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CHAPTER I

BACKROUND OF THE STUDY

Introduction
Police officers are one of the various careers who are significant to the

growth of national, economic, and social development because they have a key

function and authority with regards in keeping the peace, maintaining public

security and safety, and preserving common property for citizens in the

community and society which are basic, physical needs in human society

(Chokprachakchat, 2011). In any society, living in an unsafe and disruptive

environment holds back the diverse advancement of a country. In addition, the

roles and duties of police officers are highly influential in the improvement of

infrastructure in a nation (Royal Thai Government Gazette, 2004).

It is important that Police Officers know what are their responsibilities are

to the community and are diligent in ensuring that they are able to perform these

duties to ensure that peace and order is well maintained. It is also important that

they know their weaknesses and thus would be able to work on this to provide

better service to their constituents.

It is in this light that this study titled “Effectiveness and Efficiency of the

Police Personnel of the 9th Avenue Caloocan City in the performance of

their Duties and Responsibilities” was conceptualized to be able to determine

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if the citizenry of 9th Avenue Caloocan City are Satisfied with the performance of

their police force.

Statement of the Problem

The study would like to assess the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents of the following:

a. Age

b. Gender

c. Civil Status

2. What are the factors that contribute in the determination of the

effectiveness of the police officers of 9th Avenue Caloocan City Police

Office?

3. What are the different programs implemented to maintain the

effectiveness of the police officers in their duties and responsibilities?

4. What is the perception of the respondents in the relation to the

effectiveness and efficiency of police officers of 9th Avenue Caloocan City

in relation of their:

a. Basic Functions of Police Officers

b. Police Operations
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Scope and Limitation

This study was focused and limited in the determination of the

effectiveness and efficiency of the Police Officers of the 9th Avenue Caloocan

City Police Office as perceived by the residents of the said City.

Significance of the Study

The study has been perceived to be of significance and relevance to the

following entities:

Department of Interior and Local Government. Through this study, the DILG

officials would be provided with a clear-cut idea s to the results because these

could be utilized as benchmarks in the coming out with their planning, towards

the ratification of the provisions which are deemed necessary to be addresses to

in the hiring of new police officers.

Philippine National Police Personnel. With the Findings of this study, the PNP

personnel would be guided with the most comprehensive and an accurate

method, techniques, style and approaches to use if facilitating a sound and

holistic program for the better performance of their duties and responsibilities as

polices officers.

Criminology Students. They will learn various theories, policies, and practices

in relation to their future line of work if they are to work as police officers.
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Researchers. The researchers could identify the extent of approaches in how

they would be able to perform effectively if they became police officers in the

near future.

Future Researchers. The study may serve as a framework of reference for

researchers who would like to deal on similar studies.

Definition of terms

The better understand this study some terminologies are defines. Here are

the following:

Assessment - An evaluation or a judgement about something based on the

understanding of the situation (Encarta, 2010).

Intelligence Operation - includes surveillance operation, counter intelligence,

intelligence research, intelligence assessment and similar police intelligence

operation conducted to gather information related to security, public safety and

order.

Internal Security Operation - Includes counter-insurgency operations, counter

terrorist operations and similar operations conducted to ensure internal security.

Investigation Operation - includes investigation of crime or incident,

administrative investigation and similar investigative work necessary to determine

facts and circumstances for filing cases criminally or administratively.

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Law Enforcement Operation - includes service of warrant of arrest,

Implementation of search warrant, enforcement of visitorial powers of the Chief

PNP and Commanders, anti-illegal drugs operation, and other similar operations

that are conducted in relation to the enforcement of laws, statues, executive

orders and ordinances.

Perceive - interpret or look on (someone or something) in a particular way:

regards as (Webster’s Dictionary, 2011)

Profile - a representation of something in an outline. Concise biographical

sketch.

Public Safety Operation - includes search, rescue and retrieval operation, fire

drills, earthquake drills, and similar operations that promoted public safety.

Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO) - includes the processing of crime

scene, technical and forensic examination of evidences and similar scientific

investigative assistance.

Special Police Operation - includes checkpoint operation, roadblock operation,

civil disturbance management operation police assistance in the enforcement of

demolition eviction injunction and similar orders.

Violation - the action of violating someone or something. (Webster’s Dictionary,

2011)
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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes summaries and cited works from both local and foreign

researchers on police officer functions. The researcher summarized the finding of

various authors appropriate and relevant in the study.

Related Literature

Foreign Literature

As Madlock & Kennedy-Lightsey (2010) suggest in their study, mentoring

relationships of subordinates and supervisors may lead to both negative and

positive outcomes. They also suggest that negative mentoring outcomes may

result from verbal aggressiveness. For example, supervisors who are perceived

by the subordinates as verbally aggressive are evaluated negatively compared to

non-aggressive supervisor. With this assumption, they claim that supervisors

have an important influence on the job and communication satisfaction of their

subordinates.

They emphasize not only on the job satisfaction of the supervisor and the

subordinate relationship, but also focus on the communication satisfaction

between supervisor and the subordinate. From this, they suggest that

communication appears to be a critical factor in the supervisor-subordinate

relationship and subordinates’ feeling about the job and the organization. This
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study concludes that supervisors who had like characteristics with the

subordinates showed more positive mentoring outcome. For instance, strong

negative relationships were determined between verbal aggression and

subordinates’ job satisfaction and a positive relationship was determined

between supervisors’ mentoring behaviours and subordinates’ communication

satisfaction. At the end, it was not mentoring or the attitude of the supervisor that

bought down the job satisfaction but it was mentoring through communication

satisfaction that had a more significant impact on job satisfaction.

Officers’ Perception of Supervisors and job satisfaction.

Supervisor support is one of the most important factors in police officer job

satisfaction. As Griffin and her colleague suggest, the feeling of support by

supervisors or colleague, has consistently been link to job satisfaction outcomes

(Griffin, Patterson, & west, 2001). Such social support can be distinguished into

three categories: support from supervisors, support from co workers, and support

from family/friends (Elias & Mittal, 2011). In opposition, if an individual

subordinate does not sense the support from their supervisor, job satisfaction

may decrease. As this study concludes, employees with perception of support

from their counterparts, and also had a more significant relationship of supervisor

support and job involvement. Morris (1999) claims, that perception of the

commanding officers support for officers in his/her command, including level of

fairness and favouritism that were under his/her control, would predict officers’
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organizational commitment and commitment to their profession. Additionally,

supervisor may be the source of job satisfaction or dissatisfaction.

Officers’ perception of their supervisors’ attitude may also have heavy

influence on their job satisfaction. As Johnson (2012) concluded, even though

supervisor feedback and organizational support did not show statistical

significance, it was closely examined. Another research study conducted by

Brehm and Gates (1994) provided evidence of how subordinates respond to

supervisors’ attitude according to allocation of tasks. This study concluded that

supervision can be implemented however the supervisor wants but it is the

subordinates’ response that dictates the outcome of the job. From this, it may be

possible to deduce that it depends on how subordinate officers react to the

perceived attitude of their supervisors that result in the outcome of subordinate

officers’ actions.

Local Literature

More literature about job satisfaction and police officer perceptions

regarding supervisors exists. Patterson (1992) conducted research on the

perception of police officers’ job stress. He concluded that personal

support/technical support, ineffectiveness of work, political pressure within the

department, and job schedule had statistical significance in police officers’

perception in job stress. These factors of perception of job stress in his study

may all be factors that are influenced by supervisors’ attitude. For Example

supervisor can impact how effective work is, how political pressure can be
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applied to subordinate officers according to supervisors’ views departmental

discipline, and how supervisor may influence the perception of personal/technical

support of individual officers.

