Culture -intervenes in a dynamic way in how we live, produce and build or houses, but it is not way

of life, production nor building tradition”

Housing theories - A theory about (housing) architecture aims to say something about what
(housing) architecture is – In itself (as typologies, as spatial and aesthetic configurations etc) – In
relation to other societal fields . It delve in the ideas of sociology, politics, and economics

Internal theories

Historic -Texts which have been decisive for the professional and theoretical debate throughout
history

Systematic -Texts which aim to describe architecture as a continuum of related phenomena,

concepts and issues

External theories

Cave- Prehistoric cave shelters were the earliest form of habitation. The use of natural predated the
emergence of Homo sapiens. (wise man)

Lean-to/Dait-dait- Is the simple windscreen used by the Mamanua of northeastern Mindanao when
hunting. It is made from the leaves of wild banana, coconut fronds, or grass and usually lashed
together with rattan. When they stay longer in a place, they modify the basic structures and build a
platform.

Bahay Kubo- Utilized since the pre-Hispanic Era, the bahay kubo remains the house most identified
with the Filipino culture. It continues to see usage in the country because its simple design is easy to
execute, and because of its use of native materials like nipa and bamboo that are widely available
and more affordable. The bahay kubo is a common sight in rural communities, as well as in tropical
resorts. Some modern iterations of the bahay kubo now include electric fixtures, as well as the
rooms typical of any house, like a bathroom, as it evolved from its more basic original rectangular
design. While most are still elevated on stilts to avoid flooding and allow for maximum air
circulation, little to none of today’s bahay kubos are designed to be carried from one location to
another. Apart from Catholicism, stone and masonry construction was also introduced to the
Philippines during the Spanish colonial era. While these and other technologies were mostly
employed to build ports, roads, bridges, lighthouses, and other structures, it also gave way to
the Bahay na Bato. It typically has two floors, the ground level was made of massive cut stone or
brick walls (hence, its name) and the upper built with hard wood.

Bahay na bato- The residence of the local middle class and government officials during the colonial
times, the Bahay na Bato had variations in features that included tiled roofing and Capiz shell
windows. Its design was Antillean in origin, but adjustments were made to make it more suitable to
Philippine conditions. The Bahay na Bato is no longer used as a design for new structures, but can
still be seen on existing ancestral homes and heritage sites all over the country.

Tsalet- One of these was the emphasis of sanitary values, paving the way for the introduction of the
use of the toilet via a pail conservancy system, or cubeta. This led to the concept of a well-planned
neighborhood called Sanitary Barrio being introduced, and later tsalet. Defined as “the crossbreed
of the tropical features of vernacular buildings with hygienic structural principles and modern
materials,” tsalet designs bought simplified functions to the Filipino home. Sanitation was enhanced
as this introduced the concept of toilet and bathroom, and kitchen being located inside the house.
This design also introduced private garages for secure vehicle parking.

Bungalow- Another style that was introduced during the American colonial period, bungalows are
the most common type of house in the Philippines. They are described as low-rise homes sporting a
pitched roof and a horizontal shape. The roof is typically made of galvanized iron, while the walls are
made of concrete. Bungalows have a yard, or garden, or covered car port, if not all three. The
bungalow is popular in urban areas, as it is less expensive and easier to build than a multi-story
home. With caring for elders significant in Filipino culture, it is ideal for with senior residents who
have an aversion for walking up and down lengthy flights of steps.

Townhouse/Apartment- Sometimes inaccurately referred to as “apartments,” townhouses are

another common type of home in the Philippines. Prior to the popularity of condominiums, they
were common in the early residential developments in urban areas, being the most economical in
terms of lot area and overall cost of building and maintenance. Townhouses are considered “starter
homes” for new families who are not willing to stay in a condominium but are not yet prepared to a
move into a larger and more costly but more permanent house and lot. It has also proven to be a
great investment for property owners who want to earn rental income from multiple tenants.

Condominium- A condominium (or "condo") is an ownership structure along with "cooperative" and
"fee simple". A condo tells you, among other things, how ownership of the unit (residential, retail,
commercial, etc,) and common spaces are divided or held. It does not describe any occupancy or
physical characteristic of a unit. Any occupancy type (housing, retail, office commercial, industrial,
etc.) can be structured as any one of these ownership structures, including as a condominium.

