Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

It is observed by the researchers that eggs has always been part of our

daily lives, it is an easy food to cook and it can easily be paired or mixed to other

dishes, but the problem is that people often ignore the shells of the eggs and throw

it away, not aware of the possible product that can be made out of these eggshells.

Another observation by the researchers is the gypsum rock. These rocks are

known to some people for they are soft and can be used in writing on a rough wall

or surface but it is usually ignored since they are not aware of the product that can

be made by this.

Egg consumption worldwide is expected to reach about 1,154 billion

worldwide by 2015, and India consuming 1.6 million metric tons of eggs each

year. In Asia, egg consumption has been rapidly increasing with Malaysia being

the highest country to consume eggs yearly with more than 300 units of egg being

consumed. It is followed by Singapore consuming 300 units of eggs, Thailand

being third consuming 150 units of eggs and Philippines consuming almost a

hundred units of eggs yearly (Maybank IB, 2011).

The amount of eggs consumed is also the possible amount of eggs being

disposed yearly which may cause emission of greenhouse gases or the

contamination of soil and water. However, the eggshell waste people throw can be
used as a suitable material and to be transformed into a more useful product, like

chalk (Amu et al., 2005).

Chalk is a soft, white porous sedimentary carbonate rock and it is mainly

composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Eggshell is a hard and thin outer layer

of an egg which is very fragile and it is almost entirely made out of calcium

carbonate crystals which are considered to be a main component of chalk.

Gypsum rock on the other hand is those of soft sulfate mineral composed of

calcium sulfate which is similar to calcium carbonate (Alameda et al. 2017).

Commercial chalk is said to be expensive and it is also harmful to the individual

using it. When being used constantly, entry of chalk dust in the respiratory system

through the mouth and nasopharyngeal region could be harmful especially to

people who are allergic (Abrahams, 2011). It may cause lacrimation and breathing

problems. It may also result to abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation,

diarrhea and it may cause eye irritation. It is also a problem to a lot of students

who uses chalk because the dust would likely stain their uniform.

Not all people, specifically teachers could afford to buy chalk and there

are students who have a weak respiratory system making them asthmatic to dust.

Using eggshells and Gypsum rock as an alternative in making dustless chalk

would cost less and not produce a lot of dust. The researchers therefore chose to

use eggshells and gypsum rock in making dustless chalk.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

 The individual  The density of

measurement of the the chalk
powdered eggshells, when written
gypsum rock and
 The brittleness
cassava juice
of the chalk
T0: Commercial Chalk when written
 The dustiness
T1: 30 grams eggshell, 30
grams gypsum rock and 70 of the chalk
grams cassava juice when erased

T2: 45 grams gypsum rock,

15 grams of eggshells and
85 grams cassava juice
T3: 15 grams gypsum rock,
45 grams eggshells and 55
grams cassava juice

Methods

1. Cleaning the materials to be

used
2. Pulverizing the eggshells and
gypsum rock
3. Mixing the pulverized
eggshells, gypsum rock and
liquid.
4. Molding of the chalk
5. Testing and rating of the chalk.

Figure 1. Paradigm of the study

Statement of the Problem

 The aim of the study is to find out if a mixture of eggshells, gypsum rock

and cassava juice can be used in making dustless chalk.

1. Is there a significant difference between the mixture of eggshells, gypsum

rock and cassava juice from the commercial chalk in terms of:

a) Density when written;

b) Brittleness when written and;

c) Dustiness when being erased?

2. What is the best proportion of eggshells, gypsum rock and cassava juice to

be mixed in making dustless chalk in terms of:

a) Density when written;

b) Brittleness when written and;

c) Dustiness when being erased?

3. Is there a significant difference among the different proportions of

eggshells, gypsum rock and cassava juice used in making dustless chalk in

terms of:

a) Density when written;

b) Brittleness when written and;

c) Dustiness when being erased?

Research Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in the effectiveness of gypsum rock,

pulverized eggshell and cassava juice as homemade dustless chalk and the

dustless commercial chalk in terms of its density when written, brittleness when

written and dustiness when being erased.

There is no significant difference between the mixture of eggshells,

gypsum rock and cassava juice from the commercial chalk in terms of density

when written, brittleness when written and dustiness when being erased.

There is no significant difference in proportion of eggshells, gypsum rock

and cassava juice to be mixed in making dustless chalk in terms of density when

written, brittleness when written and dustiness when being erased.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses in knowing if pulverized gypsum rock, eggshells and

cassava juice are effective as dustless chalk in terms of density, brittleness and

dustiness. Gypsum rock is known for its content calcium sulfate while eggshells

are known for its content calcium carbonate which is used in making chalk. This

study is only limited to the investigation of eggshells, gypsum rock and cassava

juice as an alternative material in making dustless chalk. This study will make use

of experimental method. Four treatments will be used in this study; each treatment

will be weighed equally to have proper proportions on the ingredients to produce

dustless chalk. This study will start from June 2019 and end on October 2019, and

the experimentation will start on August 2019 and end on September 2019,

wherein, the researchers will find out the effect or result of the chalk in terms of

density, brittleness and dustiness.

Definition of Terms

Chalk- It is a tool used in school, specifically classrooms that are used in writing.

Commercial chalk- It is a branded chalk that is bought to be used by teachers.

Dustless chalk- It is a type of chalk that produces heavier dust.

Regular chalk- It is a type of chalk that produces lighter dust.

Gypsum rock- It is a very soft mineral that has a content of calcium sulfate.

Eggshell- It is the outer covering of an egg that has a content of calcium

carbonate.

Cassava Juice-

Dustiness- The amount of dust produced and float in the air when erased.

Brittleness- Being written on a board without being broken.

Density- The visibility of the chalk when written on a board.

Significance of the Study

Currently, people have been finding ways, researching and inventing

things to improve and for the betterment of human lives. One of these researches

is the gypsum rock and eggshell as chalk. This is to make affordable homemade

dustless chalk and in this way, humankind will be one step closer to an eco-

friendly environment.

The importance of this study is that it can benefit people who cannot

afford to buy commercial chalk and by following the procedure in making

dustless chalk using eggshells, gypsum rock and cassava juice they can save

money or make their own.

The purpose of this study is to discover and find ways in making cheaper

chalk for the need of people, especially the teachers, who need and use chalk in

writing on blackboard for their lecture in school.

The result of the research can benefit students who wants to further study

the about the research and it can help them improve their researches.

To the school, the result can help guide them in making affordable

dustless chalk for the teachers.

To the community, the research can help them lessen eggshell wastes and

lessening garbage problems inside the community.