10. CHAPTER 1 | Fundamentals Peach 33 CONCEPTS 1. Give an example of each of the following: (@) A natural number (b) An integer that is not a natural number (©) Acational number that isnot an integer (@) An ierational number 2. Complete each statement and name the property of real numbers you have used (@) ab Property Watered Property © ata= Property 13. The set of numbers between but not including 2 and 7 can be vwritten as follows: in set-builder notation aid in interval notation, 4. The symbol |x| stands forthe — of the number x. Ifx isnot O, then the sign of |x| is always SKILLS 5-6 m List the elements ofthe given set that are (2) natural numbers (©) integers (6) ‘ational numbers (@) srcational numbers 10,50, 3,0.538, V7, 1.23, ~§, V3} 1,11, 8, VIG, 3.14, 9 5. {0, 6, {1.001, 0.333..., —m, 7-14 wm State the property of reel numbers being used 11+ 10=10+7 8.23 +5)=G+5)2 9, (c+ 25) += et Ot RH) 10, 2(4 + B) = 24+ 28 SH, (x4 1)3 = 15r+3 12 (alle +B) = Hale t (e+ ab 13, 2x3 + y) = GB + 9) 14, Ha +b +e) = Hat b) +76 15-18 m Rewrite the expression using the given property of real nombers 18. Commutative Property of addition, x+3.= 16, Associative Property of multiplication, 7(3x) = 17, Distributive Property, 4(4 + B) = 18, Disuibutive Propeny, Sx + Sy = 223, —JQx ~ 4y) wits 19.24 m Use properties of real numbers 10 write the expression without parentheses, 19. 045) 21. 4(2m) 20. (a — »)8 6») 24, (Ba)(b + ¢ ~ 2d) 25-30 m Perform the indicated operation. am iet ML+i- es ) 0258 + @) G-)E+) ood oa 26. (a) 5 27. (a) ¥o-)) 28. (a) (3 + 3) ~ §) 31-32 & Place the correct symibol (<, >, or =) in the space. 3.@3 $ &-3 -} @35 } 32.) F067 @) | -067 (© [067] | -0.67/ 38.36 & State whether each inequality is tue of false. 33.) ~6 < -10 ( Vie 141 wR 1 aa tok ten 38. (a) > 3 ) 8=9 36. (@) 11> 10 mses 37-38 Write each statment in terms of inequalities 37. (@) rispostve (b) Fis less than 4 (©) ais grester than or equal to (@) is ess than } and is greater than ~$ (6) The cistance from p to 3 is at most 5 (@) is rezaive (0) is greater than 1 (© bisatmost8 (@) wis postive and isles than or equal o 17 (© ris at est 2 units from 39-42 wm Find the indicated set if A={1,2,3,4,5,6,7) B= (2,4,6,8) C= 17,8,9,10) -39. @) AUB wane 40. (@) BUC wanc 41 @ AUC mance 4 @) AUBUC @ananeAA ——— 43-44 a Find the indicated setif klx2 2} B= {rlr<4) C={el-1<255} 4. (@) BUC @ anc 44, @) ANC mans 45-50 1 Express the interval in terms of inequalities, and then pra the interval. © 045. (-3.0) 46. (2,8) 47. [2,8) 48, [-6,-1] 49. (2-0) $0, (ce, 1) 51-56 Express the Inequality in interval notation, and then raph the comresponding interval Sst 2 1srs2 53, -2NEI6) () (20°62)%(5a°65)? (b) (2u°V)Bu-v)? y 53-60 m Simplify the expression, Assume thatthe letters denote any real numbers, 33. Ve 4, V8 S58. Viet 56, Wee 2151. Vea? s8. Verba 9. Went 60. VSP 61-70 Simplify the expression and eliminate any negative expo- nent(s). Assume that all letters denote postive numbers, S68. ay lis oo pyr 62. (a) (48) (8b"*) 0) (2a"¥(50"*) lyr? RSH)? saw Me oy ote 64, (a) (8) @) way? 65, (a) (8a°b*?)2° (b) (4a%b8)? 