modern forms of

technology, economy, and social and religious institutions.

From 1941 until 1945, Micronesia became the major battleground

of a huge modern, technological war.

Today Micronesians are themselves a part of this way of

life based on technology and a money economy. The rapidity of

this change has led however to some unfortunate gaps in values

and understanding between the younger and older generations

and between inhabitants of the district centers and outer

islanders and people in distant municipalities. During the

preparation of this book, we showed old pictures of their

island to young students in the district centers. Often they

did not recognize that the pictures were of their own people

and island of sixty years ago. We wish that this book contri

butes to a better understanding of the experiences and ways

of life of older Micronesians and of people on the outer

islands.

James M. Vincent

Editor

Carlos Witi

Photographer

Community College of

Micronesia, Ponape

June, 1975
 Acknowledgements

We should like to thank all of the people who Gooperated

in the research and production of this book: Mr. Max Mori of

Truk for allowing us access to his personal collection of historical

photographs, Ms. Masae Kintaro of P.C., Ao Ao in Palau, Ms. Hera Owens

of the Palau Museum, Ms. Emile Johnston and the staff of the

Micronesian Area Resource Center at the Univ. of Guam, Ms. Sidney

Sinden of Library Services at Headquarters Education, Mr. Idea

Sakaryas of the Ponape Education Dept. , Ms. Erwine Hadley in Ponape

for research; Mr. Andrew Cheauw, Mr. John Gilmoon, and Ms. Julie

Takasy for their help on song texts, and Ms. Wang Ching-Lo for her

assistance in typing the manuscript. Shortly before his death this

spring, Father Berganza of the Catholic Mission in Ponape gave us

access to his collection of photographs.

Cover photo: this picture comes from Max Mori's private collection.
It shows a Trukese custom called nunu may when at the beginnings of
the breadfruit season, men placed a small amount of breadfruit on
model canoes and sailed them out to sea. The photo is from Tol in
German times.
Micronesia From the Beginnings to Spanish Times

The origins of the peoples of Micronesia are

hidden by the thousands of years separating us from

the times of the first settlements. The study of

languages and the digging up of old settlements do

however shed some light on the origins of Micronesians.

All of the languages of Micronesia belong to the

same Austronesian language family, but they seem to

fall into at least three sub-groups. Palauan and

Chamorro belong to the Indonesian sub-group of the

Austronesian languages. This fact, along with old

pottery and tools discovered in the Marianas and Palau,

point to eastern Indonesia (Halmahera—Morotai–Celebes)

as being the pre-Micronesian home of the Palauan and

Chamorro languages. But other parts of Palauan culture

indicate contact between Palau and Manus Island north

of New Guinea. The Yapese language is very distinct

from other Pacific languages: it is related to them,

but only distantly so. This would indicate a long

language and culture development in isolation from

other Micronesian cultures.

The languages of Eastern Micronesia: Trukese,

Woleian, Ponapean, Marshallese, and Kusaiean have

their nearest relatives in Eastern Melanesia -- in

—lt
 1908.
ancestor
an dated
is is
photo
Tákurar
This
house.
Truk.
-5-
canoe in
a
died
in
… ：<\，，，， Moen
ºſº！！）： of recently
№ae，
who
Tákurar Milo
Chief
Petrus
High of
Fijian, Rotuman, and New Hebridean. This would indicate

that Eastern Micronesia was settled from the south.

There are elements in both Marshallese and Ponapean

cultures which point toward early contact with Polynesia.

Two islands in Ponape District, Kapingamarangi and

Nukuoro, are entirely Polynesian in culture and speeche

Despite differences in the migration histories

and languages of Micronesians, the traditional material

cultures of all of the islands show many similarities.

Woods, stone, corals, shells, and pandanus, hibiscus,

and coconut fibers were the basic materials used for

tools, houses, and clothese Iron was not known before

the days of European contact, yet ingenious use of

local materials provided the necessities of life along

with some luxuries. Outrigger lagoon and ocean canoes

were made from breadfruit trees and bound together with

coconut fiber ropes. A thorough knowledge of navigation

allowed for contact between the islands as well as between

Micronesia and the Philippines and New Guinea.

Tattooing was used throughout Micronesia for

personal decoration. Chants and dances were well

developed art forms with religious and magical content.

In general the societies of the high islands were

complex in their organization with castes, courts with

chiefs and nobility, and intricate clan systems. There

was also a well developed medical knowledge based on

-6-
This is a picture of a Marshallese girl from the Ralik
chain made at the beginning of this century. She is
wearing the traditional mat skirt.
herbal medicines.

Today only a few of the outer islands preserve

the original self-sufficient material culture of Micro

nesia. The most populous main islands have all experienced

acculturation to Western technology. This contact with

the West first began in the Marianas with Magellan's

visit to Guam in 1564. By 1688 a Jesuit mission on

Guam had begun to spread the Christian religion: the

Spaniards always placed great emphasis on the Christiani

zation of the peoples in their colonies. In the Marianas

this policy resulted in severe wars which reduced the

number of Chamorros from about 50,000 in the 17th century

to H,000 by the early 18th century. Large numbers of

settlers and soldiers were brought in from the Philippines

and Mexico resulting in the disappearance of much of

traditional Chamorro culture. Today the Chamorro language

is heavily mixed with Spanish words, and the family has

changed from its original matriarchal form to a Spanish

style patriarchal form.

In the early days of Spanish contact, the Spaniards

limited their attention to the Marianas since this was

on their shipping route from Mexico to the Philippines.

Still news of the horrors of Spanish colonization spread

to the Caroline Islando. Today there is still a legend in

-8-
 - -

--- - - -
- - - - - - - -

- -
-

- * * --
- - - -- -
- - - - -
- --- - - - -

--------
--- -

The Wasahi of Kitti: this photo of a Ponapean nobleman is from

the year 1908. The intricate belt is an indication of the Wasahi's
rank and station,
-9-
the outer islands of the island of Kaferoor, which was

similar to Yap in language and culture. The people of

Kaferoor decided to sink their island by magical means

rather than suffer at the hands of the Spanish. Still,

Carolinian peoples made cautious canoe voyages to Guam

in order to trade for valued iron.

Spanish contact with the Caroline Islands was

infrequent until the late 19th century when Capuchin

missions were set up in Palau, Yap, and Ponape along

with Spanish garrisons. The Ponapeans, already well

acquainted with rifles from their contacts with American

whaling ships, fought a series of three wars with Spain

in defense of their ancient liberties. Spain had a

limited cultural influence on these islands. The Truk

lagoon and many outer islands had only limited contact

with the Western world until 1900. Kusaie and the

Marshalls were already Christian by the 1880's due to

the efforts of American and Hawaiian missionaries.

-10
A youth from Pollap, Truk, playing the wengu or Trukese nose flute.
The nose flute is one of the few native Micronesian musical intru
ments, and it has died out since this picture was taken 60 years ago.
-ll
 Cheliteklel (Bidel) a kodal

Kid ar chad a chedechuul

'l di oduchulii a kemenge tang

kede ngma chaldecheduch ra klungang
ma kamangatang 'l bo dedebengii
ng mo ungil besul
a kekringei ma kedebengang
ma kodall a dital tekoi

ng diak a mo cheldechulel.

Ng di dbechek “l kekrous
a renguk er tial belulachad
a delebeakl di ma mad

'l mengiei ra kodall

ele blol chad me dilsang
me de kirreel a chorual

me dulekur a beluulachad

aikal blai ma chebdui ra ked a diosisiu.

Ng tacha choibngii
ku lukiu, tial mokiu
sel mo imiu ra kodall

ele mekikiid a didebokl

ng chobulid a kodall

Tir kal dalad 'l mechellid

a di me sulal lomnger a klsuul

e kid a diak bod chad

"1 diul ng ngomedara rakd

-l2
Captain Islands.
of
Palau
member
a the
in
by
stay
1788
in
their
-l3
drawn
as during
Palau
frigate
of
Thule English
Abba
King Wilson's
e mengi chuiu a kodall
ele blol chad me dilsang
me de kurreel a choruall

me dulukur a beluulachad

aikal blai ma chebdui ra ked diosisiu

ng techa choibrgii
ku lukiu tial mokiu

sel mo imiu ra kodall

ele mekikiid a didebokl

ng chobulid a kodall.

Dance Song of Death (Palau, 1908)

We people are clever.

We can cleverly shorten whatever has become too long.
We take away from the big
And shorten that which is too long
And bring it to a good condition.
However if it is too small or too short,

Death is the same ,

This is inevitable.

When I was a curious young sprout,

My heart was set on this world of men;
My evil deeds made for a quick death,
And only Death remains.
If Death were a man that we could see,

We would twist rope for his outrigger,

We would tie up the world.
This clan and the chebdui trees of the grasslands are alike.

-14
 sratone
tA
are
water
In
century.
18th
of
end
the
at
Palau
in
causeway
ditional
long
a
and
canoes
paddle
Palauan
boat.
Wilson's
Capt.
from
sailors
English
with
boat

º
Iºlº
ſº.

#
Who can escape Him?
How one goes here: now one goes there
In order to escape Death,
And if we go in a circle,
Then Death knocks us down.

These nothers of ours who bore us,

Whose only care is to feed us in vain:

But we cannot be men,

We all die of disease,

And only Death remains.
If Death were a man that we could see,
We would twist rope for his outrigger,
We would tie up the world.
This clan and the chebdui trees of the grasslands are alike.
Who can escape Him?

Now one goes here: now one goes there

In order to escape Death,
And if we go in a circle,
Then Death knocks us down.

