V.

DATA AND RESULTS

TABLE 1.2
RESISTOR
1 2 3 4 5
1ST color orange 3 brown 1 red 2 blue 6 red 2
2nd color blue 6 red 2 green 5 red 2 orange 3
3rd color red x100 brown x 10 brown x 10 brown x 10 brown x 10
4th color gold gold gold gold gold
tolerance ± 5% ± 5% ± 5% ± 5% ± 5%
coded value 3600Ω ± 5% 120Ω ± 5% 250Ω ± 5% 620Ω ± 5% 230Ω ± 5%
measured value 3500Ω 120Ω 250Ω 640Ω 220Ω
% difference 2.78% 0% 0% 3.23% 4.35%

TABLE 1.3
Rac + Rbc
POTENTIOMETER
STEP Rab Rbc Rca Computed
SETTING
Value
1 vary over its range 10,000Ω X X X
2 Completely CW X 3.5Ω 11,000Ω 11,003.5Ω
3 CW to CCW X 11,000Ω 3Ω 11,003Ω
4 1⁄ CW X 7500Ω 2500Ω 10,000Ω
4
5 3⁄ CW X 570Ω 10,900Ω 11,470Ω
4

TABLE 1.4
RESISTANCE 3500Ω 120Ω 250Ω 6000Ω 220Ω
VOLTAGE 19V 4.5V 9.9V 19V 9V
CURRENT 7.5mA 40mA 42.5mA 30mA 45mA

VI. COMPUTATIONS:
TABLE 1.2
Resistor 1 = (36 x 100) ± 5% = 3600Ω ± 5%
Resistor 2 = (12 x 10) ± 5% = 120Ω ± 5%
Resistor 3 = (25 x 10) ± 5% = 250Ω ± 5%
Resistor 4 = (62 x 10) ± 5% = 620Ω ± 5%
Resistor 5 = (23 x 10) ± 5% = 230Ω ± 5%
 𝐶𝑂𝐷𝐸𝐷 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸−𝑀𝐸𝐴𝑆𝑈𝑅𝐸𝐷 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
Percent Difference =| | x 100%
𝐶𝑂𝐷𝐸𝐷 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸

𝐶𝑂𝐷𝐸𝐷 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸−𝑀𝐸𝐴𝑆𝑈𝑅𝐸𝐷 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸

Resistor 1 = | | x 100%
𝐶𝑂𝐷𝐸𝐷 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
3600−3500
=| | x 100%
3600
Resistor 1 = 2.78%

𝐶𝑂𝐷𝐸𝐷 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸−𝑀𝐸𝐴𝑆𝑈𝑅𝐸𝐷 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸

Resistor 2 = | | x 100%
𝐶𝑂𝐷𝐸𝐷 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
120−120
=| | x 100%
120
Resistor 2 = 0%

𝐶𝑂𝐷𝐸𝐷 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸−𝑀𝐸𝐴𝑆𝑈𝑅𝐸𝐷 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸

Resistor 3 = | | x 100%
𝐶𝑂𝐷𝐸𝐷 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
250−250
=| | x 100%
250
Resistor 3 = 0%

𝐶𝑂𝐷𝐸𝐷 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸−𝑀𝐸𝐴𝑆𝑈𝑅𝐸𝐷 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸

Resistor 4 = | | x 100%
𝐶𝑂𝐷𝐸𝐷 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
620−640
=| | x 100%
620
Resistor 4 = 3.23%

𝐶𝑂𝐷𝐸𝐷 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸−𝑀𝐸𝐴𝑆𝑈𝑅𝐸𝐷 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸

Resistor 5 = | | x 100%
𝐶𝑂𝐷𝐸𝐷 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
230−220
=| | x 100%
230
Resistor 5 = 4.35%
 TABLE 1.3