66. (a) (x-4y"8-9 (0) ey PEay-MyHE (arr w< rye (are 8. @ (23) a Gey” 67. (a) a p 0. @) « = we SG yezy" © aan) 71-16 © Simplify the expression and eliminate any negative c nents(s) Assume that al letters denote positive numbers, no ( So WV @) EVH2VS) 72. @) Verve @) @VaWa'y T. ) Var wor oe We iy Wate War 14, (a) WRNKG™ we Va #78, WiVi ws LFi »fS4x2y" 76. (a) Vs | 71-78 Wte each number in scentite notation. * 77. (a) 69,300,000 (b) 7,200,000,000,000 (@) 0.000028536 (@) 10001213 78. (@) 129,580,000 {0) 7239,000,000 (©) 0.0000000014 (a) 0.007029 79-80 ¥ Write cach umber in decimal notation, £79, (a) 3.19% to! (©) 2.670 x 10-* 80. (a) 7.1 X10 (© 855% 10% © 2721 x 108 (@) 9999 x 10° ) 6x 10" (@) 6257 x 10-1 81-82 @ Write the number indicated in each statement in scientific notation, 81. (a) A light-year, the distance that light tavels in one year, about 5,500,000,000,000 mi (b) The diamoter of an electron is about (6.0000000000004 em (©) A drop of water contains more than 33 billion billion molecules 82, (a) The distance from the earth to the sun is about 93 million miles (b) The mass of an oxygen molecule is about ©.000000000000000000000053 2. (©) The mass ofthe earth is about 5,970,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg. 83.88 = Use scientific notation, the Laws of Exponent, and ‘a calculator to perform the indicated operations. State your answer rounded to the number of significant digits indicated by the piven data. © 83. (7.2 % 10°9)(1.806 x 10| Bee 32 CHAPTER 1 | Fundamentals SOLUTION fa) P+ +4 t4= (b) 2 = 29? = 31 + 6 = (x? — 28) +x) + (r+) Group terms = + 1) +4 +1) actor cut common factors (x? + 4) + 1) Factor outx + I from each term (Br 6) Group tems = (c= 2) — 3 — 2) Factor out commen factors = (3x 2) Factor out x ~ 2 from exch term ‘©. NOW TRY EXERCISE 83 = Cees adr is3 CONCEPTS 1. Consider the polynomial 21° + Gx* + 4x’ How many terms does this polynomial havo? List the terms: ‘What factor is common to each term? FFacior the polynomial: 2x5 + 6x" + 4x? 2, To factor the trinomial x? + 7x + 10, we look fortwo integers whose product is and whose sum is ‘These integers are and so the inom factors 3s 3. The Special Product Formula forthe “square of a sum is ata So(2r +3 = —__ 4 The Special Product Formula for the "sum and difference of the same terms” is (A + BY(A — B) = $0 (5 +35 — a) = 5, The Special Factor Formula for th ‘difference of squares" isa? ~ 8? So 4x? — 25 factors as 6. The Special Factoring Formula for a “perfect square” is A+ AB + B= Sox? + 10x + 25 factors as SKILLS 7-12 w Complete the following table by tating whether the poly ‘nomial is a monomial binomial, or trinomial; then list its terms and state its degree Polynomial Type Terms Degree Dx 3e47 8, 2x? + det Polynomial 9-8 10. 3? Meroe t 22. Viz ~ V5 13-22 Find the sum, diference, or product 13, (12x 7) = (Sx- 12) 14. (34) + Qx-8) GP +r+1) + QP ~ar-5) Ge? +x + 1) ~ x? ax 5) 17, (2 + 6x? — de +7) — (Ga? + 2x - 4) 18, 3x — 1) + x +2) 19, 8(2x + 5) ~ Thx - 9) 20, 42 = 30 +5) — Het — 26 + 1) 21, 2(2 ~ 52) + Pe 1) - = 1) 22, S(3¢— 4) — (+2) - 240 3) 23-28 = Multiply the algebraic expressions using the POIL ‘method and simplify. 23, (3¢— 2)(0- 4) 2, (45 — Qs +5) 2S, (3x + 5)(2x~ 1) 26. (Iy - 3)(2 = 1) 27, (x + 3y)(2% — y} 28. (4x = 5))(3x-y) 29-44 = Multiply the algebraic expressions using a Special Product Formula and simplify 129. Gx + ay! 30. (1 = 29)? 31. (Qu $v)? 2 (-3P 38 Qr+3y)? 34. (7-25)? 35. (+ Slr 5) 36.03) +3) 37. Gr 4)Gr+ 4) 38. (2) + S)(2y — 5) 3. (VE+2VE-2) a0, (WF + VV ~ V3)© .63. voy — 6) + My — 6) . S91 8 4 en ee SS 2. (0-37 44. (3 4.29)? ar) 43, (1-27 45-60 « Perform the indicated operations and simplify. A548 +2043) M6. 4 NE = 1) 47k S\et— 241) 48, (14 20)? — 3 + 1) 49. Vale ~ Vi) 50, (Va V5) st. y+ 95%) 52. x!"0,84 — yh) 53. (92 a+ a8) BA, (lB + yiMyCat® 58. (Va~ (Va + b) 56. (VIP FT + IVE FT 1) 87. (= 1) +1) 2) 58 (0+ (2 +29\- 2 +2)) 99, x+y ~3)Qx+y +3) 60 (ety +2\e—y-2) (61-66 © Factor ot the common factor. 62. 