-16–
A Palauan spirit house where offerings were left for the gods. The
photo is from the island of Keyangel at the beginnings of the 1900's.
-l'7-
 Love Song from Truk District (about 1920)

* * - - - - • . .”
akkar o saat mii nniyeno ira
ffégumwey mii nniyeno güni

º -

omw nemin ke kan muecen

º * * *
- -

wupwe kiis faan owupwumw pwu

- º

wupwe gasano

ekitekit mwaken gaag

- º

ge esoor nomwotan

Sun and sea destroy the trees

My love of you destroys my soul.

Would lady you will be pleased

For me to kiss beneath your breast
for I would sigh in ecstasy.

No matter how I lie

It is to no avail.

The photograph on the opposite page is of a Trukese girl from

the lagoon during German times. A beautiful woman on a certain
island will often inspire a song that soon becomes popular
throughout the entire Truk Lagoon.
 History in Micronesia has been given to each new generation
by word of mouth for hundreds of years. The following story of
the early history of Ponape was given to an anthropologist in
1909 by a Ponapean, L. Kehoe of Rohi en Kitti.

The Origins of Ponape

In the beginning there were no names for the tribes of

Ponape. There were no single tribal names, for all were called
Ponapean. The Ponapeans were not enlightened: they knew no
faith: they knew not of the rites of other times.

In the country of Sokehs lived two youths: one was called

Sipe and the other Saupa. They lived together on one place and
considered what they should do with all of their time. Thus
they built a holy structure, consecrated it, and began the holy
rites for the country. Both also sacrificed to the spirits,
Nahnsapwe and the spirits of the country's dead. They also gave
names to the countryside in Sokehs. And so it was that in the
times when men were in Ponape, men knew the times of the rites
and when there were no rites. This holy rite had the name of
Pwung en Sahpw.

Then the two younths considered how Sokehs might become the
first state in Ponape. They built a type of shrine which re
ceived the name of Nahnsohnsapw. They thought it would be best
constructed in the sea near to the beach. So they built it off
of Sokehs. But the structure was not beautiful since strong
winds and breakers are present off of Sokehs which often capsize
canoes. Then they thought to seek out another, smaller, more

–2O
baouilding
MA
in
ruins
the
cat
a
is
Madol
Nan
cPonape.
of
out
dnity
otlreunichtmewd,
of
capitol
ceremonial
was
it
Formerly
lagoon.
the
in
islands
artificial
on
blocks
basalt

Nahnmwarkis.
or
kings
feudal
present
before
Ponape
in
ruled
who
Deleurs
Sau
the
of
line
suitable place. Thus they went to a place off of Net to build
holy Nahnsohnsapw. However, even this place was not suitable
since it was sought outside of Sokehs. So they went down to
the beach of Net and built a tribal shrine there. They named
it after the tribe of Net. Then they went further to Uh in
order to build one here too. However the waters off of Uh were

poorly suited for construction in the water. So they went back

on land again and built their shrine calling it after the tribe
of Uh. Then they went further to Madolenihmw which in those
days was called sounahieng." Arriving in Sounahleng’, they built
the shrine of Nahnsohnsapw. Here things went well, for the
water was good and the waves were small. Thus all the shrines
of Sounahleng were erected, and the youths made everything
beautiful since they could build as well on water as they could
on land. They remained there and carried out a mighty work.

Both of them built reliable, large structures. Along with

the holy buildings which were erected in Sokehs, they built Nan
Deuwas and the islands. Both remained in Gounahleng and called
their holy stone works from sokehs so that all the stones came
flying of themselves -- so they built all the structures. They
called them after the tribe of Madolenihmw and made them the

residence of the tribe. They constructed fifty buildings and

consecrated them all: there was no place that did not receive
a holy name. They named the tribe "Madolenihmw." Both youths
were gifted with mighty magical powers, for they called the
stones in such a way that they came by themselves to make up
the wonderful and powerful buildings. These are the names which
the people know, but there are some whose names we do not know.

11 Sun"

–22–
 l. Nan Molusei 2O. Sorong
2. Panason 2l. Pelakap
5. Konterak 22. Peinmwick
4. Deuwas 25. Idehd
5. Palan 24. Kalapwal
6. Tau 25. Pahnkedira
7. Usen Tau 26. Nihkonok
8. Sapwawas 27. Uatsau
9. Peinior 28. Petipeti
lC). Neiraut 29. Pohnkeimw
ll. Likiniangeir 3O. Pahnwi
l2. Karian 5l. Pohnkeimwpaiei
l3. Perarun 52. Kapinot
l!. Pwilak 55. Lemenkau
lº. Peilapalap 34. Sapatir
l6. Perina 55. Imwinmap
17. Usenpei 56. Pwilel
l8. Tapau 57. Peitikap
l9. Peikapw

These are some of the names in Madolenihmw. When all of the

shrines were finished, then the Ponapeans knew their names for
all time. And they were entrusted with the rites. Everything
was good and stood the test in Madolenihmw, Sokehs, and Net.

Now there lived in the state of Madolenihmw a man called

Lempwei Sapal. The people of Madolenihmw did not love him, for
he was evil and given over to all sorts of wickedness. One day
they gathered in order to kill him. After they grabbed him, he
got loose; but they hunted him as far as Nan Neuwas in order to
catch him. When he entered there, he saw that there was no place
to leave for they had blocked the door. However he was a strong
man and skillful in magic. He took a pillar, forced a gap, and
came out. He fled to Kitti where he built some structures on Dohl

en Kitti so that he would be remembered in Madolenihmw. He thought

highly of Madolenihmw even though he could not return there. So
he built some structures and named them after Madolenihmw so he
might be reminded of that place.

-25
 A Story from Aimeliik, Palau

The Metawii clan is related to the Uchelkeukl clan which

belongs to the Rengulbai clan of Aimeliik. Rengulbai, who was

the head of the Rengulbai clan, grew old with his wife; but
they could not have any offspring. Both of them wished and
longed for a baby; but for some unknown reason, they could
not have one. When they reached an age where they were not
expected to have children, their hope left them. But then the
wife noticed the first signs of pregnancy. It was the greatest
news that she told her husband during her life.
From then on Rengulbai did all of the hard work regardless
of whether the work belonged to men or women. Rengulbai was very
proud of his daughter. They brought her up with the greatest of
loving care. But when she approached womanhood, she was striken
by a sickness called obechedengel ra wel or the "turtle-like
complex" which killed her.
Her funeral was the largest and best seen by people of
the village. At that time it was customary to bury corpses in
the odesongel or family cemetary at the front of the house.
But the daughter's spirit left Aimeliik for Ngerkebesang. She
settled on the side of Ngerkebesang called Chemais near the
ocean facing a rock island. Near this place was a fresh water
spring used by passing fishermen.
One day the spirit of Rengulbai's daughter was lounging
near the spring when a man from Ngermid called Recheungel
stopped for a drink. After a brief conversation, Recheungel
learned that she was a spirit and that she had died of an
unusual disease related to turtles. There was only one thing
that could bring her back to life. ... a turtle must be offered
to a certain god as a sacrifice.

–24
 l9l0
year
the
about
-25
Palau,
Ngarekobsang,
of
Ubai

-
 It so happened that Recheungel caught a turtle which
he willingly offered to the god on her benalf. Recheungel
then brought her to Ngermid. From Ngermid they went to Aimeliik
and waited until it was so dark that they could not be seen.
The girl then went to her grave for reincarnation with
the body. They returned to Ngermid without arousing any suspicion.
Upon reaching Ngermid, the first thing the girl did was to take
a constant steam bath. This was necessary for her health because
her body had not worked for a long time.
Meanwhile some people from Ngermid went to Aimeliik to
tell Rengulbai that his daughter was living in Ngermid with
Recheungel and that she was not dead. Rengulbai told these
people not to talk about his daughter for he did not want to
be reminded of his dear daughter. However when the people
kept telling him that his daughter was in Ngermid, he decided
to see for himself. He went to Recheungel's house in Ngermid.
When his daughter recognized him, she broke out in tears. She
embraced her father. Rengulbai became very joyous. He declared
that the two clans of Bosech and Metawii should be made into

one clan for a closer relationship. The following song describes

this relationship:
Blosech ma Metawii a klsang a oukedel a kemechel
a rulel ma bodo kedi melmei eng meral di Wel ma
Mesekiu. Meng diak ongak a rengul, er cholechol
ma udond ma betok el kall.

-26
The ngasech ceremony in Palau upon the birth of a woman's first child.
The picture is from the 1950's.
-27
 ！
1800's.
early
explorers
French
by
drawings
in
Islands
Caroline
the
from
Men

-28–
 -

- º

º
-
-

-
".
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*
--~ V2
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A.
º -

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\
^ º
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--
--

Aſºº
º -
--
"
-

"... -

|- village
A
1800's.
early
the
in
Kusaie
on
º º
º -

*
-

- .
-
.
-
-
- -
- **
-
**
:

º
*-
- -

...º.
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--

------
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 _-------

-------

---------

------

------
-
-

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#
a century.
from 19th
the
of
drawing
a
in
beginning
shown
the
as
at
-3l
Islands
Pacific
the
Caroline to
Western
expedition
the
of
Men Russian
 - -
*… º.º.
Sºcº,
- - s º - -

-
ºº:: -

Yapese men mining pieces of stone money or fei in the rock islands
of Palau. The money was then brought on rafts behind the canoes back
to Yap. Fei is still valued today in Yap over the often inflationary
foreign currencies.

