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Bose Einstein Condensate as New Form of Matter

Article · March 2016

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 IJPCMF International Journal of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematical Fundamentals, Vol. 15, Issue 01
Publishing Month: March 2016
An Indexed and Referred Journal with Impact Factor: 2.12
ISSN: 2278-1846
www.ijpcmf.com

Bose Einstein Condensate as New Form of Matter

Vinit Kumar Lohan

Assistant Professor, Vaish College of Engineering,

Rohtak, Haryana (India)

Abstract of a Bose gas, governed by Bose–Einstein statistics,

This paper explains the main idea of Bose Einstein
condensate. Here is explained about the current and
historical perspective of this form of matter. It is also
explained how this concept of BE Condensate came in
existence and how the two big names SN Bose and Einstein
work on this concept. The change in different phases with
temperature is explained pictorially in this article.
Keywords: Bose Einstein Condensate, Phase
Transition, Quantum Statistics.
which describes the statistical distribution of identical
particles with integer spin, now called bosons.
Bosons, which include the photon as well as atoms
such as helium-4 (4He), are allowed to share a
quantum state. Einstein proposed that cooling
bosonic atoms to a very low temperature would cause
them to fall (or "condense") into the lowest accessible
quantum state, resulting in a new form of matter.

In 1938 Fritz London proposed BEC as a mechanism

1. Introduction for superfluidity in 4He and superconductivity.

A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of
matter of a dilute gas of bosons cooled to
temperatures very close to absolute zero (that is, very
near 0 K or −273.16 °C). Under such conditions, a
large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum
state, at which point macroscopic quantum
phenomena become apparent. This state was first
predicted, generally, in 1924–25 by Satyendra Nath
Bose and Albert Einstein. This transition to BEC
occurs below a critical temperature, which for a
uniform three-dimensional gas consisting of non-
interacting particles with no apparent internal degrees
of freedom.
2. Historical Perspective
Satyendra Nath Bose first sent a paper to Einstein on
the quantum statistics of light quanta (now called
photons), deriving Planck's quantum radiation law
without any reference to classical physics, and
Einstein was impressed, translated the paper himself
from English to German and submitted it for Bose to
the Zeitschrift für Physik, which published it. (The
Einstein manuscript, once believed to be lost, was
found in a library at Leiden University in 2005.).
Einstein then extended Bose's ideas to matter in two
other papers. The result of their efforts is the concept
5
On June 5, 1995 the first gaseous condensate was
produced by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman at the
University of Colorado at Boulder NIST–JILA lab, in
a gas of rubidium atoms cooled to 170 nanokelvin
(nK). Shortly thereafter, Wolfgang Ketterle at MIT
demonstrated important BEC properties. For their
achievements Cornell, Wieman, and Ketterle
received the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Many isotopes were soon condensed, then molecules,
quasi-particles, and photons in 2010.
3. Current Work Perspective
Compared to more commonly encountered states of
matter, Bose–Einstein condensates are extremely
fragile. The slightest interaction with the external
environment can be enough to warm them past the
condensation threshold, eliminating their interesting
properties and forming a normal gas.
Nevertheless, they have proven useful in exploring a
wide range of questions in fundamental physics, and
the years since the initial discoveries by the JILA and
MIT groups have seen an increase in experimental
and theoretical activity. Examples include
experiments that have demonstrated interference
between condensates due to wave–particle duality,
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 IJPCMF International Journal of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematical Fundamentals, Vol. 15, Issue 01
Publishing Month: March 2016
An Indexed and Referred Journal with Impact Factor: 2.12
ISSN: 2278-1846
www.ijpcmf.com

the study of superfluidity and quantized vortices, the
creation of bright matter wave solitons from Bose
condensates confined to one dimension, and the
slowing of light pulses to very low speeds using
electromagnetically induced transparency. Vortices in
Bose–Einstein condensates are also currently the
subject of analogue gravity research, studying the
possibility of modeling black holes and their related
phenomena in such environments in the laboratory.
Experimenters have also realized "optical lattices",
where the interference pattern from overlapping
lasers provides a periodic potential. These have been
used to explore the transition between a superfluid
and a Mott insulator, and may be useful in studying
Bose–Einstein condensation in fewer than three
dimensions, for example the Tonks–Girardeau gas.
Bose–Einstein condensates composed of a wide
range of isotopes have been produced.
Cooling fermions to extremely low temperatures has
created degenerate gases, subject to the Pauli
exclusion principle. To exhibit Bose–Einstein
condensation, the fermions must "pair up" to form
bosonic compound particles (e.g. molecules or
Cooper pairs). The first molecular condensates were
created in November 2003 by the groups of Rudolf
Grimm at the University of Innsbruck, Deborah S. Jin
at the University of Colorado at Boulder and
Wolfgang Ketterle at MIT. Jin quickly went on to
create the first fermionic condensate composed of
Cooper pairs.
In 1999, Danish physicist Lene Hau led a team from
Harvard University which slowed a beam of light to
about 17 meters per second.[clarification needed],
using a superfluid. Hau and her associates have since
made a group of condensate atoms recoil from a light
pulse such that they recorded the light's phase and
amplitude, recovered by a second nearby condensate,
in what they term "slow-light-mediated atomic
matter-wave amplification" using Bose–Einstein
condensates: details are discussed in Nature.
The graph showing how different phases changes
with temperature are changing shown below:

Figure 1: Phase Change with Temperature

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 IJPCMF International Journal of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematical Fundamentals, Vol. 15, Issue 01
Publishing Month: March 2016
An Indexed and Referred Journal with Impact Factor: 2.12
ISSN: 2278-1846
www.ijpcmf.com

Researchers in the new field of atomtronics use the

properties of Bose–Einstein condensates when
manipulating groups of identical cold atoms using
lasers. Further, BECs have been proposed by
Emmanuel David Tannenbaum for anti-stealth
technology.

4. Conclusion and Future Perspectives

There are many forms of matter solid, liquid, gas and
plasma. But Bose Einstein Condensate can be studied
as a separate form of matter. A lot of work is done
on this condensate still this form of matter is as a
topic of interest for researchers. Many applications of
this form can be studied in future. This concept can
be used as a quantum simulator in which quantum
mass acquisition of particles can be observed.

References
[1] Clark, Ronald W (1971) Einstein: The Life and
Times. Avon Books. pp. 408–409 ISBN 0-380-
01159-X.
[2] London, F. (1938) "The λ-Phenomenon of
Liquid Helium and the Bose–Einstein
Degeneracy" Nature 141 (3571): 643–644
Bibcode: 1938 Nature doi: 10.1038/141643a0.
[3] London, F. Superfluids Vol. I and II, (reprinted
New York: Dover 1964)
[4] http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/bec_
background.cfm
[5] Levi, Barbara Goss "Cornell, Ketterle, and
Wieman Share Nobel Prize for Bose–Einstein
Condensates" Search & Discovery, Physics
Today online Archived from the original on 24
October 2007.

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