2x4 + ae? — tay? 4. (2 +2)'— 50 +2) 61, -2x' + 16r 65, 2x°y — Bry? + Bry 66. —T1'y? + Lay" 4 Day (67-74 w Factor the trinomial, 67 P+ 2x3 BH 6rtS <0, 8x2 — 14y 18 0. 6? + Ny ~ 21 ST. 38 = 160 +S 7B. (Be +2)? + 83x +2) #12 1A, Ya +b)? + Sfa+ 6) -3 ‘75-82 m Use a Special Factoring Formula to factor the expression 278, 94? — 16 16. (2+ 3) 4 Tow 78, a ~ a8 279, 80 — 1250 80. 1 + 10003" BL ak 4 12 +36 82. 162? - 242 +9 83-88 = Factor the expression by grouping terms. BL bare ta 84. 3x — 38 + 62 85. 2x9 4? = 6x — 86. 99 — Be? 4341 BP sates 8a tate tT £89.94 m Factor the expression completely, Begin by factoring ‘ut the lowest power of ezch common facer. 89, 7 — yh 90, 30M + al it 92. («AYP = (p= +a S99, (t+ 1) + get + 1 94 M+ 1) AIP tI 98-124 m Factor the expression completly. 98. 1207 + 18 96. 30x! + 154 9-2-8 98. x2 — Lae + 48 S117, hy = 298 SECTION 1.3 | Ageraceapesens 33 99.258 + Se 43 100, 2 + Ie — 4 101. 925 ~ 36x — 45 102, Be? + 10x + 3 103. 49 — 432 104. 47? — 93° 2105.1? 6+ 9 106. 2° + 1 +25 107. 4s! + aay + 108, 7? ~ 6s + 992 10.608 =0» aw. (122) (1-2) ML. 3662 = 1) = 92 1) 142. (a? = 1)? = ata? ~ 1) 113. ax! — 125 14. x8 + 68 MS. x3 +2"? 4x 116, 3x3 — 275 UB. 18)? — a9¢ 9.2 +4 x42 120, 38+ Se G10 BBL (© = 1G + 2) ~ 1) +2) 122, yy + 2) + 98 + 2)¢ 123. (2 + 1) — Ho? +1) +10 124, (a? + 2a)? — 2a? + 2a) — 3 125-128 Factor the expression completely. (This ype of expression arses in calulus when using the “Product Rule") 125, S(2? + 4y(2e)ox— 2)! + (a2 + 4) — 2) 126. 32x ~ 1)%Q){x + 3)! + (2x — 1) + 3)! 127. (8 +3) 18 — FXG? + 3)? 128, Jx!*(3x + 4)" ~ alae + aye 129, (a) Show that b= S[(a + 6)? ~ (a! + 89) (©) Show that (a? + b3)! — (a? — B= 4a? (©) Show that (+ DYE + a) = (ac + bal? + (ad be}? (@) Factor completely: 4atc* ~ (a? ~ b2 + e2, 130. Verify Special Factoring Formulas 4 and 5 by expanding their right-hand sides, APPLICATIONS 131, Volume of Concrete A culvert is constructed out of| large cylindrical shells cast in concrete, 2s shown in the figure. Using the formula forthe volume of a eylinder given fn the inside front cover of tis book, explain why the yol- ume ofthe cylindrical shell is = wR arth Factor to show that V = 2ar-average radius height thickness Use the “unrolled” diagram to explain why this makes sense geometrically ——54 CHAPTER 1 | Fundamentals EXAMPLE 14 | An Absolute Value Equation Solve the equation |2x — | = 3. SOLUTION By the definition of absolute value, |2x — 5 ‘The solutions are.x = ‘NOW TRY EXERCISE 105 e209 ss 45 ‘When solving equations that involve absolute values, we usually take cases 2xe-5=3 or 2-5 2x8 x4 r= 4, a 3iis equivalent to CONCEPTS 1. True or ftse? (@) Adding the same number to each side ofan equation always gives an equivalent equation. (b) Maliplying cach side of an equation by the same number alvays gives an equivalent equation (6) Squsring each side ofan equation always gives an equiva- Jeat equation 2. Explain how you would use each method to solve the equation Paar 5=0. (@) By factoring (b) By completing the square (©) By using the Quadratic Formula 3. (@) ‘The solutions of the equation x%(e ~ 4) (b) To solve the equation ~ 42? = 0, we left-hand sie, Oare the 4. Solve the equation V2x + x = 0 by doing the following steps. (a) Isolate the radical: (by Square both sides: (©) The solutions ofthe resulting quadratic equation are (@ The solution(s) that satisfy the original equation are 8. The equation (x + 1)? ~ S(x + 1) +6 = Oisof type, To solve the equation, we set W ‘The resat- ing quadratic equation is 6. The equation. + 7° the equation, we set W is of type. To solve The resting quadratic equation is SKILLS 7-10 m Determine whether the given value isa solution of the equation, Tact @ &1-[2-@-n)=4x- +5) Mx=4 L x” yoy! ws @xr=2 Wr=4 @ x @rs8 11-28 = The given equation is either linear or equivalent to a linear equation, Solve the equation, UL 2e+7=31 12. Sr-3=4 Bde-R=1 M.34)e=5 S15. ~7w = 15-20 16. 