-52
1910
about
Rul
in
Walavat
of
-33
clubhouse
men's
a
of
interior
The
 Onad
of
village
the

in
nets
weaving

man

Yapese
A woman making pottery in Gitam Village on Yap. Pottery was only found
in the Western districts of Micronesia. Now the art has died out in
the face of cheaper industrial substitutes.
-55
 |
|| º

|- -
-

---
-

º
-
º sº
º
|--

º ----

º ---

A type of Yapese house which is no longer to be seen today. Its form is

close to houses in New Guinea.
century
turn
the
at
Yap,
of
south
atoll
an

village
A
Ngulu,
in
scene
 -

- sºº

T *-
- F- -
ſº. -º-º-º-º-º-º:

A dwelling house in Ngulu of 60 years ago. This is a good example of

the beautiful and comfortable houses which were formerly made out
of locally available materials.

-59
 seuiatc-rwoirgntehsinriesa.ns
and
speed
the
by
amazed
always
were
MMicronesia
oof
canoes
These
sailing
a
District,
Yap
Faraulep,
of
canoe
ocean
An
to
visitors
European
Early
1908.
in
maneuver
islands.
some
on
used
still
are
safety
and
ease
relative
with
islands
the
between
voyages
made
A woman sitting at a loom weaving lava-lavas on Faraulep. Weaving is a
highly developed art on the outer islands. Such lava-lavas not only serve
as skirts for outer island women, but they are also given in tribute to
the village of Gatspar on Yap. Although this photo was made by German
anthropologists over 60 years ago, weaving continues in the same manner
today on Faraulep and other outer islands.
—lº
 )=( —T-
H
-
lº
_F-
I ooooo 2OOOOO 3ooooo 40oooo
thiaráuf ruaróuf theliróuf jãarðuf

}{50oooo 6ooooo 7ooooo 8ooooo

l—

limoróuf ororóuf fithiròuf Öriróuf

Oooooo I oooooo 2 ooo OOO 3 oooooo

thia Oróuf thiadinaréi ruáñarči thelinaréi

4 oooooo 5 odoooo 6 OOOOOO 7 oooooo

füd ſtarči limáñarči oróñerét fith incrèt

Soooooo () ooo OOO 1 O Oooooo 20 oooooo

ol; it ... thi jujñeréi thiſiſ, it ruſ, it it

$' ' ' ), “ . . . . ) ſooooooo 5ooooooo (vo (voo ( ), * ,

th. , , it fiſii, it l; inſiſt it º,7'º' it

These symbols are part of a counting system which was recorded by

members of the Thilenius South Seas Expedition on Faraulep in 1908.
The use of symbols for such extremely high numbers has no apparent
use in the daily life of a small atoll, and they might be remains
of the people's previous culture before their migration to the outer
islands.

-14
 |-

Medach, Chief of Eauripik Atoll, at the beginnings of the 1900， s.

-]+5–
1909
year
the
in
-]+6–
Woleai
of
Danáliba
 1910
about
right
the
Imalifam
with
Woleai,
Falais,
on
Gatiefal
of
house
The

-
---
-
-
--- -
-

- ºº::.
º -

- º
sº
- -
-
-
-

-
 intermediary
an
of
one
often
was
position
Their
disposal.
their
at
powers
religious
and
magical
this
of
beginnings
the
at
District,
Yap
Atoll,
Lamotrek
on
Urupo
and
Sakurang,
Boésu,
Chiefs responsible
were
they
nature:
of
forces
and
people
between
killing
the
on
tabus
for

Toirncarsdeiobdntoeirdsoainbalgne
fMcentury.
often
were
cchiefs
with
figures

animals.
sea
types
certain
of

#
 table
folding
small
rafters.
the
symbols
magical
various
with
Lamotrek
on
house
canoe
The

1910.
in
atoll
the
to
visit
their
during
scientists
German
by
used
being
is

#
-51 District
Yap
Island,
Elato
on
"Lotoa"
called
boathouse
The
 1910
about
District
Yap
of
17|ſ.|-\\
-52
（Nºº!！ſſſſſ islands
3
outer
！". the
' in
+–!！!!||{!\，|-
| couple
！?·T!|
， married
Z| A
• ·
 Robert, Aisea,
Ikacheng,
are
right
to
left
from
standing
1908:
Truk
islands
outer
the
in
Nama
of
men
The Lepwech
unknown.
three
other
with
Inos
is
right
far
the
on
kneeling
Lepwech;
Sireom,
Sohn,
Administration).
(German
time
this
at
chief
was
the
but
fighting,
or
dancing
for
be
could
sticks
The

stylization
a
only
are
sticks
dancing
for
sticks,
fighting
probably
were
they
that
is
opinion
of

º º
º
J.

fighting.
stick
 º: Ağ%
º-º-º-º-º- º
ººº-ºº: º
-

ºº: º º
Three dancers of Wela in Moen in German times: Ebot, Ukokis, Másies,
with Ebidi sitting.

