Harmonic oscillator

* It = Ttv =
zFImtt2mwK where w=fFn is the

classical frequency of
oscillation Any Hamiltonian of the .

above form , quadratic in coordinate & momentum will

,
be called the harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian .

*
Why Harmonie oscillator potential is unique & so

important ?
-

consider a
particle moving in a potential Vcr ) . If
the particle is
placed at one minima no it
,
will remain there in a state of stable equilibrium .

Consider the dynamics of the it

now
particle as

fluctuates by small amounts near Reno .

The

potential it be in
experiences may expanded a

'

Ya :*
;÷¥④÷e÷÷÷
.

No
physical Vanishes because is
consequence ! do a

Justa constant and maybe minima .

thought of as a reference
Point !
: .
veg .
÷
,
Itala .se?aaEttgdIehe..?not---

We
may neglect terms of order Ge -

RoPs higher
for small oscillations .
The most important term
 then
be
will
identified
be the
as
first
k=mw2
term where
( dhfdae! can

TheQ#os¥ .
-

we have discussed this is detain in the class .

One note is
important point to : The eigenvalues
of It can't be
negative !
it -
-

IIT tzmwx
for
any
state H ) :

sit > =
Em 164 tEmwKtlx4nD
=
In Lull
ftp./x7-tImw2tx1xtxlx7=ztmLPYlPHtImw4xxlxx
> so

since the norm of the states 1$47 and 1447

can't be negative .

We have seen how the differential equation

in basks solved and how the
position was

recurrence relation was obtained :

Aj +2--25-1-1=1
(5+2) City aj
Then from the conditions claimed
boundary ,
we

that the series should be truncated at some

 point such that we have the
convergence of
the series .
This means that there must be
some highest value
of j=n ( say ) at which
the series should be truncated , i. e

2n- a
An +2=0
=

( htt ) (n -12 )

That immediately : K -
2n -11 where
gave
K= 24kW . This
gave
the quantization of
energy
-

2n+ ,
=

2¥w En= @ + E) Aw with

n =
0,421 ' " '

2J +1 -
K
Now
,
aj.EC#gj+zaj
=
ai -

as

where n is the highest value of j ( where the

series is truncated ) and I will denote the
number
of terms ( either even or
)
odd in the
series before it is truncated .

Also note that

, if we want to have a normal'm able
solution it is then not enough to truncate
,
the series at some j=n .
This will only
truncate either the odd or even series (depending
on whether n is odd or
every .
The other
 part ( which is
form
not truncated
) ,
either even or odd
,
will also an
infinite series which
may
not So with the truncation
converge
.

along
of the odd ( even ) series
,
we need the
other even
( odd ) series to be zero
ie either

( )
.

a
,
-
O or
90=0 from the beginning .

¥-¥s .
.

* the series is truncated at a Thus

suppose .
.

got 0 but a
,
-
O ( ie no odd series at all
) . Then
maximum should be
j value n =
O .

-942
Recalling : Y (3) =
h (3) e where

h (3) =
aotaigtazzftajgt . . . .

We only have hot ) -

ao for this case .

.:4o(3)=aoE3

*
Suppose a
,
to now .
We need to choose a
o_O
such that the even series does not contribute .

have highest of
So
,
we value
j to be n I -
.

h (3) a,
}
=

, .

i.
rfG)=qqE3
* Next let us have n - 2 Since this will be
, . an

even series ,
Aof O and we need to choose
A
,
-
O .
Therefore

has (3) =
aotajqoh
We can figure out a2fmnthere@urrancerel.n
2C
Giz %
- -

(E) Citi )
Note that from choose
we can
get a
,
a
. g
so

j O

az=-2G
-
-

; .
a
o
= -

Zao .

2 . I

! . hz (g) =
ao -
2%32

%kC3)=ao(l-2q2)E3Tf#
* Next choose =3 terms should
we n .

Again , only odd

remain and no even term Ao
-
O and a -1-0
,
.

↳ (3) =
aigtajq
Now
aj+z= aj to be used where
,

n is 3 and 5=1 ( such that we

get as from a , )
age
-26-17-9 = -

ga - -

Esa ,
, ,
3. 2 .
 '
'

hz (3) = a
, (3-337
%
4313)=913-23335322/3

* In a similar manner for a- 4 we need a of 0

and We also jet to figure out

a O require
-

,
.

from ao and 5=2 to find ag from az

Az .