51-13 = 12~51 3 7. fy =2 ditt oe 5 > 0 19. 212) = 30 +a) +5 2544-3 att ao 2° 3) 4 Mx M14 = (44492 28, V9R4 Vi 29-42 m Solve the equation for the indicated variable, 229. PV= nRTy fork 30 r= 07M, formela P= +2; fore Bt ee tor 3a. a—2[0-3le-))=6; fore a60x+(@-1)=(@+ 1) for + 2th tore for r 31. V= far fore w.s=0(1+75): fori nn +1) fort 4, $= form AL. h = igt? + vot 43-54 1 Solve the equation by factoring, a 4, 2 4+3x-4=0 46,22 480+ 12 47, 4x? = a= 1 0 48. 2+ Ty +3 49, x2 + 5e=2 50, Gx{x — 1) = 21 — “51, 27 = 8 $2, 3x7 27 = 0 $83, Gr +2)? = 10 55-62 m Solve the equation by completing the square. 258, 2 +2 87.8 -6r-11=0 0 56.2 - 4 +2=0 $89, 27 + 8x +1=0 0 61, 4¢ - (63-78 w Find all real solutions ofthe quadratic equation. @.2-2-15=0 64 8+ 5 6=0 +68. 8-4 10=0 66, 2 + 30v + 200=0 o. 30 HTS 6. 0. 2 -@+1=0 1. m2-y-b=o m. 0-8 -4rt1 16. 3454220 78. 25:7 + 10x + 490 15. w? = 4w - 1) 71. 10y? ~ 16) +5=0 79-84 m Use the discriminant to determine the number of rel so- Jutions of the equation. Da not solve the equation, 11928-64120 80. ax? = 6x — 9 $8 +2204 121=0 82 7 +221 + 121-0 18 4 Se 84 tre—s=0 (6>0) 85-108 w Find all real solutions of the equation. <9 SECTION 1.5 | Eqatins 55 Ox: x 9. VE=a+ 93, xt VEFT= 8 94, VRS tx 9S x= 13H 4=0 96 Sx HAO 9. Oxf + Ax? + = 98, x 2x 3=0 99. xs 6=0 100, VE-3VE—4=0 10, a(e +1)!" Sex +) + + =O 102, x! 4 32-8 = 10-9 103, x!" 31 =ax®—9 104, r-SVE+6=0 105, [3r +5] =1 106. |2x| =3 107, |x~ 4] = 001 108, |x ~ 6) APPLICATIONS 109-110 = Falling-Body Problems Suppose an object is dropped from a height fy above the ground. Then its height after 1 seconds is given by h = ~16r* + hy, where is measured in feet. Use this information to solve the problem, 109, {fa ball is dropped from 288 ft above the ground, how long des i ake 10 reach ground level? 110. A tall is dropped from the top of building 96 fal, (2) How long will t take to fall half the distance to ground level? (b) How Jong will take to fall to ground level? 111-112 « Falling-Body Problems Use the formala f= 161? + uy discussed in Example 9 111, A ball is thrown staight upward at an intial speed of p= 40 fs. (a) When does the ball reach a height of 24 ft? (b) When does it reach & height of 48 £0? (©) Whats the greatest height reached by the ball? (@) When does the ball reach the highest point of is path? (©) When does the ball hit the around? 112. How fast would a ball have to be thrown upward to reach @ ‘maximum height of 100 7 (Hint: Use the discriminant of the equation 161? — ge + h= 0] 113. Shrinkage in Concrete Beams As concrete dries, it shrinks—the higher the water content, the greater the shrink age. If concrete Bear has a water content of w kg/m, then it will shrink by a factor 0.032 ~ 2.5 10,000 ‘where $ is the faction of the original beam length that disappears due to shrinkage. (a) A beam 12.025 m long is cast in conerete that contains 250 ke/m’ water. What is the shrinkage factor $? How Jong will the beam be when it has dried?116 CHAPTER 1 | Funerals 13, Find the stopes ofthe lines fy, and J inthe figure below. Tines through (0,0) with slopes 1, 0, (b) Sketch ines through (0,0) with slopes} and 3, 15-18 Find an equation forthe line whose graph is sketched, 16. 