The Continuous Dynamic of Housing Culture- Housing types ,Plan layout - typologies ,Use of space,
Technical standard , Construction / materials , Design / aesthetics , Localization

Physical Structures:

Common Types of Homes in the Philippines: Bungalow, Multi-storey House Townhouse, Condo
Unit

Use of space- There are many different types of spaces in a building, and each type of space has its
own characteristics and requirements. For each types of space there is a general attributes and
requirements of the space as well as configurations, layouts, and construction criteria.

Technical standard- These standards are all drawn from documents produced by non-Governmental
groups who perceive that current national guidance, policy or regulation is deficient in some respect,
and needs to be supplemented. Pursuant to Section 3 of BP 220, the Housing and Land Use
Regulatory Board is authorized to establish and promulgate two levels of standards and technical
requirements for the development of economic and socialized housing projects/units in urban and
rural areas from those provided in PD 957, PD 1216, PD 1096, and PD 1185.
Construction / materials- Materials include manufactured products such as components, fittings,
items of equipment and systems; naturally occurring materials such as stone, timber and thatch; and
backfilling for excavations in connection with building work.

Design / aesthetics- The application of aesthetics to buildings and architecture is complicated by the
physical requirements of the brief, budget, structure, regulations, climate, weather, and so on,
meaning that building design is driven by form and function as well as aesthetics.

Localization is the adaptation of a product or service to meet the needs of a particular language,
culture or desired population's "look-and-feel."

Social structures: division of people into unequal power positions in society in terms of economic
resources, social power and prestige. Unequal access to housing, socioeconomic differences in
housing tenure and wealth, social and ethnic segregation

Social economics structure: Household structures, Life style and consumption patterns, Work and
Leisrue (time use), Tenure/ economic issue, Housing policies

Households structure- were grouped based on the computed poverty threshold by region/city. This
yielded a better classification of households by income over classification using income deciles.
Poverty threshold considers regional differences in terms of prices and consumption patterns.

Life style and consumption patterns- The trends in tenure status by lifecycle show increases in the
proportion toward homeownership for different household types. This trend is more pronounced
among married households than single households. However, illegal housing is more common
among married households
Ideals, values and meanings: Ideals and preferences, Attitude towards nature (rural – urban,
Meanings of home, Relation between public and private, Gender issues

Comprehensive Approach to Housing

Behavioral Aspects of housing- The behavioral aspect of housing is man's view of its environment
and the built space. In other words the space that we see around us that affects our behaviors,
thoughts, and actions. Residences should provide a safe, restful, and private places for people to live
and entertain themselves and others. They afford opportunities for a variety of pleasant and
constructive social, work, and leisure interactions and behaviors.

Residential Interior Arrangements- Residences can be arranged and decorated in many ways, but
these variations are not random. They are somewhat predictable from cultural, religious, and
socioeconomic factors, as well from the values and personality of the residents. Living rooms are
usually the focus because they are the main shrines and showrooms for residents. These central
rooms almost always contain objects that are particularly meaningful for residents and are, at some
level, meant as messages to visitors about what is important to residents.

The Spatial Ecology of Home- People do not spend equal amounts of time in all parts of their
residences. Some research focuses on who spends time where in the residence, including who may
rarely or never enter which spaces. For example, children rarely enter parents’ bedrooms, and
parents gradually withdraw from entering adolescents’ bedrooms. Marked differences are
sometimes found in where men and women spend their time. Older studies (1980s) found that
women reported engaging in many more domestic activities (e.g., laundry, baking) than men, who
more often performed more maintenance-related behaviors at home.

Leisure Behavior at Home- Understanding how different forms of housing can facilitate or hinder
recreational behavior is important. Societal concerns about obesity, social health, and overall
wellbeing provide a legitimate reason to more fully investigate how residences affect leisure
behavior. Men spend more time on passive leisure activities, such as watching television in the living
room, than women. Men and women engage in different leisure activities in different parts of the
residence, at different times of the day, and for different lengths of time.

Leisure activity can relieve stress and promote familial bonds within a household.- Teens who
share in-home leisure time with their parents have been found to have better general well-being.
However, some home-based recreational activities can have negative effects on other behaviors.

For example: adolescents who watched more television have reported feeling less oriented to
intellectual and cultural activities.