9+2
-

fj a
;
aE-3.tt#ao---4a .

and 94=-3,43-4-92

¥4.23 f- 4ad
=
.

= ¥3 Ao

s .
ha, (3) -
aotazq2-a.iq
=
ao -

4%34-439.34

: .
4gG)=%(t45t¥34)e3#
•
Hou Y, ik , 43,44 ,
. . . .
ele are related to
Hermite .

polynomials ?
Note the following :
 The series that we

→ had obtained
*nE5mEnias
-

n -
O Ao I

n I a
} 23
-

n -
2 doll -

232) 442-2
A- 3 as (7-393) 833-123
n=4 Ao ( I -4344-334 ) 1694-9834-12

How are hn (3) related to Ante ) ?

In fact , apart from the multiplicative factors ( a. or
9) , hnfg ) 's are
actually the Hermite polynomials
Hnfg) .
By tradition ,
the
arbitrary multiplicative
factor is chosen so that the coefficient of the
is
highest power of 3g 2N .

For ex : take ha (3), ,

we can
always write the
highest
in
power of g ( here for n -

-4 highest power
,

is
4) such a
way that the cofficient in front
of 34 an 24 :

a. (1-4344-334) →
Ng
(4×3134-4834-12)

N 634-4832-112 ) → No, Hg (3)

 342
I .
Yn (3) =
Nn Hn (3) e-
and a -

Ew } or
3 -
FF n

Nn has to be fixed by normalisation .

smedelailabout-Hermitiseen.fr/oolynomia#
Recall the differential :
egg .

2n Hn o
①
-

otqqtnz -

29 ddtqtn +

[ The eg ? .
derived in class was :

② 23 # ( K Dh O Then
put
-

doftfz t you
-
- .

the condition K 2nd which

energy
-

, gave
quantisahon into ② to
get egg ①
which
, egg
Hermite's
]
.

is
.

egos .

's formula says that the Hn

Rodrigue polynomials
could be found as :
"

}
Hn (3) =
f- 1) thedddhqne (Proof at the end)
A- is to see that the above formula generates
easy
Hn Eg) by explicit calculation :
 E
* dog
e- 5=-23 e-

et fog ) et !
'
: . C -
D 23 EH
,
(3)
*
ftp.e-5-ddzfzze-E ) =
f- 2+437 ET

: .
C- DEBT-2+432) EEE (432-2) -=HzG )

and so on -

Generatingfunchon
Let us define a function which depends on tho
variables

Apg :{ I s4zs3=Esn÷HnC ③
J
n O
-

g
"
e
=
It at
k¥-1 . . . - where a = -
SZZS }

e- 5+259 fE{Y
:EaEE¥E¥a÷
: .
=
1+(-54-259) + t . . .

in
Now ,
take the function FG 3) ,
& differentiate
want 3 :

azegcs
,
g) = zsffg )=I÷ ,
Hh
 &

dints )
a
,
Rs FG , }) -
Ishq deg
n =
O

or
, 2SI.tn?HnG)--If4.ddIfnGdf:FGid=Zf7HnlD
n =
O
N

)
or
, 2£snn÷Hntd=%÷¥nG
h = O n=O

LHS & RHS are both power series & the coefficient
of Sh from both sides should match .

S4 Hzfg )
÷
LHS
For
example :
coefficient of on :
,

S4
" " on RHS :
I , .dz#qatd

)
I,
"
For coeff .
of S : LHS : dtqtqnte

Ras :
%, Hh -
IG )
,

: .

t.IT#IHn-iG )
Ittf =

£7,1 Hm ,
= 2n Hn -
its )
.

i.
dqtnfd-2nttn.it# ④
 Now
,
instead of differentiating w .
r .
t
q ,
differentiate
w . v. t s . ( from ee ?
30
) a

zests
id -
fzstog ) FG .
3) I n? Hnk )
h=O
"

-25¥ .
S Ante)
h=O

as a

:[ (-2*23)
A- O
If Hntg) -

h=0
Zfnn ,
Hnk )

or
, -2¥ .sn?'-HnG)tnEoSn!23HnG)=EIIjT,.HnEDh--O

Equating equal powers of sin from both sides :