–54
Voevoe of Iúkula, Toloas, Truk Lagoon in German times

-55
Truk
of
islands
outer cloaks.
the and
in
-56
Island ornaments
Namoluk
on
traditional
men
of their
group
A wearing
 Lukunor
----
from
~~~~ -
----
Hſ||||！-|
|-|-
}}\，， -
….

decorations
head
with

-57
*…
girls
.|-ſº
.
.
------ºr！！！ Trukese
.
Two
 -----------------------_
ſaeº，
|×|-ſaeſae----
|-------------
|-|-
|-

|-
|-

|----
|-|-
|-

Trukese man from Wela in the Lagoon with a girl standing

inside of a handnet used for lagoon fishing

–58–
1910
about
Lagoon
Truk
-59
the
in
Uman,
of
Chief
Aurfanu,
 ferigate
a
with
Truk
in
dman
feather
bird
comb
and
coration

-
-A
-
-60
 i; :
<: ii
o ; ;#
7./M.A.V."
,
\\
(Z/

º -
times
German
District
Truk
islands
outer
the
in
Namoluk
of
girls
Three

*V
º
//**
*

%\\
King are
in
Nukuoro,
1908.
year
the
about
Lika
wife
his
and
Nukuoro
of
David naepignhabmoaraingi
its
and
District,
KPonape
of
atoll
only
the

Pioclryonesian.
Mtwo
in
islands
language)
and
culture
(by
A
man
Kapingama
in
at
mala
the
or
hau
loom rangi
l9l0
in
Atoll
Ebon
on
-66
dress
traditional
in
man
Marshal ese
A
north
came
disasterous
a
after
District
Yap
1800's.
the
in
typhoon

anas
1

Mari
the
in

le
peop
1nlan

Carol

1925
bout

at
l
a
Saipan
on
loom
her
islands
outer
the
in

-
gir from
inlan homes
their

Carol
A
 º3:2.
ºº:: Phalauan
pA
was
which
woman's
been
have
to
said
is
dance
stick
This
1955.
about
otographed

--

---

money.
stone
their
for
rock
quarry
to
came
they
when
Yapese
the
by
introduced
Three Palauans: Madalarakt, a Ului, and a Ililau about l909
-69
Chief Peiloch and two men on Merir Island, an outer island
of Palau District, are seen here in a picture over 60 years
old. This island, along with Pulo Anna, Tobi, and Sonsorol
has a Carolinian language belonging to the Trukic family.

-70
\!!!！！！！！!
1909
in
Island
Anna
Pulo
of
children
and
Men
 group
A
1909
in
Island
Anna
Pulo
on
women
of

§
 -

A Chamorro woman of olden days making tortillas of corn meal on her

matate: the Marianas Islands were more deeply affected by the Spanish
than other districts of Micronesia. The family system, religion, and
even the food reflect Hispanic elements from Spain, Mexico, and the
Philippines.
–7l
the
during
bombings
American
by
destroyed
was
which
Rota
of
church
style
Spanish
old
The

War.
World
Second
The Construction of the Catholic Church on Lukunor

At present we are working hard on the building of a

church. When we decided to contruct it, the padre

called together the two chiefs and the best men of

the island and spoke to them about the importance of

having a stone church; for in the previous year, the

old wooden church was destroyed by a typhoon. He added

that he would not have money to pay the workers, and

therefore they would have to work voluntarily. . . for

this they would obtain favor in heaven. He also invited

the Protestants to come and work with us; but he told

them that if they wished in turn to build a church,

the Catholics would not be able to support them. One

day they would come and aid in the work and another

day they would note But the Protestant chief was not

very happy since they had let down their fellow islanders

who voluntarily offered themselves to build the church

only out of enthusiasm for the progress of the work.

The chief forces them to work (here they say calipus),

and then they must come every day. The pastor himself

was not free from work; the poor father took upon

himself the hardest job, the preparation of the lime.

The way the people here work is both quaint and slow.

They have to sit down for everything: they sit to work

-76–
The Catholic church built by the Capuchins on Lukunor: at the end of the
last war, it was torn down by the Japanese for rock for fortifications.
–77
On a piece of stone or wood or even to dig in the gardene

The church we are building will be 50 meters long

and 12 meters wide. The building makes the Carolinians

very happy. The work is extremely difficult since we

lack tools. To build the foundations some used their

hands, others used planks, and others made do with a

laddle and scoop from the kitchene To cut the stone they

used a small saw normally used for wood and an adze. It

grieved me to see them carrying stone on their naked

shoulders and upon the heads of the women so I made a

cart to help them in their work.

We are better equipped for wood working thanks to

the charitable gifts of the women of Burgos. Even the

tool box serves as a litter for the statue of Our Lady

in the May Procession. Without needing more than nails

and metal plates, we shall finish the church which is

now as high as the window frames. Later we must think

about finding glass for these frames -- the windows do

not have them -- and about finding statues and other

objects for the rites which will correspond to the

beauty and magnificence of the building.

Lukunor, Mortlock Islands

December, 1921
Aniceto Arizaleta, S.J.

–78
 Germany in Micronesia: 19th Century to 1914

The first Germans in Micronesia worked for inde

pendent trading companies. Foremost among these companies

was the Godeffroy Co. of Hamburg. In the 1870's this

company set up a trading station on Ebon in the Marshalls.

Another German company, the Hernsheim Co., began a

trading station in Jaluit. Later the Godeffroy Co. was

to extend its trading stations to Jaluit, Namorik,

Mili, and Maloelap. These early traders worked with

Kabua, the most powerful iroij of the Marshalls, to gain

leases on individual islands and workers for the plantations.

These early relationships between German traders

and Marshallese chiefs were to set a pattern for later

German involvement in Micronesia. The Germans were mainly

interested in the copra trade, and they tried to work

out agreements with local chiefs for land and labor.

They were not interested in changing the political

power of the traditional leadership as long as their

commercial interests were satisfied.

In 1871 the various German states joined together into

the German Empire under the leadership of Bismarck.

Germany began a race to catch up with the colonial

holdings of England, France, and Spain. In 1885 a German

gunboat raised the German flag over Yap which was also

-79
claimed by a Spanish boat on the following day. Pope

Leo XIII settled the dispute between these two countries

by giving Spain title to the Caroline Islands with

trading rights being awarded to Germany. Germany in

turn sent the gunboat Nautilus to Jaluit where Captain

Rötger and Iroij Kabua and four lesser Marshallese

chiefs signed an agreement making the Marshall Islands

a German protectorate.

In 1899, after its defeat in the Soanish-American

War, Spain sold the Marianas and Carolines to Germany.

Administration of German South Seas (which also included

Western Samoa, Nauru, New Guinea, and islands in Melansesia)

was centered in Rabaul, New Britain. A cable station was

built in Yap, and business activities were given over

to the Jaluit Gesellschaft and to the Westkarolinische

Gesellschaft. German rule was generally efficient and

intelligent in its policies. Micronesian ways and

traditions were respected so long as Micronesians

cooperated with German commercial interests. Two

notable exceptions to this policy were in Palau and

Ponape. In Palau German attempts at surpressing Palauan

religious practices gave birth to the Modekngei, a

new form of traditional Palauan religion. In Ponape

the brutality of a German road foreman sparked the

Sokehs Rebellion of 1910.

–80–
 /
/
-

º
-

-
--

An unknown German administrator on the verandah of his home in

the Truk Lagoon: Germany sent relatively few administrators to
Micronesia in comparison with the Japanese and American admin
istrations. Much of the business of administration were handled
by the Jaluit Gesellschaft, a commercial organization that often
represented the German government.

–81–
 peerman
GA
a
Olf,
Herr
of
home
at
Lagoon
Truk
in
Eten
ron
who
Jaluit
the
party
resented
Gesel schaft.
Hartman,
Tom
Nedlick,
Peter
Olf,
Herr
are
left
from
table
the
around
Seated

Irons.
Charlie
and
men,
unknown
two
Hartman,
Ben

~.

º--
 in
vessels
trading
of
number
large
the
times:
German
during
Jaluit
at
harbor
The
through
time
this
at
Marshalls
to
brought
prosperity
great
the
of
indication
an
is

administrative
German
the
was
Jaluit
trade.
copra
center.
commercial
and

-
-
Kabua, highest iroij of the Ralik Islands, arranged many of the copra
dealings with German companies. As a result of this, he and other chiefs
in the Marshalls often enjoyed yearly payments of 50,000 gold marks and
their own yachts.
–84–
group often
a
and
right
on
Mäder
Frau
missions
German
1929:
in
school
mission
the
at
children
Trukese
of still
are
cases,
some
and,
1900's
early
the
in
missions
American
and
Spanish
earlier
replaced

--

-----

today.
Micronesia
in
found
be
to

-------
-
s
-
-.-

gnecording
rA
making
are
women
sYapese
vof
a
afor
English
1903.
in
isiting
troup
hong
ropologist
fnavorite
a
been
always
has
aYap
foreign
for
place
there
Today
research.
their
do
to
thropologists

anthropologists.
foreign
by
done
formerly
work
the
of
much
do
now
can
who
Yapese
also
are

#
 The Sokehs Rebellion of 1910

Ponape was in frequent contact with European and American

ships since the 1820's. The island was a favorite stopping

place for the whaling ships of the 19th century. Since many of

the whaling ships came from American ports in New England, it

was natural that the Boston Missionary Society would become

interested in this still non-Christian Pacific island. Because

of the efforts of the Boston Missionary Society and the frequent