Influence of Frontline Supervisors on Officers’ Attitude supervisors’

characteristics or attitudes can actually impact how subordinate police officers

act. Engel and Worden (2003) concluded that if the supervisor was male and had

orientation toward aggressive enforcement, it significantly impacted the time

subordinate officers spent on conducting problem solving activities and

encounters.

However, this study does conclude the supervisor attitude did not impact

all of the subordinate officers equally. To explain, supervisor attitude did not have

a direct impact on officers. For example, a supervisor can be well or less

educated, but that was not a statistical determinant of subordinate officer attitude.

From this, we may hypothesize that supervisor impact is not direct but rather may

be rational. For example, an officer may or may not act in a certain way due to

their supervisors’ attitude, but at the end it all depends on the differences

between an individual officer and their supervisor.

Frontline supervisors’ attitudes are immensely important due to their

conflicting role of responsibility towards their supervisor and responsibility

towards their subordinate officers. Due to this, Engel (2000) suggested that

supervisors may have major influence on subordinate officers’ behavioural

outcomes. Thus, since police officers’ actions are an outcome of their attitude,
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frontline supervisors may greatly influence how subordinate patrol officers may

behave (Engel, 2000). Therefore, Engel (2000) structured four different types of

supervisory styles in police sergeants.

Traditional supervisors expect aggressive law enforcement from their

subordinates and wants measurable outcomes 9highly task oriented); Innovative

supervisors expect more community oriented activities and are more open to

innovation if it positively changes the organization; supportive supervisors

emphasize protecting their subordinate officers from departmental punishment

and provide protection for officers; and Active supervisors partake field work and

makes decisions to control subordinate officers out in the field. As he noted,

there are various types of supervisor attitudes or styles that may influence

subordinate officers’ behaviour.

Related Studies

Foreign studies

Study conducted by Ingram (2013) displayed supervisory influence on

subordinate officers’ role ambiguity. This study provides that when supervisors

and subordinate officers had incongruent views on order maintenance activities,

role ambiguity was highest. For example, when officers held emphasis on order

maintenance but when supervisors did not, it resulted in high levels of role

ambiguity. From this study’s result, it may be possible to deduce that different

views of supervisors, or different styles of supervisors, may influence subordinate

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officers; job satisfaction. It is important to emphasize that it was not the top down

impact of supervisor and subordinate officer; rather it was individual impact that

occurred when the individual supervisor and subordinate officer views were

incongruent.

From this, we may reason that supervisor style may influence subordinate

officers’ behavioural outcomes according to subordinate officers’ incongruence or

congruency compared with the supervisor’s style. Another study Johnson (2011)

is worth mentioning due to its ironic results of supervisors’ emphasis on traffic

violation and the outcome of traffic citations giver out by the subordinate patrol

officer. He found out when supervisors had high emphasis in traffic violation

citation, subordinate patrol officers actually cited less traffic violations. This study

also provided evidence of how supervisors’ attitude may influence subordinate

officers’ attitudinal behaviour.

Local Studies

The SWS survey found that individuals living in Metro Manila were more

frequently victimized that those living in other parts of the country (SWS 5

February 2008). To cite one example, in Metro Manila, 16.3 percent respondents

reported being victims of pickpocketing (ibid.). In other regions, reported rates of

victimization from pickpocketing varied from 5.3 percent to 8.7 percent (ibid.).

Foreign governments similarly report in travel warnings that crime is a problem in

the Philippines, particularly in Metro Manila (Canada 30 Nov. 2007; US 6 Oct.

2007).
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According to Pacific News Centre (PNC), a Guam-based news broadcaster (PNC

n.d.), there is an “alarming” level of gang-related violence in urban areas (13 Jan.

2008). PNC reports that some street gangs are connected to organized criminal

organization (PNC 13 Jan. 2008). Similarly, an article in the Manila Times in June

2007 provides information on a series of high profile robberies perpetrated by

criminal gangs in Metro Manila (6 June 2007).