15, c 19-38 m Find an equation of the line that satisfies the given conditions. 19, ‘Theovgh (2,3); slope 5 20, Through (2,4); slope ~ 21. Through ( 22, Through (—3,~5):_ slope 2 +23. Through (2,1) and (1,6) 24, Through ( +28. Slope 3; s-intercept ~2 26, Slope 27. intercept I; yiatercept ~3 7), slope # and (4,3) yrintercept 4 28, intercept —8; y-intercopt 6 al | ae 29, Through (4,5); parallel tothe x-axis 30. Through (4,5); parallel to the y-axis * <3, Through (1,~6); parallel tothe line x + 2 = 6 32. y-intercept 6; parallel tthe line 2x + 3y +4 = 0 +33, Though (~1,2); parallel othe line x 34. ‘Through (2,6); perpendicular to the line y = 1 38. Through (—1, ~2); perpendicular to the line Bet Sy+8=0 36, Through (, ~3 1 37. Through (1,7); parallel tothe line passing through (2,5) and (2,1) ‘38. Through (—2, -11); perpendicular tothe line passing through (1,1) and (5, =1) 39, (@) Sketch the line with slope $ that passes through the point (2.1) (b) Find an equation for this line perpendicular tothe line x ~ 8y 40. (a) Sketch the line with slope ~2 that passes through the poiat (4. ~1). () Find an equation fortis line {G)41-44 w Use a eraping device to graph te given family of tins ine same viewing eectangle, What do the ines hae it common? 41 y= 246 ford = 0,21, 23,26 2 0, £025, #05, #15 43. y= moe 3) form = 44, y= 2+ mle +3) form 445-56 m Find the slope and y-intercept of the line and draw its graph, a orty=3 46. 3x ~ 2 0 48, 2x ~ 5; Sa. xt 3y fxd tls 50. 32 — o yea om I ax ~ ay = 12 54. dy +8=0 Ox + 4y 1 56, 4x+ Sy = 10 ~ 57. Use slopes to show that A(1, 1), B(7,4), C(5, 10), and D(=1.7) ae sence of paietogiam 58, Use slopes to show that A(—3, 1), (3,3). and C{-9,8) are vences of ang triangle 59. Use slopes to stow that (1, 1), BCH, 3), C(10, 8), and 10,6) are vertees ofa rectangle. 6, Use slopes to determine whether the given points are colinear (ie online) €@) (1.1).(.9), (6.21) © (-13),(1.7) (415) 61, Find an equation ofthe perpendicular bisector ofthe line segment joining the points A(L.4) and 50, ~2)150 CHAPTER 2 | Functions —— 22, We) = 1+ 4 M1). A(= 1,4) ), oya(t) 23, f(x) = de? + 3-4 SO). £2). H-2), (V2). Fle + YS) 2A, f(x) = 29 — ax, $0). (0). F(-D. s@).e(2). 164) 25. f(x) = 2x1] H-2), 10), £4), 2), Ale + 13, f? + 2) 28. 0) = HL H-.H-1). 40). 5). 0. A(2) 27-30 w Evaluate the piecewise defined function at the indicated vabes. . Bice sms ( ieee H-2).-1) $10), (0) £2) (5 tesa $= Ioe-3 ite>? S(-3), $0), £2), 8). 03) ifes-1 toe 29. fle) = x if-l2 $05) AO), £1). £2). 415) 31-34 m Use the function to evaluat the indicated expressions ‘and simpli Be fl) =P + fle +2). 5l8) + £2) 32. fla) = Be — 1; 28), 2416) 33. fl) s+ 4 0). 4)? 34. lx) = 6x — 18; QZ 35-42 m Find f(a), fa +h), and the difference quotient HEPA IO) rere #0 ke $238, fix) =e +2 36. fe) =F + 1 3 fl) = 38. say- a +. f(a) = 2 B. $0) = 40, f(x) = 4 AL fe) =3- Seta? 42 Fle) 43-64 Find the domain of the function 44. fle) =P +1 -lsxs5 45, f(s) = 2 46. feet, 0 99-32 + SL. f(x) = Ve - 5 53. s() = Vim 34, g(x) = VI 35. Ax) = V2n—5 56. Gx) = VE=9 58. 90) = $9. g(x) = WF ~ x 0. g(x) = VP 61. fle) = 62. se) 65-68 = A verbal description of a function is given. Find (a) alge- bra, (b) numerical, and (¢) graphical representations fo the fonction, 465. To evaluate f(x), divide the input by 3 and add} t the result. 666. To evaluate g(x), subtract 4 from the input and multiply the result by 3 67. Let T(x) be the amount of sales tax charged in Lemon County fon a purchase of x dollars. To find the tax, take 8% of the pur chase price. 