IT Anti G)
-2
HfnIf}?-t2n} Anca ) =

Multiplying by n
! both sides :

2n Hn .
,
(3) +
27 Hn (7) =
Hm ,
(3)
or
,HmG)-23HnG)-2nHnyE# ⑤

Now ⑨ ddttqh = 2n Hn -
it ) ⑥
) delta
differentiating ddIftz3 = 2n -

i
⑦
dog
again ,
 To ith put in ⑥
get non i
-

ddttqn
-

dying
- i G) =
2 (n -

1) Hn -
2K )

d2HnB ) Ith (3)

Therefore ⑦ = 2h -
I

Fg deg
2

= 2h26 -
1) Ha -
ZG )

or
,
dink ) = 4h (n -
1) Hasta ) ⑧
dq2
Now use
eg ! ⑤ replace Ntl → N :

Hnk ) -

23 Hm , (3) +2 (n -

1) Hn '

-
ZG ) -
O

ou
, Hntd-fgytdattgnkltyfn.tt#IdaIztn--o
Z
[ using ⑥ & ⑧
on
,
ddIqtz -

zgdtfqtntd + 2nHnEd=O

Thus , we have used the generating function to

derive the Hermite 's differential egg itself .

s 't
* Now take Ffs , g) =
e- =ESn÷ Hate )
F- 0

Note
( ZF o= Hit ) f :
ffsigf.lt?HitI?Hztn-:.2zIs/s=o(Hit2#Hzt---)s=o

similarly ÷E¥H2 =
Hi .
 Differentiate n times
µ÷n¥ Hntg)

214-5+259 )
or
, = Hn (q )
Osh
-351%71
or
, fish lets - Antal

or
,
e5 e-
e
-351¥
A
Therefore Hn G) =
effi )nf÷ e- -351 ⑨
5=0

Before we were
differentiating
j -

w -
r -
t s .
Here we

are
doing differentiation w.r.to 3 ,
but with
sign because
2
is
opposite ,
@ 3) -

there .

verify the above statement !

Now just put s=o in ⑨ because we are

differentiating w . v. t q .

: .
itney-eic-itfnne-EIPH-igot.tomu.ee
* 's ation
Orthonormal : -

fdr 4n* Yn =L

( Recall
-
N

change variable to 3 : 3=82 where

TE )
do
* 8 -

- N
* uh G) An =L

or
,
I fdq Hn F- I
a
④

Suppose ,
I have la-nenfdqtm.tl 4nF ) instead '

frickin e-
3%
Hm G) E&kHnG )
ETH mtg ) Hnk )
=
fog ④
Now ,
take help of the generating function : -

54253 ash
FCS , 3) =
e- =

⇐ Huks )
81=0

Use another variable :

Fct 3) ,
= e- ¥259 =
.IO#IHmCq )
Instead of ④ ,
let us now try the following
integral :
 a
-32
footage FGB ) Fft , } ) -
-

II
.sn?I2=toIfHnGlHmG5eidg-N=E..oEm..os;tm

fidgets 'HnGIHmc¥

Now the LHS above :

,
•

%3e-EFG.GFCtigj-fdqe-Ee-s42s3-e-4-ztq-a.in
G s t )42st
Idg
- -

e-
a
a
-

=e2stfdq e-
G -
s -
tf
- a

let t
y =3 dy
s
deg
- - -

; .
e2st§yEY2=e2stfF [ :fe-5dy=if
-
a

Hence RHS of ④

II. Fi sn!tm?§IEHnGIHmG )
-

-
entry
=Ft( tzst +
242¥
21

④ ← + . . . -

tenths ) . .

In here we dono 't

T have
,

terms like sntm .

 Therefore coefficient of
"
th will
, if m=n
,
the s
be
2N
TTT
Ty
.

Hence ④ ( the nth term only ) :

{!Yfz fe-3.HN G) Hn G) dq =
filth .
sntn
-
a

-32
a

or
, Je HEB ) dq = n
! FT 2n
-
x

Hence the normalisation is 9

f- Sdg th tell =L

THE (9)
as I fd } Nf e- =L

a
, QI Se-3712 d } = I

"
t
NYI TF
or 2 -

,
n !

a
n : nn-f.fi#nF--fFFtFLnnT.k
,

:ync*e¥¥j¥HE¥s=mEF