Travel advice offered by Canadian and American governments warns

travellers of the risk of Kidnapping for ransom by groups’ operating in the

Philippines (Canada 30 Nov. 2007; US 13 Feb. 2008). The United States (US)

Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC) Philippines 2007 Crime and Safety

report indicates that these kidnap for ransom groups primarily target wealthy

Filipinos and ethnic Chinese people living in the country (US 6 Oct. 2007).

However, several sources report that foreigners have been targets of kidnapping

groups (Reuters 16 Jan. 2008; US 18 Feb. 2008).

The governments of Canada and the US warn that “insurgent groups” are

active in the Philippines, indicating that attacks have occurred in locations such

as Manila and the region of Mindanao (Canada 30 Nov. 2007; US 6 Oct. 2007).

Various sources report that political activists and journalists have been

killed in the Philippines AI 14 Sept. 2006; AHRC 26 May 2006; Philippines 22

Jan. 2007, UN 22 Mar. 2007, Para. 3). In addition, several sources indicate that

members of the security forces in the Philippines have been implicated in these

killings (AI 14 Sept. 2006; AHRC 26 May 2006; US 14 Mar. 2007; HRW June 2,
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2007). Amnesty International (AI) expresses the opinion that the killings are

“politically motivated” and is also concerned that the security forces are directly

involved in the killings, or else have tolerated, acquiesced to, or been complicit in

them (AI 14 Sept. 2006).

According to Human Rights Watch (HRW), the Melo Commission,

established by president Arroyo in August 2006, released a report on

extrajudicial killings in January 2007 which concluded that evidence existed

implicating the armed forces; a position supported by HRW’s own investigations

and interviews with eyewitness (HRW June 2007, 3). The Independent

Commission to Address Media and Activist Killings was chaired by the Associate

Justice (retired) of the Supreme Court, Jose Melo (Philippines 22 Jan. 2007, 84).

According to the Philippine National Police (PNP), the volume of crime

reported to the police dropped by 7.42 percent from 2006 to 2007 (Philippines 6

Feb. 2008). Specifically, 71, 226 criminal incidents were reported to police in

2006, but 65, 994 incidents were reported in 2007 (ibid.). in particular, the PNP

reports that the number of political killings decreased by 83 percent, street crime

dropped by 22 percent, kidnapping for ransom cases decreased by 50 percent,

and drug related crimes went down by 9 percent (ibid).

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Conceptual Framework

This study’s main premise is on the profile of the resident of 9th Avenue

Caloocan City who are being served by the by the said station Police Office

specifically on their profile, age, gender, civil status, and years as resident of the

said City, therefore as to be able to make a generalization on what and how they

make-up the citizenry of the said City. In its total context this study is framed on

their assessment on the effectiveness and efficiency of police officers in their

area of jurisdiction.
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Research Paradigm

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Profile of the Survey on the An effective and

respondents as to Effectiveness and efficient job
their: efficiency of 8th performance of the
Avenue Caloocan personnel of the 8th
-Age City police officers Avenue Caloocan
- Gender
thru the interview City Police Office.
-Civil Status
and the
-Educational
Attainment questionnaires

Effectiveness and
efficiency of police
officer in terms of:
-Basic Functions
-Police Operations

Feedback Mechanism

Figure 1. The IPO research paradigm show how the self-designed

questionnaire is utilized in the analysis of effectiveness and efficiency of police

officers in 9th Avenue Interjecting the IPO elements is the feedback from where

more indices or for improvement maybe based upon.

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Synthesis

The mentioned studies and literature are utilized in the formation of the

idea on how the present study will be conducted. Some of the variables utilized in

the previous studies will be used to come up with a survey questionnaire to

gather the needed data for the study. Some factors that affect the effectiveness

of police officers basing from the previous studies will be taken in consideration

and will be adjusted as to how the respondents of the study would be able to

understand, so that the data gathered will be easily understood and could then

be used as an index for improvement of the subject matter of the study.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods and procedure that will be used in

gathering the data needed by the study such as the profile of the PNP Officers of

9th Avenue Caloocan City and the effectiveness and efficiency of Police officers

of 9th Avenue Caloocan City Police Office.

