Laboratory Report

on
Amplitude modulation circuit

(Communication Engineering Lab)

Submitted by

Abhishek Ghosh(1704324)
Abhishek Patra(1704325)
Aditya Singh(1704326)
Aishwarya Deep(1704327)

B.Tech Programme in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

 School of Electronics Engineering
Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University
Bhubaneswar, India

October 2019
OBJECTIVE
To construct an amplitude modulation circuit and to calculate the modulation index

THEORY

Amplitude modulation (AM) is a method of impressing data onto an alternating-current (AC)

carrier waveform.The instantaneous amplitude(overall signal power) varies depending on
the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating data.

In AM, there is a modulating signal. This is also called an input signal or baseband signal
(Speech for example). This is a low-frequency signal. There is another high-frequency signal
called carrier. The purpose of AM is to translate the low-frequency baseband signal to a
higher freq signal using the carrier. The high-frequency signals can be propagated over longer
distances than lower frequency signals.

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Figure 1: Waveforms of Amplitude Modulation

Modulation Index
Modulation Index is defined as the ratio of the amplitude of the modulating signal and the
amplitude of the carrier signal. It is denoted by ‘m’.

Modulation Index: m = Vm/Vc

Modulation Index is also known as Modulation factor, Modulation coefficient or degree of

modulation

Vm = Vmax-Vmin/2

Vc = Vmax-Vm

Vc = Vmax- (Vmax-Vmin/2) = Vmax + Vmin/2

Therefore, Vm/Vc = (Vmax-Vmin/ Vmax + Vmin)

Critical Modulation
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 It happens when modulation Index (m) =1. Note, during critical modulation Vmin =0

Over Modulation

This occurs when m>1

That is (Vm / Vc) > 1.

In other words, the modulating signal is greater than the carrier signal.

Under Modulation

This occurs when m<1

Therefore ,Vm<Vc. In other words, the modulating signal is lesser than the carrier signal.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Amplitude Modulation

The advantages of amplitude modulation include the following.

 Amplitude modulation is economical as well as easily obtainable

 It is so simple to implement, and by using a circuit with fewer components it can be
demodulated.
 The receivers of AM are inexpensive because it doesn’t require any specialized
components.

The disadvantages of amplitude modulation include the following.

 The efficiency of this modulation is very low because it uses a lot of power
 This modulation uses amplitude frequency several times to modulate the signal by a carrier
signal.
 This declines the original signal quality on the receiving end & causes troubles in the
signal quality.
 AM systems are susceptible toward the generation of noise generation.
 The applications of amplitude modulation limits to VHF, radios, & applicable one to one
communication only
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

REQUIREMENTS

Sl No. Name of the item Range Quantity

C 1. CRO (0-20) Mhz 1

O
2. Function Generator (0-1) Mhz 2

3. Power Supply (0-30)V 1

M

PONENTS:

Sl No. Components Value Quantity

1. Transistor BC107 1
2. Capacitor 0.1uF, 10 uF 1 each
3. Resistor 22K  ,10k  , 1.2k 1 each


CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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OBSERVATION:

FIGURE 3 - MESSAGE SIGNAL

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 FIGURE 4 - CARRIER SIGNAL

FIGURE 5 - AMPLITUDE MODULATED SIGNAL

CALCULATIONS:

Message Signal:
 V/div=
0.2V/div
div=3 div

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 V=V/div*div=
0.6V
 t/div=
0.2ms/div
div=4.8 div
t=
0.96
ms
f=1.0
4KHz

Carrier Signal:
 V/div=
0.5V/div
div=4 div
V=2V
 t/div=
0.1ms/div
div=0.6 div
t= 0.06
ms
f=16.67
KHz

Error in frequency:
 Message Signal: (1.04-1)/1 *100=4%
 Carrier signal: (16.67-16.16)*100/16.16= 3.1%

Modulation Index:
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 = (Vmax-Vmin)/(Vmax+Vmin)

= (3.5-2.7)/(3.5+2.7)
=0.12

CONCLUSION
We performed the experiment where the message signal and carrier signal were of
frequencies 1 KHz and 16.16 KHz. The two observed frequencies were 1.04KHz and
3.1KHz. The errors found out were to be approximately 4% and 3.1%. The modulation
index was determined as 0.12. The waveforms of the message signal, carrier signal and the
amplitude modulated signal was recorded.

_____________________ _____________________

Abhishek Ghosh (1704324) Abhishek Patra (1704325)

_____________________ _________________________

Aditya Singh (1704326) Aishwarya Deep (1704327)

________________ ___________________________
SIGNATURE OF THE CONCERNED LAB FACULTY MEMBER

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