visits of whaling ships Ponape was already quite Westernized

and Christian by the 1880's. However the island was still

independent: all political power remained in the hands of

the five traditional feudal kings or Nahnmwarkis.

The increasing comercial interest of the German Empire in

the Caroline and Marshall islands led Spain to lay claim to

Ponape in 1885 on grounds of her earlier "discovery" of the

island. The dispute between Germany and Spain was settled by

the Pope in an agreement granting Spain sovereignty over the

Caroline Islands but allowing the Germans trading rights.

In 1886 the Spaniards began a colonization which was too

fast and hardly wise in the choice of its methods. Spanish

Capuchins now sought to spread Catholicism in Ponape. This

led to conflicts with Protestant Ponapeans. Kolonia was given

to the Spanish by the Lahp of Loht, and the town was constructed

–87–
by Ponapean workers lent for the task by the Nahnmwarkis.

Insensitivity to Ponapean customs and liberties, unfairness

and corruption, and religious differences led to a series of

three wars between Spain and the feudal kingdoms of Madolenihmw,

Kitti, and Sokehs. Hundreds of Philippino soldiers under Spanish

officers along with armored ships waged three inconclusive

campaigns against the Ponapeans. The Ponapeans were by now

quite expert in the use of Western firearms which they gained

in trade with whaling and merchant ships. They proved themselves

to be masters of stone fortifications and guerilla warfare.

Spain lost hundreds of soldiers in these wars and never gained

more than a limited power over the area surrounding Kolonia.

After Spain's defeat in 1899 in the Spanish-American War,

the Caroline Islands and the northern Marianas were bought by

Germany. The first German administrators found the Ponapeans

to be naturally suspicious of foreign colonists and jealous

of their ancient liberties. Nevertheless, the efficiency,

economic organization, and lack of corruption of the German

colonial administration brought about a workable relationship

between them and the Nahnmwarkis.

In 1910 the new district administrator of Ponape, Boeder,

began a fifteen foot wide road along the shore of Sokehs Island

in order to extend the power of the colonial government. A

nobleman of Sokehs, Somatau, was hired as a paid supervisor,

–88–
 sur ounding
walls
guarding
Germans
allies
Ponapean
of
stages
early
the
during
Kolonia

War
Sokehs
the

#
but the work was done by Ponapeans without pay. The Germans

required thirty days of free labor on public works projects

as a form of tax.

On October 17, 1910, the German supervisor Hollborn

severely beat up a workman who he accused of laziness. That

night in the nahs of Sokehs, Somatau and other men of Sokehs

planned to avenge their people's honor.

The next day Hollborn and another German foreman took

refuge in the Catholic Mission were they were persued by the

warriors from Sokehs. When he heard of this, District Administra

tor Boeder left on a boat for Sokehs accompanied by his secretary

Brauckmann and two servants. When they arrived in Sokehs, they

were killed by Somatau and other men of Sokehs. Their bodies

were multilated by machetes and left floating in the lagoon.

Government power now passed to the hands of the physician,

Dr. Girschner, who organized the defense of Kolonia with 50

policemen and a volunteer force of 400 Ponapeans from Net, Uh,

and Kitti. Entrenchments and barbed wire strengthened the

defenses of the old Spanish fort. Yet the people of Sokehs

took many guns from the armory in Kolonia during the night.

The rebels now demanded that all guns and ammunition be given

to them, for which they promised not to harm the people in

Kolonia. Dr. Girschner replied telling them to give over all

of their guns and guilty persons. The rebels replied that they

-90
 gachine
mA
a
with
marines
and
soldiers
German
of
in
Rock:
Sokehs
on
assault
the
to
prior
gun
roup

Rabaul
from
Germans
by
in
brought
troops
Melanesian
the
of
some
are
backgroud

º
had "already fallen too deeply into sin to give up now."

The unwillingness of the remaining Germans to negotiate

with the people of Sokehs sealed the fate of Somatau and his

warriors. This was for two reasons. First, it was obvious by

now that the rebels could not expect much help from the other

states of Ponape, for many men had already agreed to aid the

Germans. Second, the German Empire possessed the most modern

and best trained army and navy in the world of 1910. The forces

they were to send were not to be compared to the earlier Spanish

forces used in Ponape. On November 26, the motor ship Germania

arrived in Ponape, and news of the rebellion spread to the

Headquarters of the German South Seas Government in Rabaul, New

Guinea. Soon the Germania returned with 68 men on December 5.

On December 13, the steamer Siar arrived from Rabaul with 70

Melanesian soldiers. On December 19 the warship Cormoran

anchored at Ponape. On December 28 the cruisers Emden and

Nürnberg of the German East Asiatic Squadron left their
anchorages at Hong Kong and Tsingtao, China, bound for Ponape.

In the meantime Somatau had worked on the fortification

of Sokehs Island with about 250 men equipped with Remington

and Winchester rifles and dynamite. Sokehs Island is ideal for

defensive warfare since a high mountain of 900 feet arises

sharply from the sea to form a natural basalt wall. The top of

the island can only be reached by a few narrow paths. Old

-92
 Meachine
and
marines
German
mTwo
a
occupy
soldier
Rocks.
Sokehs
of
top
on
nest
gun
lanesian

fortifications
part
are
These
later
Sokehs
of
people
the
and
Somatau
by
built

forces.
German
the
by
captured

§
rivalries and hostilities between Sokehs and the states of Uh and

Madolenihmw had only been intensified by the rebellion, and Somatau

had few Ponapean allies outside of the people of Palikir who

were pledged to Sokehs in the event of war.

The main body of German forces consisted of Melanesian troops

under the command of Freiherr von und zu Peckelsheim and a small

force of German marines. On January ly, 1911, the Nürnberg, Emden,

and Cormoran bombarded the top of Sokehs ridge. Later in the day,

100 Melanesian soldiers led by Captain Taegert stormed the ridge

itself gaining control of its highest point. On the 15th and 16th

of January, Sokehs island was searched by the soldiers, and l35

Ponapeans and five Mortlockese were taken prisoner. Palikir was

invaded and searched by soldiers from the 19th to the 21st of

January. Here an additional llo prisoners were taken most of

whom were women and children.

Somatau and a hundred of his men were in a fortified trench

on the mountain of Nankiop near Nanpil. On Jan. 26 this trench

was attacked by two German columns. Somatau and his men success

fully defended the position until ammunition became short causing

their retreat. Lt. Erhard was killed leading the assault. Somatau

retreated with his wounded and continued guerilla warfare against

the German forces who had great difficulty traveling in the

jungles. Finally on February 15, Somatau surrendered to the

chief of Net with five of his men. On February 16, Chief Samuel

surrendered in Kitti to the men of the Nürnberg.

–94–
 triagntsel-Catpeasi,n
in
caption
FThe
of
Column
"The
and
officers
German
Tägert."

Melanesian
Nankiop.
on
Somatau
of
persuit
the
in
guides
Ponapean
and
soldiers,

titlert.
3

pittin
nfu

Qūtte

Sre

beg

(?
II
11

Stoſo
3Die
 At the time of their surrender, the people of Sokehs

still had ammunition and weapons to continue the fight. This

leads one to ask why the leaders surrendered in the face of a

certain death sentence. There are perhaps two reasons: first,

the German forces were causing severe hardships for the Ponapeans

because they were destroying crops and burning down houses. The second

reason is given by a German captain, Bellerthun, who commented:

"From all that I have seen and heard of these people I would say

that they have a very high contempt of death."

A regular court sentenced the leaders of the rebellion to

death. The other people of Sokehs were sentenced to deportation to

Yap and Palau.

On the 24th of February, the Melanesian police troops

executed fifteen men. They walked calmly to their death in front

of the whole populations Somatau asked permission to give a speech

to the people, but he was not allowed to do so e Chief Samuel said

to the people shortly before he was shot, "Take an example and live

better than we did." One of the young men was especially remembered

because he was smiling at the time he was shote

–96–
 –––.

during
(killed
Erhard
Lt.
are
front
in
officers
German
three
bush:
the
from
returns
column
The

Paepctakien—lLsiehuetinman,t
zu
und
von
Freiherr
Ccampaign,
and
right.
the
on
Werber
February
in
Cormoran
S.M.S.
the
board
on
prisoner
held
and
captured
Samuel
Chief
of
group
The

stairway.
right
the
on
seated
is
Samuel
Chief
1911.
of
execution
their
before
shortly
-99
Somatau
(2)
and
Lepereren
(1)
Ba tang nu Kanif ni fan ko yol ni kafini sum

Gayche ngagog ned famade

Kan kore nam ney yo!

Ko gub ni du war gag

Ko gub ni du war gag

Ma nge rin' make kireb

Ma nge rin' make kireb

Kangon yu Rulo mayu Timil

Mange rin' ni kam gur god ngay.

Gaf gou gimed, yo!

Gaf gou ni kamtayed yo! Dogol

Ni ke taye re nam ney.

Mange rin' ni kam gur god ngay?

Gaf gou gimed, yo!

Faani kamu dog.ol gad ngaya

Kam lagined rorad.

Bay bongon u wun'um.

Bay riyu paam?

Gaf gou gimed, yo!

Fa'an ni ke bulla

Nikeb nga danop

Keb ku thailap

Ni be thailapu waab nay

Ni nge guy lungun riy

-loC
times
German
from
picture
a