Research Design

This study used the descriptive method of research. The design seems

appropriate since the purpose of this inquiry is to describe and analyze the

effectiveness and efficiency of the Police officer of 9 th Avenue Caloocan City

Police Office.

According to 9th Avenue (2008), descriptive research concerns the present

situation, the prevailing conditions, and current practices, contemporary events

the characteristics of group individuals, their behavioural patterns, attitudes or

opinions. Since the design deals with what information is to be gathered, data

becomes easy. Data collected through this research method may result in a

proposed program of development for better improvement on the main subject

matter of the study.

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Research Locale

The study was conducted at Philippines Specifically at World City College.

The respondents will be interviewed in their houses or any comfortable place that

the respondent will choose to. This place was also selected for knowing the

efficiency of the said study among Criminology students and for them to feel

comfortable.

This study was been implemented to the 4 th year students Bachelor of

Science in Criminology Students. This study has tested the effectiveness and

efficiency of the police personnel of the 9th avenue Caloocan City in the

performance of their duties and responsibilities while reviewing their lessons

before them taking their exams, this study helps the researchers found out how

the effective is for students.

Respondents of the Study

The study involved residents of 9th Avenue Caloocan City from all walks of

life: a) 12 barangay officials, b) 15 barangay tanod, c) 28 barangay residents d)

19 business owners and e) 11 teachers who were chosen at random using

simple random sampling.

The researcher used a survey questionnaire in gathering the data needed

in response to the specific problems of the study. The said instrument is

composed of two parts, these are: Respondents demographic profile, and the
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effectiveness and efficiency of the Police Officers of 9th Avenue Caloocan City

Police Office.

The respondents’ demographic profile included the following information

which the respondents are required to provide gender, age, civil status and

educational attainment.

The second part of the questionnaire required respondents to assess

themselves objectively and their degree of their preference to a particular

behavior or characteristics on the effectiveness and efficiency of the Police

officers of 9th Avenue Caloocan City Police Office as perceived by the resident-

respondents of Caloocan.

Data Gathering Procedure

 The Researcher, to be able to gather the data needed for the study

secured permission from the Dean of the College of Criminology of World

City College to conduct a survey among the residents of 9 th Avenue

Caloocan City.

 After securing the approval of the Chief of Police, the researchers will

distribute personally the questionnaires to the target participants and

explained to them the objective of the study.

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 The result of the survey was summarized by the researcher by tallying and

tabulating the responses of the participants on the items on the

questionnaire.

 The researcher also made an observation on the different programs being

implemented by the ACCPO within the city of Caloocan accompanied by

PNP Officers if possible to see how they go about with their

responsibilities.

Statistical Analysis

All data gathered by the researcher through the use of survey

questionnaire were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted accordingly.

To give meaning to the data gathered the following statistical analysis or

Analysis of Data was used.

1. Frequency and percentage Distribution. This was used in determining

proportion of the respondents who belongs to specific data that is, profile

of the respondents as to age, sex, and year level.

The Formula which is as follows:

f
P= x 100
N
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Where:
P = Percentage
f = frequency
N = Total number of respondents
100 = Constant for percentage

2. Weighted Mean. This was utilized to determine the weighted mean of

each item on the level of self-control of the students as perceived by the

respondents. The following is the formula:

fx
X=
N

Where:
X = Mean
fx = sum of the product of the scores
N = Total number of scores
3. Scoring. In assessing the perception of the respondents on the

effectiveness and efficiency of police officers, the Five point Likert Scale

was used, the legend of scoring is presented as follows:

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a) For the assessment of the level of self-control

Scale Range Qualitative Description

5 4.21-5.00 Always

4 3.41-4.20 Often

3 2.60-3.40 Sometimes

2 1.81-2.60 Rarely

1 1.00-1.80 Never
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CHAPTER II
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CHAPTER III
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CHAPTER IV
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