Rac + Rbc
STEP 1 = vary over its range
STEP 1 = X

STEP 2 = completely CW
= 3.5Ω + 11,000Ω
STEP 2 = 11,003.5Ω

STEP 3 = CW to CCW
= 11,000Ω + 3Ω
STEP 3 = 11,003Ω

STEP 4 = 𝟏⁄𝟒 CW

= 7,500Ω + 2,500Ω
STEP 4 = 10,000Ω

STEP 5 = 𝟑⁄𝟒 CW

= 570Ω + 10,900Ω
STEP 5 = 11,470Ω

VII. CONCLUSION:
From what the experimenter observed in Run 1 in the Data and Results, he can
see that the coded value which was computed using the Resistor Color Chart in Table
1.1, and the measured value that is measured using VOM, were almost the same with a
percent difference (Table 1.2) not higher than 5%.
At Run 2, the total resistances of complete CW and complete CCW of the
potentiometer as seen on Table 1.3, were all the same. However, the total resistances in
¼ and ¾ CW, were not that close from the total resistance measured from the complete
CW and CCW.
 At Run 3, it is clear that the current increases as the resistance decreases when
the voltage is constant as seen in Table 1.4. From the experiment, the experimenter
concluded that the resistance of the resistors can be measured by using the Resistor
Color Chart or a multitester which has a more accurate reading. Next, the potentiometer’s
total resistance will vary on its orientation, either from clockwise to counter clockwise or
vice versa. Lastly, at a constant voltage, the flow of current increases when the circuit
resistance decreases (inversely proportional).
The experimenter recommended that more number of sample resistors should be
added for more accurate data and results. And also, regarding the methods written on the
manual, it is better if there will be figures in each step that will demonstrate the method to
help the experimenter understand and apply the experiment more properly.

VIII. GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. Give the color code of the following carbon resistors.
a. 0.73 ohm
b. 490 ohms
c. 5.6 ohms
d. 62,000 ohms
1st color 2nd color Multiplier
a) 0.73 ohm Violet Orange Silver
b) 490 ohms Yellow White Brown
c) 5.6 ohms Green Blue Gold
d) 62,000 ohms Blue Red Orange

2. An ammeter and a voltmeter of suitable ranges are to be used to measure the

current and voltage of an electric lamp. If mistakes were made and meters
interchanged, what will happen?

The light would not glow because the resistance of a voltmeter is very high.
You would measure the entire applied voltage on the voltmeter in series.
If the ammeter was in parallel with the bulb and in series with the voltmeter you
would measure a small leakage current. If it was directly across the power supply
without the voltmeter in series it would be a short circuit and the voltmeter would
be broken.

3. An ammeter has a resistance of 0.0075 ohm reads up to 15 A. What resistances

shunt is needed to make a full scale deflection of 150 A?
 Current2 – Current1 = (150 – 15) amps= 135 amps

R= Current1(R1) / 135 A = 15(0.0075)/135 = 0.0008333Ω

4. A 50 mV meter has a resistance of 10 ohms. A multiplier has been inserted to

produce a voltmeter of range 5 V. How can the multiplier be modified so that the
new meter will have range of 15 V?

R1 = 10Ω
V1 = 50 mV or 0.05V
V2 = 15V

The current for full scale deflection is .05V/10Ω= 0.005 amps. If you want
15 volts to produce .005 amps, the total resistance needs to be R total = 15V/.005
amps = 3000Ω.
Rtotal – R1 = (3000 – 10)Ω = 2990Ω
We should add a 2990-ohm resistor in series with the meter.

5. How does a potentiometer differ from a rheostat?

A potentiometer is a three terminal variable resistor, but a rheostat is a two

terminal variable resistor. A potentiometer can be used as a rheostat but
a rheostat cannot be used as a potentiometer. Potentiometers are often used to
vary voltage and rheostats are used to vary current.
Rheostats are made of several different materials, such as, metal ribbons,
fluids, and carbon disks. They are not polarized so they can operate in reverse.
Potentiometers, on the other hand, are made with a resistive element, usually
graphite, which is formed into an arc and a sliding contact or wiper that travels over
the arc. It can also be made from resistance wire, carbon particles, and cermet.
The wiper is connected to another sliding contact to another terminal.