Types of Joining Metals
Brazing
“Brazing is a joining process in which a filler metal is
melted and drawn into a capillary formed by the
assembly of two or more work pieces. The filler metal
reacts metallurgically with the workpiece(s) and solidifies
in the capillary, forming a strong joint. Unlike welding, the
work piece is not melted. Brazing is similar to soldering,
but occurs at temperatures in excess of 450 °C (842 °F).
Brazing has the advantage of producing less thermal
stresses than welding, and brazed assemblies tend to be
more ductile than weldments because alloying elements
can not segregate and precipitate.
Brazing techniques include, flame brazing, resistance
brazing, furnace brazing, diffusion brazing, inductive
brazing and vacuum brazing.”
“Brazing is a metal-joining process in which two or more
metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a
filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a lower
melting point than the adjoining metal.
Brazing differs from welding in that it does not involve
melting the work pieces and from soldering in using higher
temperatures for a similar process, while also requiring
much more closely fitted parts than when soldering. The
filler metal flows into the gap between close-fitting parts
by capillary action. The filler metal is brought slightly
above its melting (liquidus) temperature while protected
by a suitable atmosphere, usually a flux. It then flows over
the base metal (known as wetting) and is then cooled to
join the work pieces together.[1] A major advantage of
brazing is the ability to join the same or different metals
with considerable strength.”
Mechanical Engineering Previous Board Examination
Definition of Terms: Brazing
- Joining non-ferrous, similar or different materials
with filler with lower melting point but higher than
800 F or 450 C
- A welding operation in which a non-ferrous filler
metal melts at a temperature below that of the
metal joined but is heated above 450 C
- Use of hard solders, silver solders and smelter
solders which have silver, copper or a nickel
bases and have melting points above 800 F
- This is a metal joining process which uses a non-
ferrous filler metal with a melting point below that
of the base metal but above 800 F
- It is the process through which metal pieces are
joined by means of spelter which is an alloy of
copper and zinc
Soldering
“Soldering is a joining process that occurs at
temperatures below 450 °C (842 °F). It is similar to
brazing in the way that a filler is melted and drawn into a
capillary to form a join, although at a lower temperature.
Because of this lower temperature and different alloys
used as fillers, the metallurgical reaction between filler
and work piece is minimal, resulting in a weaker joint.”
“Soldering (AmE: /ˈsɒdərɪŋ/, BrE: /ˈsoʊldərɪŋ/) is a
process in which two or more items are joined together by
melting and putting a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the
filler metal having a lower melting point than the adjoining
metal. Unlike welding, soldering does not involve melting
the work pieces. In brazing, the work piece metal also
does not melt, but the filler metal is one that melts at a
higher temperature than in soldering. In the past, nearly
all solders contained lead, but environmental and health
concerns have increasingly dictated use of lead-free
alloys for electronics and plumbing purposes.”
Mechanical Engineering Previous Board Examination
Definition of Terms: Soldering
- Uniting two pieces of metal by means of a
different metal which is applied between the two
in molten state
- Joining non-ferrous, similar or different, materials
with filler with lower melting point than 800 F or
450 C, for electrical conductivity
- The soldering material commonly applied for
automobile radiator cores and roofing seams is
45/55 % tin and lead
- Most popular soldering of metal is 50/50
(%tin/%lead) or (Sn – Pb)
- Alloy of lead and tin is used to join two or more
metal pieces together and is also known as
solder
- Hard soldering iron bit made is of copper
- Soldering iron bit made of copper because of
being a good conductor of heat and can rapidly
transfer its heat to the metal at the joint
- Common shop practices to prevent solder from
running away from surface to be joined are:
surround the work with clay; put asbestos
sheeting around the work or; introduce
around the work rolled wet cloth
 of the most popular welding methods, as well as semi-
Welding automatic and automatic processes such as gas metal arc
welding, submerged arc welding, flux-cored arc welding
“Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, and electroslag welding. Developments continued with
usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing
the invention of laser beam welding, electron beam
coalescence. This is often done by melting the
welding, magnetic pulse welding, and friction stir welding
workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of
molten material that cools to become a strong joint, but in the latter half of the century. Today, the science
sometimes pressure is used in conjunction with heat, or continues to advance. Robot welding is commonplace in
by itself, to produce the weld. industrial settings, and researchers continue to develop
new welding methods and gain greater understanding of
Many different energy sources can be used for welding,
weld quality.”
including a gas flame, an electric arc, a laser, an electron
beam, friction, and ultrasound. While often an industrial Mechanical Engineering Previous Board Examination
process, welding can be done in many different Definition of Terms: Welding
environments, including open air, underwater and in - Joining materials which involves melting it
space. Regardless of location, however, welding remains - A process used to join metals by the application
dangerous, and precautions must be taken to avoid burns, of heat
electric shock, poisonous fumes, and overexposure to - The phenomenon of weld decay takes place in
ultraviolet light.” stainless
- Up to 4mm thickness of plate, edge preparation
“Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins for welding is not needed.
materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by using - Welding stress is the stress resulting from
high heat to melt the parts together and allowing them to localized heating and cooling of metal during
cool causing fusion. Welding is distinct from lower welding.
temperature metal-joining techniques such as brazing - Weld bead is the built-up portion of a fusion
and soldering, which do not melt the base metal. weld, formed either from the filler metal or from
In addition to melting the base metal, a filler material is the melting of the parent metal.
typically added to the joint to form a pool of molten - Weld-metal impact specimen shall be taken
material (the weld pool) that cools to form a joint that, across the weld with one face substantially
based on weld configuration (butt, full penetration, fillet, parallel to and within 1/4”.
etc.), can be stronger than the base material (parent - Internal stresses are not relieved when weld
metal). Pressure may also be used in conjunction with is peened.
heat, or by itself, to produce a weld. Welding also - Aluminum parts are not adaptable to welding
requires a form of shield to protect the filler metals or due to strength and poor ductiity
melted metals from being contaminated or oxidized.
Many different energy sources can be used for welding,
including a gas flame (chemical), an electric arc
(electrical), a laser, an electron beam, friction, and
ultrasound. While often an industrial process, welding
may be performed in many different environments,
including in open air, under water, and in outer space.
Welding is a hazardous undertaking and precautions are
required to avoid burns, electric shock, vision damage,
inhalation of poisonous gases and fumes, and exposure
to intense ultraviolet radiation.
Until the end of the 19th century, the only welding process
was forge welding, which blacksmiths had used for
millennia to join iron and steel by heating and hammering.
Arc welding and oxy-fuel welding were among the first
processes to develop late in the century, and electric
resistance welding followed soon after. Welding
technology advanced quickly during the early 20th century
as the world wars drove the demand for reliable and
inexpensive joining methods. Following the wars, several
modern welding techniques were developed, including
manual methods like shielded metal arc welding, now one