Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

Cyber-bullying interactions are usually defined as repeated, harmful interactions

which are deliberately offensive, humiliating, threatening, and power assertive, and are

enacted using electronic equipment, such as cellphones or the Internet, by one or more

individuals towards another. It might be a continuation of real-life bullying but can also

exist on its own (Raza Talpur MA, Touseef T, Ahmed Jilanee SD, Shabu MM, Khan A ,

2018)

A cyber victim is defined as a person who cannot easily defend him or herself

from any form of electronic bullying. cyber perpetrator is defined as a person who

attempts to gain power and dominance over others with any form of electronic bullying.

2.2 Cyber Bullying effects

Victims of cyberbullying experienced a variety of problems, including feelings

of depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation and behavioral problems. Despite lower

prevalence rates, cyberbullying victimization is assumed to lead to more severe

psychosocial effects than traditional bullying. (DeSmet, A., De Bourdeaudhuij, I, Walrave,

M., Vandebosch, H., 2019).

Traditional bullying can affect a person more physically but you can ask for help

for the authorities because you know who have done it to you while Cyber Bullying

affects more on the victim’s mental state, being anonymous can be used by the

perpetrator to attack the victim without knowing who have done it.
2.3 Social Media

Social media channels have been everywhere since the early 2000s, and it has

been growing at exponential rates since then Every day we spend 135 minutes on

Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Whatsapp. It's hard to imagine a world without it.

(Ahmad, 2018)

Teenagers are among the most avid consumers of social media with

approximately 95% having or having access to a smartphone, a 25% increase from 2014-

2015 (Anderson & Jiang, 2018).

Social media helps us communicate to our love ones and meet new people. This

can also be a tool in doing crimes such as Cyberbullying. By just creating a fake profile,

the cyberbullies can freely spread gossips or harass people without anyone knowing

their identity. The article also shows that most of the consumers of social media are

teenagers, which makes them the majority of victims of Cyberbullying.

2.3 Cyber Bullying Bystanders

Bystanders in cyberbullying may play a crucial role in reducing cyberbullying’s

harm for victims. (DeSmet, A., De Bourdeaudhuij, I, Walrave, M., Vandebosch, H., 2019)

According to stopbullying.gov, They have the potential to make a positive

difference in a bullying situation by becoming an upstander. An upstander is someone

who sees what happens and intervenes, interrupts, or speaks up to stop the bullying.

2.4 Sexual Orientation

 Youngsters who identified themselves as heterosexual were less likely to be

victimized as compared to their non-heterosexual counterparts (Talpur MA, Touseef T,

Ahmed Jilanee SD, Shabu MM, Khan A , 2018)

One of the biggest issues here in the Philippines is the sexual orientation which

makes this one cause of being cyberbullied.

2.5 Role of School

The role of schools is to help students cope with social tension especially those

that center on relationship issues, assess of students in order to determine

bullying behavior and get to the root of it. (Talpur MA, Touseef T, Ahmed Jilanee

SD, Shabu MM, Khan A , 2018)

Bullying starts in school. The school should check the the status of their students

more often and get in touch with the parents.

2.6 Animation
Animation work is a branch of modern film and television works, forming a

comprehensive expression of multiple professional arts. (Jiang, 2019)

Live animation, as a new form of storytelling, opens the possibility of online

communication through controlling a digital character. For example, through the usage

of Adobe Character Animator , users can manipulate the behaviors of a puppet in real-

time during online chatting. As previous research works show that emotional

expressiveness can bring more engaged experience to audiences. (Zhao, 2019).

By using Animation type of film, the researcher can freely show wide variety of

emotion that real actors couldn’t do. Animation can also be catchy for the target

audiences which are the adolescents.