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ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE

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• Mosques and tombs are usually the most important

buildings in Islamic countries. They are decorated
with abstract patterns and foliage motifs, and
exquisite calligraphy from the Islamic book, the
Quran.

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Drawing of a squinch
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showing how it is used as an arch support HOA III

Example of a corner squinch from a tomb in New Delhi, India

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• ABSTRACT PATTERNS
 EX. Detail of minaret socle of the Bibi Khanum
Mosque, Samarkand, Uzbekistan. The arched
vertical panels are decorated with
different geometric patterns, featuring 10-, 8-
and 5-pointed stars.

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• ABSTRACT PATTERNS
 EX. A doorway in Ben Youssef
Madrasa, Marrakech. The wooden doors
are carved with a girih pattern of strapwork
with a 16-point star. The arch is surrounded
with arabesques; to either side is a band
of Islamic calligraphy, above colourful
geometric zellige tilework with 8-
point stars.

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STRUCTURES

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MOSQUE

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The Great Ummayyad Mosque

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Masjid e Jahan Numa HOA III

• 'World-reflecting Mosque‘

• Commonly known as the Jama Masjid of Delhi, is one of the largest mosques in
India.

• It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan between 1650 and 1656 at a cost
of one million rupees, and was inaugurated by Imam Syed Abdul Ghafoor Shah
Bukhari from Bukhara, present-day Uzbekistan.

• The mosque was completed in 1656 AD with three great gates and two 40 metres
high minarets constructed with strips of red sandstone and white marble. The
courtyard can accommodate more than 25,000 people. There are three domes on
the terrace which are surrounded by the two minarets. On the floor, a total of 899
black borders are marked for worshippers.

• The architectural plan of Badshahi Masjid, built by Shah Jahan's

son Aurangzeb at Lahore, Pakistan, is similar to the Jama Masjid.

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Madrasa
• is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, secular or religious

(of any religion), whether for elementary instruction or higher learning.

• The word is

variously transliterated madrasah, medresa, madrassa, madraza, medrese,

etc.

• In the West, the word usually refers to a specific type of religious school or

college for the study of the Islamic religion, though this may not be the only

subject studied.

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Minaret
• Persian: ‫مأذنت‬‎‎ma'thena, Azerbaijani: minarə, Turkish: minare, from Arabic: ‫منارة‬‎‎

manarah

• Is a type of tower typically built into or adjacent to mosques.

• Minarets serve multiple purposes. While they provide a visual focal point, they

are generally used for the Muslim call to prayer (adhan).

• The basic form of a minaret includes a base, shaft, a cap and head. They are

generally a tall spire with a conical or onion-shaped crown. They can either

be free-standing or taller than the associated support structure.

• The architecture, function, and role of the minaret vary by region and time

period.

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Different Types of Minaret:

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Function:
• Minarets attached to mosques serve two main functions: to perform the call to

prayer and to act as a symbol of Islam.

• In the early 9th century, the first minarets were placed opposite the qibla wall.

Oftentimes, this placement was not beneficial in reaching the community for the

call to prayer. They served as a reminder that the region was Islamic and helped to

distinguish mosques from the surrounding architecture.

• In addition to providing a visual cue to a Muslim community, the other function is to

provide a vantage point from which the call to prayer, or adhan, is made. The call

to prayer is issued five times each day: dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and

night. In most modern mosques, the adhān is called from the musallah (prayer hall)

via microphone to a speaker system on the minaret.

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Construction:
• The basic form of minarets consists of four parts: a base, a shaft, a cap and a

head. Minarets may be conical (tapering), square, cylindrical, or polygonal

(faceted).

• Stairs circle the shaft in a counter-clockwise fashion, providing necessary structural

support to the highly elongated shaft.

• The gallery is a balcony that encircles the upper sections from which

the muezzin may give the call to prayer.

• It is covered by a roof-like canopy and adorned with ornamentation, such as

decorative brick and tile work, cornices, arches and inscriptions, with the transition

from the shaft to the gallery typically displaying muqarnas.

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Iwan
• Persian: ‫ایوان‬‎‎eyvān, Arabic: ‫إیوان‬‎‎Iwan, also spelled ivan)

• Is a rectangular hall or space, usually vaulted, walled on three sides, with one end

entirely open.

• The formal gateway to the iwan is called pishtaq, a Persian term for a portal

projecting from the facade of a building, usually decorated

with calligraphy bands, glazed tilework, and geometric designs. Since the definition

allows for some interpretation, the overall forms and characteristics can vary

greatly in terms of scale, material, or decoration.

• Iwans are most commonly associated with Islamic architecture; however, the form

is Iranian in origin and was invented much earlier and fully developed

in Mesopotamia around the third century CE, during the Parthian period of Persia.

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Minbar
• Arabic: ‫منبر‬‎‎but pronounced mimbar, also romanized as mimber)

• Is a pulpit in the mosque where the imam (prayer leader) stands to deliver

sermons (‎ ,‫خطبت‬khutbah) or in the Hussainia where the speaker sits and lectures

the congregation. The word is a derivative of the Arabic root n-b-r ("to raise,

elevate"); the Arabic plural is manābir.