in -l0l
Gatspar,
of
Priest
High
Rupon,
Meguy be 'nib fel miligen

Mo matay

Meguy be" ni buch miligen

Mo man'ag

Liyor! Ko mange liyor!

Da kuni liyor ko livos nu taliu

Nga nib nga ni manthiu

Ngan ngu lu ngorow

Ngan gubung nag dad

Gaf gou gimed ya ke pil,

Pile m'uw ngo mad

Ke thingeg e muw ngo madi

Kagu wa mus gad

Wamuse gutad

Gamad be nameg

Fanmadi nga danopu

Madab kiyeg romad

Gaf gou godad!

A Tang of Kanif Against the New Customs

Wait! We, the spirits of this land

Wish to tell our concerns, yo!

I have come to ask,

I have come to ask,

-lo2
ago
years
60
over
Yap,
-lO3
Saveth,
in
spirit-house
small
A
What is the reason, how did things go bad

What is the reason, how did things go bad

With the tribe of Rul and Tomil?

What is the reason that you progress so quickly?

You are poor, yo!

Greed has come into this land 1

You have fallen into poverty, yo!

What is the reason you progress so quickly?

You are poor, yo!

You have stolen from Rul and Tomil:

Do you have the use of your reason?

Do you have the profit in your hands?

You are poor, yo!

If the seeds come up", la,

If they come up on earth,

Then they will bring about the humiliation,

The humiliation of Yap,

Because he sees the discussions here.”

If he sees one whose actions are good,

He will release him.

*If the actions of the German Administration are successful.

*Previous to the German times, the Yapese discussed

their affairs among themselves. Now the German District
Administrator listens to them. When he saw "one whose
actions were bad," he had the power to exile the
man to Saipano

-104
dancing
Women
Yap
on
p
a
in
icture
German
from
times
If he sees one whose actions are bad,

He will send him away.

Honorſ What kind of honor is this!

No longer does one worship the gods in the holy groves.

One should come and bow before them,

And humble oneself before them.

One should raise us up again.

We are poor because our canoe,

Our canoe is broken.

Ambition has overturned our canoe,

We are finished,

We have suffered the endo

We strive in vain

For our rights here.

But it is impossible for us.

We are impoverished!

-106–
1903
year
the
in
Yap,
-107
Magachagil,
of
mispil
the
Migiul,
 Johann Stanislaus Kubary (1846–1896)

Of the hundreds of anthropologists and ethnographers who have

worked in Micronesia during the last two centuries, we shall only

mention one. Johann Kubary was born in Warsaw, Poland, the son of a

German mother and Hungarian father. In his youth, his devotion to

the cause of Polish independence made him an undesireable person in

the eyes of the Russian and German governments of his surpressed

homeland.

His early interest in ethnography led to a job with the

Godeffroy Trading Co. of Hamburg which was then engaged in copra

and trepang trade with the Marshall and Caroline Islands. The owner

of the company, Mrs Godeffroy, also had a museum in Hamburg for his

collection of cultural objects from the South Seas. From 1870 until

1879, Kubary collected artifacts and wrote ethnographic descriptions

of Micronesia. He married a Ponapean woman who bore him two children.

At the end of this period, his patron, Godeffroy, went bankrupt. For

the next 17 years, Kubary wandered throughout Melanesia, Europe, and

Micronesia as a small trader looking for new financial support to

continue his ethnographic research. He returned to Ponape in 1896 to

visit his son and to see the botanical gardens that he had previously

built. But the gardens had been destroyed by the bombardment of Spanish

warships during the Spanish-Ponapean wars. Kubary, disheartened and

hopeless, took his own life in the ruins of his Ponapean gardens.

Today there remains of his life some articles in the journals of

small German museums and a brass plaque with a memorial inscription

lost in the weeds of the Spanish Fort in Kolonia

-108
#
Yelirt, Kubary's Ponapean wife in the year 1882. Their only daughter
is said to have died only recently in Singapore.
—llO
Dr. Augustin Krämer, a German anthropologist and one of the foremost
members of the Thilenius South Seas Expedition of 1908–1910: he is
responsible for the preservation of a large body of Trukese and
Marshallese folklore.

-lll
 who
Net
of
gentlemen
Ponapean
two
Dolakapw:
Nahnawa
right,
on
Sokene:
en
Soulik
left,
the
On

Thilenius
the
members
with
worked
they
times
German
In
legends.
of
tellers
well-known
were

lExparge
a
recording
in
folklore.
Ponapean
of
body
edition

:
 Japan in Micronesia: 1914 to 1945

The German Administration of Micronesia ended

suddenly in August of 1914 when Japan declared war

on the German Empire. Japan's aims were to take over

German territories in China and the Pacific for their

commercial, military, and colonial value. By October

of 1914, all of the islands in Micronesia were occupied

by Japanese forces. In March of 1917, England supported

Japan's claim to Micronesia by the Secret Treaty of

London. This was to reward Japan for her naval help

in the war against Germany. From 1914 to 1922, Micro

nesia was ruled by the Japanese military. In 1920 the

League of Nations gave Japan a mandate over the islands,

but the terms of the mandate forbade the construction

of military bases. From 1922 until 1955, there was a

civil government concentrating on the economic exploita

tion of Micronesia. Koror was the headquarters of the

Japanese governor. From 1935 on, Japan began to disregard

the League of Nations and began militarization of the

islands in preparation for the Second World War.

Japan's economic interests in Micronesia concentrated

on the high islands. Most land in Saipan, Tinian, and Rota

was given over to sugar cane, sweet potatoes, cotton,

and coffee. Fishing was important in all districts.

—ll3
The South Seas Development Company (Nanya Kohatsu

Kaisha) controlled many of these agricultural enterprises.

There was a pineapple cannery in Babeldoap, and rice was

grown in Ponape. Mineral deposits of phosphate were

developed in Rota, and the German phosphate workings

were continued in Anguar. Bauxite was mined in Babeldoap.

This rapid development of agriculture and industry

was mainly achieved through the importation of great

numbers of Japanese and Korean managers, engineers,

technicians, and workers. Micronesians were employed

mostly as manual laborers. As a result of these policies,

by 1940 Micronesians were a minority of the population

of their own islands.

District. No. of Japanese

year 1920 1930 1940

Saipan l,759 15,656 H3,922

Palau 592 2,078 25,768
Yap 97 2|{l 1,933
Truk 6Ol 7119 l!,128
Ponape l;25 689 8,048
Marshalls 198 l;22 68O

total 3,671 19,835 84,478

This large scale colonization by Japanese went hand in

hand with attempts to turn Micronesians into Japanese

nationals through education and propaganda. Three year

schools were established for instruction in the Japanese

language and in mathmatics and geography. Later trade

—llk
Admiral Yamamoto of the Imperial Japanese Navy: the admiral was always
interested in Micronesian affairs. In the l920's he interceded with
the Emperor to allow Christian missionaries to reenter Micronesia. He
directed many Pacific battles from his flagship in the Truk Lagoon.

—llº
schools in carpentry, sewing, and other practical

skills were available for selected Micronesian stu

dents.

Land that was previously acquired by the German

Government passed into the hands of the Japanese

Administration and additional lands were acquired by

either payment or force.

By 1940 Micronesians were largely engaged as paid

workers in these Japanese enterprises and were all

well on their way to becoming acculturated as members

of the Japanese Empire. Islands such as Saipan and

Koror already looked like Japanese cities with restau

rants, automobiles, post offices, and other urban

comforts.

The attack on Pearl Harbor in December of 1941 by

Japan was to have great consequences for Micronesians.

Micronesia was in fact Japan's main line of defense

against America, and the bloodiest battles of the war

were fought on Kwajalein, Peliliu, and Saipan. Truk

was the major anchorage of the Japanese Fleet in the

South Seas. Admiral Yamamoto, who planned many of

Japan's naval campaigns in the Pacific, gathered news

of battles in the Solomons on board his flagship in

the Truk Lagoon. Although Japanese surface ships were

usually victorious in surface battles with Allied ships,

—ll6
 parga-nmizlaitiaorny
a
of
uniform
in
students
oTrukese
student
cruiser
Japanese
the
board
on
Micro During
over
mandate
Nations
League
their
of
terms
against
went
it
Although
1920's.
the
in
Yodo Micronesia.
of
youth
militarize
to
attempted
Japanese
the
nesia,
Micro
some
Two
War
World

..2r”
.
º".
y
+
2
4-
;
,
)}{2^,
>
s

Navy.
and
Army
Japanese
the
of
members
as
served
nesians

,
,
,
–

;
Japan's loss of aircraft carriers in 1942 at Midway
Island proved to be fatal for her defensive plans.

During 1943 and 1944, American forces fought their way

from the Marshalls to Tinian and Saipan. From there

bombers destroyed Japanese cities forcing a surrender

in August of 1945.
Micronesians suffered extreme hardships during

the war: often they were used as slave laborers in the

contruction of Japanese fortifications, they were denied

use of their own lands and food, and hundreds died as

the result of American land and air attacks. Almost all

of the Japanese cities and factories were destroyed

by the war. 1945 saw Micronesia administered by the

fourth foreign power within the last fifty years.

—ll8
 1950's:
early
in
Ponape
on
begin
classes
school
before
flag
Japanese
the
of
raising
The
adimsncistpraltione,
Japanese