Aging in Place and Accessibility- Older people and people with disabilities prefer to remain in their
homes as they age. The aging population, at least in industrialized countries, is compelling designers
and researchers to consider the latter portions of the lifespan in terms of housing. The number of
people with disabilities in need of accessible housing options is growing. Accessible design principles,
also called universal design, afford less demanding and more convenient living spaces by allowing
individuals with limited mobility to enter, exit, and maneuver inside a building with greater ease.
Similarly, aging-in-place design principles ensure people of all ages can remain in their homes safely
and satisfactorily.
Home as a Dangerous Place- Residences are a place of safety and refuge, and most often they are.
However, this is not always true. For example, 64% of recent murders in Scotland occurred in
residential buildings. Statistics Canada reports that 85% of all sexual or physical assaults on children
are committed by persons they know; such offenses likely occur in the residence. Presumably these
figures are approximately the same in other countries. Although experts debate the frequency of
marital violence, it is far from rare, and it almost always occurs within a residence. Less serious
negative behavioral outcomes have also been associated with residences: regardless of income level,
a recent study showed that children whose residence is in poorer physical condition have more
behavior problems. The design and type of residences has been linked to a variety of forms of stress.

Conclusion- One’s residence should be, and very often is, a place of security, privacy, and pleasure,

 Residents organize their homes differently but in ways that are predictable from their
culture, values, age, income, and marital status. Men, women, and children spend more
time in different areas of the residence.

 Leisure activities in the residence can result in closer ties and greater well-being, or be
associated with isolation and obesity

 Accessible housing designs and the concept of aging in place are important for increasing
the ability of older people and those with disabilities to remain in their homes for a longer
portion of their lifespan,

 The home can facilitate violence by shielding it from public view, but generally it serves as a
restorative and pleasant refuge.

Housing Delivery System

Government Agencies Concerned with housing

• Home Development Mutual Fund (HDMF)

• Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC)

• Housing Guaranty Corporatio (HGC)

• Government Service Insurance System (GSIS)

• National Housing Authority (NHA)

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7279 “AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR A COMPREHENSIVE AND CONTINUING URBAN
DEVELOPMENT AND HOUSING PROGRAM, ESTABLISH THE MECHANISM FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION,
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.” Otherwise known as “Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992.”

BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 220 “AN ACT AUTHORIZING THE MINISTRY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS TO
ESTABLISH AND PROMULGATE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF STANDARDS AND TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIALIZED HOUSING PROJECTS IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS FROM THOSE
PROVIDED UNDER PRESIDENTIAL DECREES NUMBERED NINE HUNDRED FIFTY-SEVEN, TWELVE
HUNDRED SIXTEEN, TEN HUNDRED NINETY-SIX AND ELEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY-FIVE”
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 957 “Subdivision and Condominium Buyer’s Protective Decree” As
Amended by PD 1216 – Regulating the sale of subdivision lots and condominiums, providing
penalties for violations thereof.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 4726 “AN ACT TO DEFINE CONDOMINIUM, ESTABLISH REQUIREMENTS FOR ITS
CREATION, AND GOVERN ITS INCIDENTS.” Otherwise known as “The Condominium Act”

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6552“AN ACT TO PROVIDE PROTECTION TO BUYER OF REAL ESTATE ON
INSTALLMENT PAYMENTS” Otherwise known as “Realty Installment Buyer Protection Act”

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9653 “AN ACT ESTABLISHING REFORMS IN THE REGULATION OF RENT OF
CERTAIN RESIDENTIAL UNITS, PROVIDING THE MECHANISMS THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES.” Otherwise known as the “Rent Control Act of 2009”

Limit on Increases in Rent. - For a period of one (1) year from its affectivity, no increase shall be
imposed upon the rent of any residential unit covered by this Act.

The National Housing Authority and the Home Insurance and Guarantee Corporation operate joint
venture programs with the private sector. In general, private builders construct housing units after
posting performance bonds with insurance companies. They are responsible for everything from
procurement of materials and supplies to construction of the housing units. Payment is made on
turn-key basis.

The government builds the primary infrastructure. Secondary infrastructure such as on-site water
supply, sewerage and power lines are for the responsibility of the private developers.

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ASPECT OF HOUSING

COMMUNITY- People who live within a geographically defined area and who have social and
psychological tie with each other and with the place where they live. A grouping of people who live
close to one another and are united by common interests and mutual aid. A combination of social
units and systems which perform the social major function and the organization of social activities.

Community Development is a local empowerment process that involves leaders who build
organizations and alliances that partner businesses with other areas in a city, town, township or local
unit of government for the betterment of the community. To assure quality, affordable housing. It is
a process that involves a comprehensive approach that factors economic and social goals, a base of
operating principles, a strategic planning and analysis process, sound financial management, and an
organizational format.