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Qibla
• ‎Direction", also transliterated as Qiblah, Qibleh, Kiblah, Kıble or Kibla)

• Is the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during ṣalāh.‎It is fixed as
the direction of the Kaaba in the Hejazi city of Mecca. Most mosques contain a
wall niche that indicates the Qibla, which is known as a miḥrâb.‎Most multifaith
prayer rooms will also contain a Qibla, although usually less standardized in
appearance than one would find within a mosque.

• Muslims all praying towards the same point is traditionally considered to symbolize
the unity of the Ummah (‎the community Muslims worldwide), under the Sharīʿah (‎
Law of God). The Qibla also has importance beyond ṣalāh, and plays a part in
various ceremonies. The head of an animal that is slaughtered
using ḥalāl (Allowed') methods is usually aligned with the Qibla. After death,
Muslims are usually buried with the body at right angles to the Qibla and the face
turned right towards the direction of the Qibla.

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Sahn
• Arabic: ‫صحن‬‎,
‎ ṣaḥn),

• Is a courtyard in Islamic architecture.

• Most traditional mosques have a large central sahn, which is surrounded by

a riwaq or arcade on all sides. In traditional Islamic design, residences and
neighborhoods can have private sahn.

• The sahn courtyard is a common element in religious buildings and residences

throughout the Muslim world, used in urban and rural settings.

• The cloister is its equivalent in European medieval architecture and its religious
buildings.

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Fawwara Gate
• (Maltese: Bieb il-Fawwara

• Fawwara literally means spring of water, or a fountain), also known as Gzira

Gate (Bieb Il-Gzira), Sliema Gate, Testaferrata Gate and Tower Gate (Bieb it-
Torri), is a late 18th-century archway built during the rule of the Order of St.
John in Gżira, Malta.

• The archway was built as a commemoration of a new principal main road

that is set on a long stretch of lands from Msida to Sliema; today being two
roads namely Msida Road and Rue d'Argens.

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Liwan
• Arabic: ‫ليوان‬‎‎,from Persian eyvān) is a word used since ancient times into the
present to refer to a long narrow-fronted hall or vaulted portal found
in Levantine homes that is often open to the outside.

• An Arabic loanword to English, it is ultimately derived from the Persian eyvān,

which preceded by the article al ("the"), came to be said as Liwan in Arabic
and later, English.

• In its simplest form, the history of the liwan dates back more than 2,000 years,
when the liwan house was essentially a covered terrace, supported
by retaining walls, with a courtyard in front.

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Dikka
• Dikka (from Arabic: ‫دكت‬‎‎dikka) is a term in Muslim architecture for
a tribune raised upon columns from which the Quran is recited and prayers
are intoned by the imam of a mosque.

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Maqsurah
• Maqsurah (Arabic (‎)‫مقصورة‬literally "closed-off space"), an enclosure, a box or
wooden screen near the mihrab or the center of the qibla wall, which was
originally designed to shield a worshipping ruler from assassins.[1] The imam
officiating inside the maqsurah typically belonged to the same school of law
to which the ruler belonged.[2]

• There also may have been some spiritual connotation similar to the chancel
screen in churches. They were often wooden screens decorated with carvings
or interlocking turned pieces of wood (similar to a mashrabiya).[3] Sometimes,
muslim saints were buried behind the Maqsura in a similar way to a Zarih.

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What is Moorish Architecture?
• Moorish architecture is a variation of Islamic architecture. It developed as a

group of people of Islamic faith spread from the Middle East to the Maghreb,

an area which included parts of North Africa and Spain. Their architecture

was noted for its unique characteristics -- a result of the intertwined influences

of culture and religion.

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History of Moorish Architecture
• This group of people, who later became known as the Moors, brought their

Muslim faith with them as they conquered parts of southern Europe and even

moved into parts of the Western Mediterranean, including Sicily. The Moors

were in power from roughly the 8th to the 16th century.

• During this period, they built many stone and masonry buildings which

featured distinct elements of Muslim architecture and design. Some of the

most prominent examples of Moorish architecture can be found in Spain, with

most built between the beginning of the 13th century and the end of the 16th

century.

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• The Moors implemented their style of architecture in their houses of worship, or

mosques. One of the greatest examples of a Moorish mosque is the Great

Mosque at Cordoba in Spain, which was built between roughly 785 and 1000.

Its stunning interior features elaborate surface decorations and open rooms

full of double arches of contrasting dark and light stone.

• The Moors also built secular structures -- some with gardens and fountains

enclosed, and others surrounded by residential buildings. The Moors

developed complex irrigation and plumbing systems as well. One of the most

distinctive types of Moorish structures is the alcázar, or fortress complex. A

spectacular example of an alcázar is the Alhambra, a fortress and palace

built in Granada, Spain during the 13th and 14th centuries.

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Characteristics of Moorish Architecture
• One of the most distinctive elements of Moorish architecture is the horseshoe

arch, an arch with a rounded top that bends ever-so-slightly inward at the

side. As the name implies, it looks like a horseshoe.

• Another architectural element you can find in Moorish structures is a distinct-

looking, decoratively carved, honeycombed vault called a murqarnas, which

can be found on the ceilings of alcoves, on the inner curving portions of

arches, and in other areas. Many Moorish structures also included

large domed ceilings.

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