68. Let V(d) be the volume ofa sphere of diameter d. To find the volume, take the cube ofthe diameter, then multiply by ar and divide by 6 APPLICATIONS 69, Production Cost the cost Cin dollars of producing «yards of a certain fbi is given by the function C(x) = 1500 + 3x + 0.02%7 + 0.0001%? (a) Find €(10) and C(100). (b) What do your answers in part (a) represent? (©) Find C(0). (This number represents the fired costs)‘s Use a graphing device to draw the graph of the piecewise Tanetion. See the margin note on page 155.) 2e- x? ifx>] fees 150 # The graph of a pcewise defined function is given. Find Sof th fvction nthe nde form, ire -2 if-2<252 ifz>2 ifxs-t if-12 1» Use the Vertical Line Test to determine whether the Isthe graph of a function of x y ® ” a ¥ 0 — ) a @ » al = 0 = oy oY my S87. xP + 2y=4 58 ar hy 59. x=" 60.8 +9 - 1) 61. x+y? =9 ee Boxy tye 65. 2Jx| ty = 0 oxay SECTION 2.2 | Grphsotfuntors 161 ‘53-56 m Use the Vertical Line Test to determine whether the ‘curve isthe graph of a function of Its, state the domain and range of the function 33. y 54, a a 2 0 Ae 5s. 7 56, y 2 1 0 ae oa 1 ‘57-68 Determine whether the equation defines y as a function of x (See Example 9.) 69-74 w A family of functions is given. In parts (a) and (b) graph all the given members ofthe family inthe viewing reetangle indi- cated, In part () state the conclusions thet you can meke from your raphe. +. fly) +e (@) €=0,2,4,6; [-3,5}by[-10, 10) () ¢=0,-2,~4,~6; [-5, 5]by[-10, 10) (©) How does the value of e affect the graph? 70. flr) = («—e}* (@) c= 0,1,2,3; [-5, 5]by{-10, 10) (b) c= 0,1, -2,~3; [-5,5] by [-10, 10), (c) How does the value of e affect the graph? n. (e~ eP 0.2.4.6; [-10, 19) by [-10, 10) (b) © =, ~2,~4,~6; [=10, 10] by (10, 10) (©) How does the value of ¢ affect the graph? {5,5} by (=10, 10) 1-2-5.) by [-10, 10) (©) How does the value ofc affect the graph? 7B. f(a) (@) c= bd (1.4) by (-1,3) ) c= 1.) (3,3) by (2,2) (@) How docs the value of e affect the graph?| | | | t | 1 sian Patt; forw a b ato gs Htha 2 tors 34, a — Ab — 3{e - x)] 35. ax + (a1) = (a+ A +2 tre 31. V= Jerk, torr Ba +b =c% ford na-(uegh)h a fn +1) AL hag tot forr a2 S= for 43-54 m Solve the equation by factoring. 44 P+ 3e-4=0 46,2 4&4 12=0 48. wit qy+3=0 $4. P4x-12=0 45.32 - Teh 12=0 47, 48-4 15=0 4.30 + 51-2 80. G(x ~ 1 “ss. 2P=8 82,3927 Sosy Gr +27 s4, (2x17 ‘5.62 m Solve the equation by completing the square, $58. 8+ 2x5 56,2 ~ 442 =0 51. 8-6 11=0 S59. 28 tert 1=0 0 6 ae x (63.78 m Find all real solutions of the quadratic equation, @. 2-2 15=0 64, P+ 5x-6=0 S65. ¢- t+ 10=0 66, x2 + 30x + 200 61. W4+2-3= 68. 3x7 + K+ 4=0 $269. 32 + x5 = 0 ™. 2 -6x+1=0 TL 2-b+h=0 2 2 7B. ai? + tor — w= 30 ~ 1) Th. 10)? ~ 6 +5 =0 6. 3452+ 78. 25:7 + TOK + 4 79-84 Use the discriminant to determine the number of real so: lations ofthe equation, Do nat solve the equation S793 6+ 1=0 80, 3x? G9 Ss8Lst +2204 121=0 82. x? +221r+ 121-0 S88 art set B= 0 84.07 + x—5=0 (6>0) 85-108 Find allel solutions ofthe equation, 1s 012 vas, Ly v6, 2 fs x xt2 4 s a SECTION 1.5 | Equations 55 98. x*~ 1359 +40 =0 97. 2x4 + 4s? +1 x 5B +6 = 0 100. Vi-3¥%-4=0 101. a(x + 1)!? — six + 1p +x +) =0 102, 88 + 3° = 103? 103. x! — 3x = 3x19 104, x ~ SVE +6 -108, [3+ 5) = 1 106, |2x|=3 107. [x= 1 108. |x ~ 6] APPLICATIONS 109-110 Falling-Body Problems Suppose an object is ‘dropped from a height h, above the ground. Then its height after ‘seconds is given by & = 160° +f, where fis measured in feet, Use this information to solve the problem, 109. If a ball is dropped from 288 ft above the ground, how long, does it ake to each ground level? 