during
strict
very
was
Emperor
the
to
loyalty
and

stressed.
were
Empire
Japanese

--

#
 Jnapanese
iA
Yap:
on
classroom
attention
no
or
little
and
language
Japanese
the
in
place
took
struction

considered
were
which
cultures
or
languages
local
given
was
Japanese
the
by
inferior
be
to
athorities.
with
well
in
fitted
often
education
Japanese
of
nature
formal
the
However

v
y
z
E.
R.
B.
ºf
ºr
ißko

Mtircardointeisoina.l
of
cultures

§
 Cihcriosnteisainantsy
that
belief
the
in
Micronesia
Mof
govern.
to
easy
and
docile
more
people
made
ahdrmisntisatnriaztion:
of
days
Cfrom
encouraged
generally
Japanese
the
is
picture
This
war.
the
during
raids
bombing
American
by
tower
bell
its
for
except
destroyed
was
and
times
German
during
built
was
this
Ponape:
on
church
Catholic
old
the
of
interior
The

encouraged
not
were
religion.
Japanese
official
the
Shinto,
up
take
to

§
 palassroom
JThis
from
a
showing
cbook
is
picture
the
Ponape:
in
apanese
icture
ptioned,

Miacpraonesei.a"n
the
years,
five
J"After
write
and
read,
speak,
to
able
were
children

al
-
-
-i-
-

§
 -

- -

photo
This
1935
from
a
shows
Japanese
pearl
diver
rest.
at
Mikimo
The
Company
Pearl
and
Palau
the
Company
Suisan
were
engaged
both
pearl
in
culturing
Palau
during
Japanese
the
Administration.
 1930's
the
Palau
in
beds
their
from
raised

being
shells
pearl
of
mother
Black

#
 - - -il
º*
º-

--

---

------

--------
--- -

"
--

---
--"

--------
Palau
in
shells
pearl
of

------

---

mother
interior
the
of
out
taken
being
Pearls

§
Peleliu
in
began
Co.
Nanko
Peleliu:
on
phosphate
of
mining
the
for
Facilities

1931.
of
December
in
 parcoileistiensg
phosphate
of
fPart
the
by
begun
was
operation
this
Palau:
Anguar,
on

Govater
lJapanese
a
at
over
turned
then
and
Co.
Kaitaku
Nanyo
the
to
date
ernment

.
 1930's
the
in
Palau,

Anguar,
in
ship
the
on
loaded
being
Phosphate

-tº º
º,
º
-

#
 Micronesians
Anguar:
mines
the
at
phosphate
loading
for
Cars
by
numbers
large
in
employed
were

biucsriones ieas
MJapanese
in
companies
and
laborers.
manual
as
only
usual
but
--------

-----
-
-

---

§
-
-

conveyor
A
Anguar
in
ships
to
on
phosphate
loading
for
belt

§
 -4
2- :y
***
- *
- -

Tº.
º
--

---

- -
-
< *
- - -
º - -

***** -
- -º - -
- - -
:*:::::: - -º- --
* >
**º ** *
__º *-*-

Nan
Pal
bon
the
of
Co.
dri ko
au,
ito
ed
193,
The
fac
Sui 5 y
tor
san
 is
it
factory:
bonito
dried
Company's
Suisan
Nanko
of
interior
the
shows
picture
This
Japan,
from
came
businesses
of
management
and
capital
the
was
only
not
that
note
to
interest
nationals.
Japanese
were
workers
common
of
many
also
but
islands
1950's,
late
the
By

economy.
Japanese
the
into
integrated
entirely
were
Koror
and
Saipan
as
such

§
 Babeldaop,
in
Co.
Hori
Nantaka
the
of
cannery
The
pineapple
many
were
there
Palaus

plantations
largest
The
cannery.
own
its
had
each
and
Babeldoap,
in
were

Ngermeskang
Ngerdok.
and

lº
-ºº

º-º-º:

§
 1935
Palau,
cannery,
pineapple
Co
Hori
Nantaka
the
of
Interior

§
Palau
cannery,
pineapple
Co.
Hori
Nantaka
the
of
Interior
 plantations
cane
Saipan
on
underway
Plowing
sugar
1958:
in
Co.
Kohatsu
Nanyo
the
of
by-apan
industrial
for
used
was
cane
sugar
the
Much
JTaiwan.
a
in
natural
of
short
products
entensively
was
cane
as
such
colonies
Japanese
other
also
and
Islands
Mariana
the
in
grown

resourcese

§
-l37
The
sug
fac ar
cantor
on
Tin
in e
195 iany
5
 Co.
Kohatsu
Nanyo
of
factory
cane
sugar
into
leading
lines
railway
the
shows
picture
This

1944.
in
Saipan
for
battle
the
during
destroyed
were
railway
its
and
factory
The
Saipan.
on

§
 - - --

-
-
*-*.
-

-
-

-
º
- -

-
-

-
- º
D.- -
*
-

-
º
º
-
7
v
żj
º #ju
H
#IiI.ſºft##
Pa
An
u ,
laar
ingu
mi ne
phe
th ph
os ate
to
at ta ched
sh op
machine
A
 Tinian
on
Co.
Kohatsu
Nanyo
of
refinery
sugar
The
P#ńb#ſºTf:#!}#!#z
=
7
 –-
caption
1950's:
Islands
Marshall
Lagoon
Jaluit
the
in
anchored
Ships
-- -
insihip
still
is
influence
the
"Here,
reads,
book
sJapanese
a
and
from
gnificant,
-

---
------
-

---
-

---

month."
a
twice
or
once
only
comes
Japan

#
 side
A
area
toward
looking
probably
is
picture
1950's:
mid
the
in
Palau
Koror,
of
street
cheap
a
provided
Biclycles
today.
are
Theater
George's
Club
Factory
the
where
practical
and

transportation
of
means
times.
Japanese
in

;
-…-

.-.

|
|-

…LA

|×
-

-
|-

1930's
early
the
in
Tinian
of
street
main
The
street
A
1930's
the
in
Palau,
Koror,
from
scene
 religious
pA
with
right
is
Church
Catholic
1950's:
early
the
in
Saipan
onoces ion

------

Government
a
left.
the
on
Building
Office

#
and
right
on
is
Office
Post
the
1935:
about
Koror
of
street
main
The

Navy.
Japanese
the
of
sailors
with
filled
 Japanese
sA
a
of
part
was
the
Ponape:
in
dam
built
waterfalls
and
rivers
Ponape's
use
tocheme

----

---------
water-powered
a
of
parts
as
plant.
electrical

---

#
 --

-***, * *
ºr sº
The building of the Tropical Industries Laboratory in Ponape: today
this building is part of the Agricultural Station.
-148
1950's:
in
Truk,
Dublon,
on
hospital
public
the
of
building
and
staff
The
dispensary.
a
as
used
rooms
its
of
one
and
today,
standing
still
is
building
-

1930's
the
in
Truk,
Dublon,
on
store
"Makino"
The

isºtºtº sts lºsis

Sºsºsºstº
º
-

;
ºr
-

§
street
A
1955
about
Palau,
Koror,
from
scene
 side-stre ts
Koror
some
of
overview
An
1955
year
the
in

§
 - º
-

is
ºr -2
El-4
Lºº
Bi
ºffi ſi
th-dºſ
ºc º
pi,
-Z
tº
to
sºººkſººtrº
tº
ºr
k
iſ f
v
&º
º
º
tº
ºr
wºº ºltd avº
t…º strº
lºo
the 'sn
in tio
Sta
Cab le
Wir
Off
Pos
Pal
Thetele
ice
au ss
 =

--------

-------
-- - bombardment
off
just
today
standing
still
is
chuch
belltower
the
1944:
of
July
in
-sº naval
and
air
American
extensive
an
after
Garapan
of
ruins
the
in
fighting
Marines
U.S.
-
º -

-
º
--

---

-
Y--
º
-

***

Road.
Beach
of

§
eoxmpbearidemnecnetds
Saipan
1944:
July
in
Garapan
ruins
bThe
heaviest
the
of
some
and
destroyed
completely
almost
were
Tinian
and
Saipan
towns
The
War.
Pacific
the
of
fighting

ended.
had
fighting
after
months
for
camps
refugee
in
kept
were
Saipanese
the
and
 º background.
in
Moen
with
left
the
on
is
ships
Japanese
of
numbers
large
sunk
bombing
This
Island
Dublon
1944:
February
in
Lagoon
Truk
of
bombing
the
shows
photo
Navy
U.S.
This
-
-

Pacific.
Central
in
Fleet
Japanese
weakened
fatally
and
Lagoon
Truk
the
within
-

sº -
-

--

§
 "story-boards"
These
events
the
of
some
show
They
Palau.
in
house
meeting
or
abai
an
from
are
Government
Military
Japanese
under
labor
forced
including
Palau
wartime
by
bombing
the
and

ºv's-

|-

-
-- airplanes.
American
-->

***Tºº
-
Lº*- - /
"
s:
------,
-
-
-- -
f
ºº -

-
º, -
º -
º
-
-
|

§
 Rearentered
from
flag
American
an
received
just
has
District,
Yap
Atoll,
Faraulap
of
Agifaru
Chief Micronesians within
So
1946.
picture
this
in
Wright
Admiral
of
period
fourth
their
into adnmsitnirsatriatoinosn
iforeign
adm
four
these
of
experience
shared
The
years.
50

Mifcreornenscieasn.
unite
to
much
done
dhas
cultural
and
linguistic
their
despite

§
 Babeldoap,
day
Palau
house
A
present
in

§l
 Photo Credits

p. 5, Krämer, Truk ; p. 7, Krämer, Nevermann, Marshall Inseln; p. 9,

Hambruch, Ponape; po ll, Krämer, Inselin um Truk; p. 13, Keate, Pelew
Islands; p. 15, Keate, Pelew Islands; p. 17, Thilenius, Allgemeines;
p. 19, Krämer, Truk; p. 21, John Griebel; p. 25, Thilenius, Allgemeines;
p. 27, Japanese Book, Palau Museum; p. 28, Duperrey, Voyage de la
Coquille; pp. 29, 30, 31, Duperrey, Voyage de la Coquille; Müller
Wismar, Jap; p. 33, Thilenius, Allgemeines; pp. 34, 35, Müller-Wismar,
Jap: p. 36, Furness, Island of Stone Money; , po 37, Müller-Wismar, Jap:
p. 38, Eilers, Tobi und Ngulu; pp. 39, 40, 41, Eilers, Tobi und Ngulu;
pp. 42–52, Krämer, Zentralkarolinen; pp. 55–63, Krämer, Truk; Inseln
um Truk; pp. 64, 65, Eilers, Inselin um Ponape; p. 66, Thilenius, All
gemeines; pp. 67–68, Japanese Book, Palau Museum; p. 69, Thilenius,
Allgemeines; pp. 71-73, Eilers, Westkarolinen, I; pp. 74-77, Japanese
book, Palau Museum; pp. 81,82, Max Mori; p. 83, Lubbock, Bully Hayes;
p. 85, Japanese Book, Palau Museum; p. 87, Krämer, Nevermann, Marshall
Insuln; p. 86, Furness, Island of Stone Money; pp. 89–99, Peckelsheim,
Kriegsbilder aus Ponape; pp. 101, 105, 105, Müller-Wismar, Jap:
p. 107, Furness, Island of Stone Money; pp. 109, llo, Hambruch, Ponape;
p. lll, Thilenius, Allgemeines; p, llz, Hambruch, Ponape; p. 115,
Father Berganza; P. ll:7, Max Mori; pp., ll.9–120, Japanese Book, Palau
Museum; p. 121, Father Berganza; pp. 122–154, Japanese Book, Palau
Museum; pp. 155-157, U.S. Navy; p. 158, Carlos Viti. p. 159, Library
Services, Headquarters Education; p. 160, Carlos Viti.

-16l
 Bibliography

Arizaleta, Aniceto. "La iglesia de Lukunor," El siglo de las misiones,

Año IX, Tomo IX, Burgos, 1922.
Duperrey, Voyage de la Coquille, Paris, 1826.
Furness, William. The Island of Stone Money, Philadelphia, J. B.
Lipnemcroft and Co., l910.
Japanese Book with missing title page in the Palau Museume
Keate, George, ed. An Account of the Pelew Islands, 1789.
Lubbock, Basil. Bully Hayes: South Seas Pirate, Boston, Charles E.
Lauriat Co., l931.
Mitchell, Roger E. "Kubary, the First Micronesian Reporter,"
Micronesian Reporter, 3rd Quarter, lº'7l.
Peckelsheim, Freiherr von und zu. Kriegsbilder aus Ponape, Union
Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft, n.d.
Thilenius, G. Ergebnisse der Südsee-Expedition, 1908–1910. Published
by Friedrichsen & De Gruyter, Hamburg, 1917–1938. Individual
volumes are listed below:
-----Damn, Hans. Zentralkarolinen (Ifaluk, Aurepik, Faraulip), 1938.
-----Eilers, Annaliese. Inseln um Ponape (Kapingamarangi, Nukuor,
Ngatik, Mokil, Pingelap), 1934.
Westkarolinen, I (Songosor, Pulo Anna, Merir), 1936.
Westkarolinen, II (Tobi und Ngulu), 1936.
-----Hambruch, Paul. Ponane, l052,
