Dr.

Sachin Kapur
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 Neural Control and
Coordination

Lecture 1

Dr. Sachin Kapur 20+ years Teaching experience

M M.Phil, Phd 4,00,000 Students & Teachers Mentored
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 Neural Control and Coordination

Control and Coordination

Nervous System Endocrine System

Actions of nervous system Actions of endocrine system

are mediated through are slow and are mediated
neurons and these are quick. through hormones.
Evolution of Nervous System

Porifera- Sponges

➢ Neurons are absent but still sponges respond to external environment.

➢ Pinacocytes of outer body wall are highly contractile.
➢ These can increase or decrease overall surface area of sponge body.
Evolution of Nervous System

Cnidaria

➢ Hydra is the first animal in the course of evolution which shows beginning of
nervous system.
➢ Neurons of Hydra are very simple.
➢ Hydra has neurons but no brain.
Evolution of Nervous System

Platyhelminthes

➢ Planaria shows beginning of cephalization (head formation).

Evolution of Nervous System

Annelida – Earthworm

➢ There is double ventral nerve cord with cerebral ganglia.

Evolution of Nervous System

Mollusca

➢ Among invertebrates, octopus has highly developed brain.

Evolution of Nervous System

Echinodermata – starfish

➢ There is no brain.
➢ A circumoral rings of nerves with radial nerves is present.
Evolution of Nervous System

➢ In the course of evolution of nervous system, there is:

○ Increase in degree of cephalization.
○ Increase in the number of interneurons [Nervous which connect two
neurons]
 Nervous System

Nervous System

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System

Brain Spinal Cord Somatic Nervous Autonomic Nervous

System System
Central Nervous System

Protection of CNS

Skeleton

CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid)

Protection of CNS

Skeleton

➢ Cranium (Brain Box)- Protects brain.

➢ Vertebral Column- Protects spinal cord.
 Protection of CNS

CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid)

➢ It is clear colorless slightly alkaline (7.3 pH) fluid which is produced by ACP
(Anterior choroid plexus) and PCP (Posterior choroid plexus).
➢ Its volume is 80 – 150 ml.
➢ It is constantly produced and reabsorbed.
➢ It consists of proteins, amino acids, potassium ion, Na+, HCO3- , oxygen etc.
 Protection of CNS

CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid)

➢ CSF is present in
○ Ventricles of brain.
○ Central canal of spinal cord.
○ Subarachnoid space.
Protection of CNS
CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid)

Functions

➢ It provides oxygen and nutrients to brain and collects the metabolic waste
material.
➢ It keeps CNS moist.
➢ It acts as “shock absorber” .
➢ It maintains constant intracranial pressure.
➢ It transports neurohormones within brain.
BBB (Blood Brain Barrier)

➢ Capillaries supplying blood to brain are surrounded by special type of star

shaped neuroglial cells called astrocytes.
Meninges

➢ These are the membranes which surrounds brain and spinal cord.
➢ Meninges are nutritive and protective in function.
 Meninges

Dura mater It is outermost, toughest and avascular layer.

Arachnoid It is middle layer and webby in appearance.

It is innermost and most delicate layer. It has pain

Pia mater receptors and blood capillaries.
Meninges
Meningitis

➢ It is inflammation of meninges caused by Neisseria meningitidis and

Haemophilus influenzae.
➢ Its symptoms are vomiting, Headache, Stiffness of neck.
Meninges
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