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1.force and Torque Measuremen PDF
1.force and Torque Measuremen PDF
(ELASTIC TRANSDUCERS)
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LECTURE OUTLINE
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MEASURING DEVICES
Measurands Measuring instruments
FORCE, LOAD Analytical balance
Platform balance
Proving ring
TORQUE Prony brake
Hydraulic dynamometer
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• Force: It is defined as the reaction between the two bodies or
components.
• The reaction can be either tensile force (Pull) or it can be
Compressive force (Push).
• Measurement of force can be done by any two methods:
– Direct Method: This involves a direct comparison with a known
gravitational force on a standard mass. Example: Physical Balance.
– Indirect Method: This involves the measurement of effect of force
on a body. E.g. Force is calculated from acceleration due to gravity
and the mass of the component.
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MEASUREMENT OF FORCE AND TORQUE – ELASTIC
TRANSDUCERS
• Force is represented mathematically as a vector with a point of application.
• Physically, it is a directed push or pull. According to Newton’s second law of
motion,
• as written for a particle of constant mass, force is proportional to the
product of mass
• and acceleration. Thus,
• For a particle of constant mass, force is proportional to the product of mass
and acceleration. Thus,
The weight of a body is the force exerted on the body by the acceleration of gravity at sea
level so that
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• Torque is represented as a moment vector formed by the
cross product of a force and radius vector In Fig. 1 the torque
that the force F exerts about the point 0 is
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Elastic Elements for Force Measurements
F = ky
where
k is the spring constant and
y is the displacement from the equilibrium
position.
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• The deflection of the cantilever beam shown in Fig. 3 is related to the loading
force by
where
A = cross-sectional area
L = length
E = Young’s modulus for the bar material
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Thin ring elastic transducer as shown in Fig. 4.
where d is the outside ring diameter and I is the moment of inertia about the centroidal
axis of the ring section.
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Proving ring
• The proving ring is a device used to measure force. It consists of
an elastic ring of known diameter with a measuring device
located in the center of the ring.
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• A ring used for calibrating tensile
testing machines. It works on the
principle of LVDT which senses the
displacement caused by the force
resulting in a proportional voltage.
Where,
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The proving ring is a ring transducer that employs a sensitive micrometer for the deflection
measurement, as shown in Fig. 5.
Deflection measurements may be made
within ±0.00002 in (0.5 μm) with this
method.
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Fig. 5. Proving ring. 14
TORQUE MEASUREMENT
• Torque: Force that causes twisting or turning moment.
E.g. the force generated by an internal-combustion engine to turn
a vehicle's drive or shaft.
• Torque measuring devices are called as dynamometers.
in N - m
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• Torque measurement is usually associated with determination of
mechanical power, either power required to operate a machine or to
find out the power developed by the machine.
2πNT
power = kw
60 *1000
Where,
N = Speed in rpm.
T =Torque developed due to load “W”, (N-m)
R = Radius from the center to the point of application of force (m)
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Torque Measurements
• Torque, or moment, may be measured by observing the angular
deformation of a bar or hollow cylinder, as shown in Fig. 6 . The moment is
given by
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Types of Dynamometers
• Absorption dynamometers:
– They are useful for measuring power or torque developed by
power source such as engines or electric motors.
• Driving dynamometers:
– These dynamometers measure power or torque and as well
provide energy to operate the device to be tested.
– These are useful in determining performance characteristics
of devices such as pumps and compression.
• Transmission dynamometers:
– These are the passive devices placed at an appropriate
location within a machine or in between the machine to
sense the torque at that location.
Mechanical Dynamometer (Prony Brake)
Rope
• Consists of wooden cleats or
blocks mounted diametrically
opposite on a flywheel attached
to the rotating shaft whose
power is to be determined.
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Hydraulic Dynamometer:
• This is a power sink which uses fluid friction for dissipation of the
input energy and there by measures the input torque or power.
• The capacity of hydraulic dynamometer is a function of two
parameters speed and the water level.
• The torque is measured with the help of reaction arm or shaft.
• The power absorption at a given speed may be controlled by
adjustment of water level in the housing.
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Hydraulic Dynamometer:
• This dynamometer may be used in larger capacities than the simple
Prony brake dynamometer because heat generated can be can be
easily removed by circulating the water in and out of the housing.
• The force acting on the shaft is then measured by using the force
measuring device or strain gauges.
• Then by using the relation, T = F . r, we can find the torque acting on it.
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Hydraulic Dynamometer
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Hydraulic Dynamometer Characters
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