-----Krämer, Augustin. Inseln um Truk (Lukunor, Namoluk, Losap,
Nama, Oroluk-Atoll), 1935.
Truk, l952.
Zentralkarolinen (Lamotrek-Gruppe, Oleai, Feis), 1938.
-----Müller-Wismar, Wilhelm. Jap, 1917–18.

—162–
MAPS
-

-
-
 &º~I

’S
TRUST
’*
TERRI TORY
-

w
©
-
7
i3-.-
y-
a
r. OF
THE
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r ISLAND
PACIFICS
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CAROLINE
AND
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4 JUNE
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AND
PARATE
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3,000,000
ArN zºº
MILES
SQ.
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-
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715.79
MILES
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2,203
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14
1-7"
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142*
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14

District
Islands
Moriono
N
.ANDs
Isl.
PAcific
THE
OF
TERRITORY
Trust
2r-
lo,743
Population
Total

*
unacas

is
.Maug

1•Asuncion

º
1AGRIHAN
A

iPAGAN
soo
Popuu-arton
by
weter
Center
Dºst
to
2O3-
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is.”

i.
Al-A-G-M

1..Guguan

on L.,
sJN-anigan
t
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L.ANATA
º
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*,NOTE:
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Existing
FROM
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D
R ISTANCES
E
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THE
in
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“...ſº SALPAN_l
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15"
ess4
Population
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-96
Population
Center
water
by
to
m
16
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G
-A ui

Rota Agº"
no
At
Popuu. ºil.
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-
4"

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PLAT
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s
-----
tcocos FIGURES
POPULATION
-
-----
www.on-
---
to
-o-to
a--
-------
or
ct-----
1965
30,
June
of
As
scavit
was
t-1
one-wa-r
to
paawn
ant
anvi
ºil
of
otwalks
ouvu.txt

-
15.3"
14:9"
150°
151"
14.7"
13-'
146"
145°
1-4"
142*
14.3"
i-e
F-
--.
-
-
 163"
162°
165*
166"
164"
167°
160°
16:9"

Io r
Isho!
Mslonds
District
T
THEUST
TERRITORY
OF
PACIFIC
ISLANDS
RTAou.u.
S”
Totol
-
18,239
Populotion
iz"

Bikini
ATOLL
_-_Eniwetok
Atoll
3 º-
\-2 -
V2sonsenix
P(arolu u
cº atov.u.
rink
LiNGINAE
At
ATOLL
-- -
<>
ºr-
RoNGEL.AP
ATOLL
arou.-
Taxa
Population
225
4torna
Center
Dest
to
by
weter

ATO-- A-Lux
A:º...?
-
-
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Atoll
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A
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center
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CŞ LANG
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2.20"
cents’
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by
water
Population
39t
to
m,
687
center
Oºst
water
by
JE
won
ATOLL
C--C,
ºvºº
see
J’N Z-2 KWAJALEIN
U.J.A.
ATOLL
A.TOL
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L.
m,
213
Center
Dºt
to
woter
by
\
P
~ opulation
>29
to
&\
$º. -
Center
Dºt
-r
-
s" \N
\NOTES
"
V
9."
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ATOLL
TRANSPORTATION
N
\\OutLYING
TO
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-
^
P
ATopulation
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out- waſ
BY
-
\\ER.
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to
center
dist
water
by
-
S3
war
Distances
ER
ARE
scALED
FROM
ExISTING
Dock
in
RESPECTIVE
THE
MUNICIPALITY.
F-A.º.A:9%;
Litº
1.
a
r
pop
-ion *"...º.º.
º:
§§
~3
center
by
woter
Sºº.
659
g-
to
Center
Dºst
water
by
s"
l
lº
Jaewot
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§35U.
on
At 1,000
AiLingLAPALAP
ATOLL
ºn
35
Center
Ost
to
Rood
by
30m
Center
Dist
to
Pop-ul-ATION
womer
by
1,158
-
m
146
to
Center
Dist.
Cby
woter

ſº".
2A. center
oist
Pop
5,187
7-
MAJURO ~
7"
ATOLL
ATOLL
ARNO
MO-IL
ATOLL
º
Population
1,163
- to
ºn
35
center
dººr
water
by

GE
Pin
T
A
LAP
L.ou.
º
ºz
~~
s
-0
\s -
MILI
ATOLL
valuit.
Aroll
\{ºº:::::* 6
Population
90rn
-
1,127
Dºst
to
C-nter ->
-
Knox
Atov
7
in
ºn
by
Cent-r
Dast
to
Woter
Amori-
T
Aou.--
by
water -A-OR
to
º
cA1
KUS
I.
E.:
IK.
u.
to
mu º
0-4t
nier
Population
289 woter
by
ºn
159
Center
Dest
to
woter
by
5”
s"
ON
tº
AT
L.
ou
*2
º'c....". -
- Pono
pe
District
m
t
Center
Dºt
o
by
water
PL.
E
T
A.
9
->
wo
Q
too
roo
soo
m
PoPULATION
FIGUREs),
.
4."
Nort ºut
sto
M
-iles
Gºog-a-c
ct-----
of
As
June
30,1965
|4"
is.--o-
or
a--
-agoons
PLott-D
---
un-ro--
twº
to
-cau
-aº
outunt
isva-o-
3o
tail.
ot
r
v-Goo--
and
a--
owt-wa--
to
---
7w0-aw-
t.
sca-t

160°E
16,"
162"
iss"
is-
147."
---"
169*
tro"
171°
172°E
 — I
l
l
l
º* IIllH
1
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[5F
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º
FºI
Tºrs-T
º-
Tºſs-
—L
134-
Ikº
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Aa
fr/c
fD/s
TRUST
TERRITORY
PACIFIC
THE
OF
islands
Rºy
Nºeruanqi
©He- ot
s
*A*-woºl.
13.
º

/s/and's
Aa/au

BABELTHUAP
1.
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-

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ALARA.
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PELELIU

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|-

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Meien
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Total
3°
-
3-tº
(/
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lº -o
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zºo
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minutes
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or
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twº
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ALL
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are
islands
DRA-
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to
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war
2*
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l 130°
-
131
132*
iss-
134-
135°
137-
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S.A.-//-
6/64
 -
-- == ==
157°E
152"
iss"
15.4°
155°
156*
157°
156*
159°
iso"
isi"
162"
165°E

Ponope
Di
Strict
m
--
R
T
OFusT
TERRITORY
THE
.P
isnACIFIC
LANDS
e
Total
Population
.18,958
UK
OROL
ATOLL
enyovin
lSIslonds
*
L
-ſ h
-
º:$º...
*20s'
s.'.
cenſe,
by
Rood
Population
1,674
TPaxin
m
t7
Center
Dºst
Aoou.u.
Woter
by
7-
Population
2,430"
7 Poliker
IPONAPE
- Population
2,354-
ATOulu.
MokiL T
mA
8
to T
Dust
N,oul-
by
Center
Road
POPULATION
00
m
16
Dºt
40iCenter
by
water
9
•
tm
Center
Dist
too7
woter
by
2^
tol
POPuu.
ATION
2,712 º:
cº
arou.
ELAP
Ping
Center
Dust
by
Rood
165m
Center
Dºst
to
º'-
worer
by
$$...
Kiri6-
------- t- o
unst
venter
Population
by
1K
NGAT
2,80ſ
OLL
A6 T -
<>
"Poeulation
Dºt
to
34m
by
Center
Rood
447
D-1
ºn
29
by
worer
Dºt
to
88mm
Center
by
woter

Kus
1.
Ale
POP
3,351
Popuu.
2,500
Ation
t317
m
Center
Dust
byo
worer
s / -
º/, s”

/I
of
)unsok
-
Popuu.
At
400
on
3.9
Center
Dºt
to
m,
by
woºter
m
t9
by
Dock
o
Rood
m
t8
by
Dock
o
worer

4." /
4”
Popuu.
ATION
2";º
ATO
Lu.
#t=Haw
/
3-9. 500 º V-
Dºst
to
by
center
:*::::::::::::.”
Woter
woi-r
/
me
to
by
Dock
to
/worer
/
º
/Molern
Population
soo
s -
3.27
Center
Dist
to
m,
s'
by
water
5,
by
Dock
to
mRood
m
t5
by
Dock
o
Woter

2” 2"

NOTES
TRANSPORTATION
To
ING
ouTuy
LLAGES
vſ
BY
IS
ER.
waſ
Road
Distances
S.How
A
N RE
PROPOSED.
*::::::::::"
***
ROAD
waſ
AND
DISTANCES
ER
ARE
SCALED
".FROM
uu-at Existing
Dock
THE
in
RESPECT
ive
m
1°
PALITY.
Munici
t364
center
dist
o
worer
by

T E
T
A.
PL.
6
30
wo.
r
10_0
roo

E- g
stor q
----
wºre
PopULATION
Note:
FIGURES
stosaarwic
as
cºurt
stanos
or
and
ant
atolls
"Lot"
vºos-
twº
to
“a”
scatt
of
As
June
30,1965
List
our
or
tanus
of
Lawos
is
o----au-
avoils
and
on
ant
A*
to
-
7-t
-
---it

159"
teo"
135°
1-4"
157°
156*
e-
153°
152*
lez
isi
r"t
15
-> -
 E
152°oo
15°30'E

was
*
* -5
londs
ls
Truk
if
* So
#Distric
Truk t Pis Ruac
ºf
S.
* LANDs
is
PACIFIC
THE
OF
TERRIT
-> ORY
L.A.-OIL
º, TRUST

QI
Northeast

-
25
fanuela,
ye Quoi

FALAs
-
w
easis
.”*
/? mon
sº
Po-
North-o-r
7° ****
30
-
/* MO
4,380
POPULATION
EN
C-ter
O4t
small
Wonel
630
on
At
POPuu.
by
water
Center
tmo
Dºst
18
.* *
-
- -rit
317
Populatio
*ulalun
__ LON
Due
udot
ºztof
pº’”
ºf, Center
ºf
$º:
- Para-
Parq water
by
Center
ſºº.FANAMu
o
9 o
Attom
Popuu. geten
by
water -
ONA-ve Erou.
Center
tmo
Dºst
18 BEGuets
FALA
º FEFAN
Population 497
Tari 2,194
Center
o
Dist
tm
13.5 Population
•onna
Po
Pigenv Dast
Center
to
6-
by worer water
by
e O
L
T
Sºº is
Bernard
tonnes
o
ºu"o"
3.222
28°ulation 4)
C
> Ş D-Center
to
23m *Torqua-u
-
water
by UMAN
Eoat 1,76e
Population F-A-A-
C-nter -
o
Dºt
t10
m
worer
by ‘F ore.
*"
-
-º-, .
- -* --
Powene - - -
LA-
ou.
*>-
s”
42
a
Populatio n -
water
by
center
Dust
to
23m º

** -
*@
NOTE "ºsso.
Existing
FROM
scALED
ARE ES
DISTANC
ER
waſ
Municipa
RESPEct lity.
ive Gºwr
dock THE
IN 42.
--> *
Atolº
Kuop SN
&
7
PLATE

FIGURES
POPULATION
-ni
Sºo-wº- 1965
30,
June
ILauvengn
ſº
- e of
As

tº
152°oo
E15t"3o
 Hell
+
II AMONVTsI
30
3HL
SOI-IIowd
Lmºl.1
OLINb13.1 2&
Fo
w-O-
,
vamns
'*'
e H
| r
6
•
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=
 THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ

This book is due on the last DATE stamped below.

To renew by phone, call 429-2756
- Books not returned or renewed within 14 days
after due date are subject to billing.

MAR 1481
APR 27 1981 tº

Oct 1 1981 RECD

JAN 22 1991 º

MA 9'95
MAY 3 1995 || ||
 º
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