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES

• Self-help and self-responsibility are required for successful development

• Participation in public-decision making should be free and open to all citizens

• Broad representations and increased breadth of perspective and understanding are

conditions conducive to effective community development

• Methods that produce accurate information about the community are vital to the process
 • Understanding and general agreement are the basis for community change

• All individuals have the right to be heard in open discussion, and the responsibility to respect
opposing viewpoints

• Trust is essential for effective working relationships

THE PROCESS OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

1. Establish an organizing group

2. Create a vision statement

3. Identify community stakeholders

4. Collect and analyze information

5. Develop an effective communication process

6. Expand the community organization

7. Create a comprehensive strategic plan

8. Identify the leadership and establish a plan

9. Implement the plan

10. Review and evaluate the planning outcomes

11. Celebrate the successes

12. Create new goals and objectives as needed

CHALLENGES OF THE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROCESS: DIFFICULT, TIME CONSUMING,

COSTLY

ORGANIZATIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES FOR EFFECTIVE HOUSING-

LOCAL ZONING BARRIERS- Zoning is the primary system by which municipalities maintain control
and discretion over the pattern of land development within their borders. Local practices can have
the effect of increasing housing costs and effectively excluding prospective moderate-income
households from locating affordable housing for purchase or rent.

LOCAL REGULATORY BARRIERS- Regulations that affect housing prices occur in several categories,
including building codes, environmental stipulations, impact fees, and administrative processes.

LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE LIMITATIONS- Connecticut’s small towns often lack the basic
infrastructure to develop higher density multifamily and affordable single-family homes. This
includes sewer, water, roads, utilities, and access to public transportation..

LOCAL OPPOSITION/”NIMBY”- Local opposition to affordable housing is well documented and

continues to persist despite the recent economic downturn and the proven link between economic
health and diversity of housing options. The spirit of “Not in My Back Yard,” or NIMBY. Although,
numerous studies disprove these concerns3, they persist and, when coupled with other local
barriers, can shut the door on any affordable housing development.

FINANCING BARRIERS

ALIGNMENT AND CLARITY OF FUNDING PRIORITIES- As evidenced by the Council’s needs

assessment, Connecticut is being challenged to meet the varied and complex housing needs of its
residents. The magnitude and diversity of these needs, the breadth of available intervention
strategies, and the reality of a finite level of resources has led DOH and CHFA to adopt project
evaluation criteria that for each competitive funding program reflects multiple priorities.

ACCESS TO PREDEVELOPMENT AND RISK CAPITAL- Given the capacity of the development
community in the state and the need for a robust pipeline of projects to realize our affordable
housing goals, predevelopment capital is key. Developers, particularly nonprofits, have experienced
decreased or eliminated philanthropic support.

NEED FOR RENTAL SUBSIDIES- Most affordable housing developments targeting very low and
extremely low-income households need some source of rental support to be self sustaining in the
long term.

SYSTEMS/ADMINISTRARTIVE BARRIERS

ACCESS TO INFORMATION- Access to available, timely, comprehensive and accurate data regarding
housing need within the state is necessary for policymakers to develop appropriate housing and
development policies, make appropriate resource allocations, and target investments to maximize
impact. Similarly, families and individuals seeking affordable housing need to have rapid and easy
access to comprehensive information regarding available resources, procedures, programs, rights,
responsibilities, applications, and vacancies.

INDUSTRY CAPACITY

HOUSING AUTHORIT CAPACITY- Redeveloping the state housing portfolio will require more public
housing authorities to expand their current role of owner and property manager to include that of
real estate developer. Most public housing authorities have little experience with development and
are struggling to manage on ever-shrinking and sequestered funding.

DEVELOPER COMMUNITY CAPACITY- The expanded resources available to affordable housing has
resulted in more opportunities for funding than there are ready projects. Similarly, the number of
projects managed by any one firm has increased dramatically, resulting in less complete applications
and slower closing processes.

ACCESS TO TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE- Many developers seeking to work in Connecticut from out of
state do not have access to the technical knowledge necessary to effectively take a project from
inception through occupancy and management. An increase in staff resources, such as consultants,
architects, and engineers, to assist these parties with their different needs can be useful in
overcoming this barrier.
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES OF HOUSING

Subdivision and Housing Developers Association (SHDA) president Christopher Narciso said the
country’s housing backlog has reached 6.7 million as of 2015, based on their Housing Roadmap to
2030 plan update.

this includes the 800,000 plus who cannot afford even the cheapest socialized housing unit. The
poorest sector of society will need a lot of government and private subsidy and this is
acknowledged worldwide,” he said.

RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS- ORIGINAL 1.5 MILLION TARGET REDUCED TO 940,520

RAPID URBANIZATION- 49% IN 2010; 65% BY 2030

TARGET SECTORS: NONFORMAL WORKERS, MINIMUM WAGE EARNERS, UNIFORMED PERSONNEL,

INFORMAL SETTLER FAMILIES (ISFS), INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (IPS) AND FORMAL SECTOR

NG-LGU COLLABORATION:LAND AVAILABILITY, RESETTLEMENT

HOUSING BACKLOG- THE ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE THAT GAVE IMPETUS TO THE CREATION OF R.A.
7279 OVER 20-ODD YEARS AGO WAS, AND STILL IS, THE HOUSING BACKLOG. AT 3.9 MILLION UNITS,
HAS NEVER DECREASED. EVERY YEAR POPULATION GROWTH AND HOME DEPRECIATION COMBINE
TO INCREASE THIS BACKLOG, WHICH, SOME SOURCES SAY, HAS ACTUALLY BALOONED TO OVER 5
MILLION UNITS.

UNDUE TAXATION (ONLY FOR SUBDIVISION DEVELOPER)- SECTION 18 OF RA 7279 IMPOSES A

BURDEN ON A SUB-SECTOR OF THE HOUSING INDUSTRY – THE “SUBDIVISION DEVELOPERS”, AND
NO OTHER ECONOMIC SECTOR. “THE RULE OF TAXATION SHALL BE UNIFORM AND EQUITABLE.”
THEORETICALLY, IF ALL THESE SUBDIVISION DEVELOPERS THEN SHIFT TO DOCUMENTING THEIR
SUBDIVISIONS AS CONDOMINIUMS (I.E., CCT INSTEAD OF TCT), THEN THERE WILL BE NO DELIVERY
OF SOCIALIZED HOUSING;

NON-COMPLIANCE OF SOCIALIZED HOUSING COMPONENTS: LGU’S STOP PROCESSING

DEVELOPMENT PERMITS. BANKS STOP LENDING. NEW BUYERS TURN AWAY. PREVIOUS BUYER STOP
EQUITY PAYMENTS.

TO A DEVELOPER, THIS IS TANTAMOUNT TO DISASTER. LGUS WILL THEN PROHIBIT THE DEVELOPER
FROM FILING NEW DEVELOPMENT PERMITS, AND WILL SUSPEND EXISTING ONES, HALTING ALL
DEVELOPMENT AND SELLING EFFORTS, COMPLETELY DISABLING THE ABILITY TO GENERATE CASH
FLOW FROM SALES.

BANKS, EVER WATCHFUL IN THIS REGARD, WILL LIKEWISE REFRAIN FROM FURTHER FUNDING THE
PROJECTS. BUYERS WILL TURN AWAY, AND THOSE THAT ALREADY BOUGHT WILL BACK OUT AND
SEEK REIMBURSEMENT

BANKRUPTCY IS THE ULTIMATE RESULT.

THE ISSUE OF “COMPLIANCE” OR LACK OF IT- ONE MUST NOT FORGET THAT THE ECONOMY OF
DEMOCRACY IS PROFIT-DRIVEN, AND THAT THE PRIVATE SECTOR CAN ONLY OPERATE AS A
DELIVERY VEHICLE TO ANSWER SHELTER NEEDS IF IT CAN RECOVER COST AND MAKE A PROFIT.
REQUIRING A DEVELOPER TO “DONATE” OR DEFRAY THE COST OF IMPROVEMENTS TO SLUM AS A
WAY OF COMPLIANCE , IS NOT REALISTIC, BECAUSE DEVELOPERS MUST RECOVER SUCH COST. A
DEVELOPER, DUE TO THE EFFECT OF MARKET FORCES, MAY BE ABLE TO EARN A 30% MARGIN ON ITS
OPERATIONS, AND COMPLIANCE UNDER THIS LAW CHARGES 20% -- THAT ALONE ALREADY SUMS UP
THE PROBLEM.

POTENTIAL FOR GRAFT AND CORRUPTION- IN THE INTERPRETATION OF LAWS, OUR

IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES HAVE THE LEEWAY TO EITHER BE PROGRESSIVE OR RESTRICTIVE. IN
MOST CASES, THE ATTITUDE IS TO BE RESTRICTIVE, IF ONLY BECAUSE IT IS MORE PRUDENT TO ERR
ON THE SIDE OF CAUTION. HOWEVER, REALITY AND THE NATURAL ORDER DICTATES: THE MORE
RESTRICTIVE AND PUNITIVE A LAW OR REGULATION IS, THE HIGHER THE POTENTIAL FOR GRAFT
AND CORRUPTION.