110. A ball is dropped from the top of a building 96 Atal () How long will it ake co fall half the distance to ground 0 (©) How long wilt it take to fll to ground level? 111-112 « Falling-Body Problems Use the formula b= 164? + oye discussed in Example 9. 111, ball is thrown straight upward at an initial speed of 19 = 40 fs (a) When does the ball reach a height of 24 ft? (b) When does it reach a height of 48 fe? (©) What isthe greatest height reached by the ball? (@) When does the ball reach the highest point of ts path? (©) When does the bal hit the ground’? 112, How fast would «ball have o be thrown upward to reach a ‘maximum height of 100.8? [Hint Use the discriminant of the equation 16 — ogi + h= 0] 113. Shrinkage in Concrete Beams As concrete dies, it shinks—the higher the water content, the greater te shink- age, Ifa concrete beam has a water content of w ky, then it wll shrink by a factor 0.0320 ~ 25 10,000 where $s the faction of the orginal beam length that disappears due to shrinkage. (@) A beam 12,025 m long is cast in concrete that contains 250 kgm? water. What isthe shrinkage factor 8? How long will the beam be whea thas cried?188 CHAPTER 2 | Functions 3a y= -3VE 35. y = 3|s] 36. y= He Wey=e-3y 4s y= VEFE3 <3. y= 3-H 4. y=2-VeFT 61-62 The graph of y = f(x) is given. Match each equation wat ts graph ays |et2)42 ' 61, (a) y= fle 4) ©) y= Fla) +3 4 y=2- |r © y= 2flx +6) (@) y= —f(2x) 4 y=iveFa—3 M4 y= 320-1 445-54 A function fis given, and the indicated transformations CN are appied to is graph (in the given order). Write the equation for 3| @ the final transformed graph 45. f(x) =X; shift upward 3 units 46, f(s) = 2 sift downward 1 nit Sat J) et 1st to ait eit 47. f(x) = Wax shift 2 units to the left 48, f(x) = Vx; shift 1 unit tothe right 49. f(x) = |x|; shift 3 units tothe right and shift upward I unit i i 50, f(s) = |x|5 shit 4 units to the left and shift dowaward 82. (@ » = $f) 2 units © y=se-4 +3 ®y=FeM SL. f(s] = Wa reflect inthe y-axis and shift upward L unit 52, f(s) =; shift 2 units to the let and reflect inthe x-axis y 53, f(z) = x7 stretch vertically by a factor of 2, shift downward 7 2 units, and shift 3 units tothe right oat die 54. f(a) = |x|; shrink vertically by a factor of, shift tothe eft "unit, and shift upward 3 units ‘55-60 The graphs of f and g are given, Find a formula forthe function g. ot * 63, The graph of fis given. Sketch the graphs of the following (a) y @) y= 40) ~2 © » @» ©» Oy al196 CHAPTER 2 | Fnctns 2.6 EXERCISES CONCEPTS 1. From the gaps of f and gin he figure, we find (F+9)2)=—__ J -)@2)= nay-—— (2)ay)-_ __ 2. By definition, f e460 #(5) = 12,then f-6(2) 3. Ifthe cule of the function f Function gis “multiply by 2." then the rule of f° gis Soitg(2) = 5 and and the rule of g «fis, 4. We can express the functions in Exercise 3 algebraically as fe) atx) = —_ Feate ge fix) = —__ SKILLS 5-10 = Find f + 9, f — g. fg, and flg and their domains, - -3. x)=? P+ 2x gt) = 38-1 11-14 Find the domain of the function, IL f= VE+VI=¥ 1 gle) 1B. h(x} =e 3)" 14, x) {Bi 17-20 » Draw tte graphs oF fg, and f+ g.0n a common srcex “18, $21. (a) Ha(0)) ©) a(S) 22. (a) F(s4)) ©) (063) 23. (a) (Feg)(-2) ©) (e° A-2) 24. (a) (f= fM-1) ©) (9° a)(2) 15.16 m Use graphical addition 1 sketch the graph of f+ g tllustate graphical adn, 7. =) as) = VI=e 18, f(x) = 1. 509) = wm fo)= 9% a= fie 21-26 w Use f(x) = 3x ~ 5 and g(x} = 2 ~ 2 to evalate the expresion. 28. (@) (Fe g)ls) 26.) (FJ) ©) Ge) © Gr a\e) | 27-32 m Use the given graphs of fand gto evaluate the expression, 27. H(o(2)) 28. o(f(0)) 29. (a f(A) 30. (Feg)(0) 3L @-9)(-2) 32 (Fe AA)a 6 SECTION 2.6 | cmbiingFocions 197 ae S.Fef.and g °g and theie 33-44 © Find the functions f »g domains 33. f(s) = 2x43, gle) =4e—1 wf) = 6-5, os) =4 f.38. =P. gle) =a41 4 fe) = P42 ge) = VE Band oe) =2+4 38. f(x) =, als) = Ve B. ffs) = |x]. gle) = 28 +3 x4] of) 40. 41%) Sat IG) = 525) als) = 2 45-48 w Find fog h S45. fx) = (2) = Vi, A) 53. He) = [1-2] 54, Ha) = Vit Vi 55-58 Expres the fnctin inthe form fog hs 1 $5. Ra) = Bo $6. Fn) = WE 31. Gx) = (4 + WE $8 Gj) -—_2_ oO - Be APPLICATIONS 59-60 m Revenue, Cost, and Profit A print shop makes ‘bumper stickers for election campaigns. Ifx stickers are ordered (where x < 10,000), them the price per bumper sticker is 0.15 ~ 0.000002 dollars, and the total cost of producing the ‘rd is 0.095x ~ 0.0000005x? dollars, 59, Use the fact that Fevenue = price peritem x number of items sold to express R(x), the revenue from an order of x stickers, as @ product of two funetions of (60. Use the fac that profit = revenue ~ cost to express P(x), the profit on an order of x stickers, asa dffer- ence of two functions of x 61, Area of a Ripple A stone is dropped ina lake, creating & circular ripple that travels outward at speed af 60 cms (a) Find a function g that models the radius asa funetion of| (©) Find a function f that models the ates of the circle as a function ofthe radius (©) Find f = g. What does this function represest? es SE ee (62, Inflating a Balloon A spherical balloon is being infated, ‘The radius ofthe balloon is increasing at the rate of Lem. (a) Find a function f that models the radius as a function of ‘ime, (b) Find a funtion g that models the volume asa function of the radius (©) Find g f. What does this funetion represent? +63, Area of a Balloon A spherical weather belloon is being inflated, The radius of the balloon i inereasing atthe rate of 2 mis. Express the surface area of the balloon as a function of lime t (in seconds), (64, Multiple Discounts You have a $50 coupon from the ‘manufacturer good for the purchase of «cell phone. The store ‘here you are purchasing your cell phone is offering a 20" discount on all cel phones. Let x represent the regular price of the cell phone. (a) Suppose only the 20% discount applies, Find a function f that models the purchase price of the cell phone as tion ofthe repute price xSKILLS 5-10 = The graph ofa function fis given, Determine wheter fs neto-ne Sy Gy oy * 0] 7 mM |_/ fi Fs 9. * * wh ag 2 12. f(x) = 3-2 14. g(x) = |x] 16. he 18. fle 20. flz) = 24-22 w Assume that fis a one-to-one function 21 (a) 16,2) = 7, fina (7) () IEF") = ~1, find 5-1) 22. (a) IF (5) = 18, find (18) (b) 1 F-"(4) = 2, find f(2). 2B. IF f(x) = 5 ~ 2x, find 1) 2%, Ifg(x) = 2 + Aewith x = ~2, find g~"(5) 25-36 Use the Inverse Function Property to show that f and g ar inverses of each other %. ix) =<-6; g(x) =x+6 3% jx) = 35 go) =4 ats 2 77 jo) = 2x - ae) = fe) = ax) = 3 - ar 34 fe) =x 0) =VF4, x= —4 32S) =F +1 g@)=—- 10 37-60 m Find the inverse function of f S637 fa) = 241 39. fx) = 4e +7 38 fla) = 6 — x 4. f(x) = 3 ~ Se a. 2 fe) 8 45, a, 49. fe) Sh fle) = V2-4 5x 53, 82. fx)= P45 xB-} 54. f(x) = Vox 56. fla) = os) = 55. fu) =44 98 57. fle) =14 VIF 88. fx) = VO-#, O55 60. s(x) 61-64 w A function fi given. (a) Sketch the graph of f(b) Use the graph of fo sketch the graph off! @) Find J! 64. fle) AF 65-70 m Dra te eaph of fan as itt determine wheter 68. sls) 66. fs) tx 68. fle) = VP =a 70. fix) 69. f(0) = |x| - |e 6)