Gas turbine use Brayton cycle

The compressor and the turbine are on the same shaft.

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Cycles and diagrams

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Actual gas turbine cycle

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Classifications of GT cycles:
• GT cycles may be direct or indirect, which may be open or close.

i) Direct open cycle: consist of a compressor, combustion chamber or

reactor and a turbine -exhaust is in the atmosphere.
ii) Indirect open cycle: here air is secondary fluid that receive heat
from a secondary coolant in a heat exchanger.

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Classifications of GT cycles:

Fig: Direct open cycle

Fig: Indirect open cycle

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Classifications of GT cycles:
i) Direct closed cycle: Where the gas coolant is heated in the reactor,
expanded through the turbine, cooled in a heat exchanger and
compressed back to the reactor.
ii) Indirect closed cycle: combination of indirect open cycle and direct
closed cycle in that the reactor is separated from the working fluid
by a heat exchanger, whereas the working gas rejects heat to the
atmosphere via a heat exchanger.

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Classifications of GT cycles:

Fig: Direct closed cycle Fig: Indirect closed cycle

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Modifications- Intercooling

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Modifications-Re-heating

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Modifications-Regenerative cycle

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Gas Turbines
• Gas turbine was primarily
developed for:
i) Air craft industry
ii) ICE super heater

These units operates at high speed and are reduced to electrical generator synchronous
speed of 3600 rpm or 3000 rpm by reduction gear.

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Gas Turbines
• Larger power generation units are physically larger than the higher
speed units.
• In a GT, air is compressed to about 10 atm in the compressor.
• About two third of the power produced in GT is used to drive the
compressor and the remaining is for power generation.
• Such arrangement is known as simple cycle GT; characterized by large
exhaust loss (less efficiency- 25%-30%)

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Gas Turbines
• The major manufacturers are:

i) GE
ii) Siemens
iii) ABB
iv) Westinghouse

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Factor affecting GT performance
• Two of the most important design parameters are the
i) Compressor pressure ratio
ii) Turbine inlet temperature
These two affect thermal efficiency as well as the net work produced by
a unit mass of working substance.

In a simple-cycle GT the optimal value of pressure ratio for thermal

efficiency is greater than the optimal pressure ratio for net work output
-Opposite is true in the regenerative-cycle GT.

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Factor affecting GT performance

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Factor affecting GT performance
• GTs can operate at full load and part load.
The turbine inlet and exhaust temperature will decrease with the
decrease of load.

• Turbine exhaust temperature decreases more rapidly for simple-cycle

GT than the regenerative cycle.
• While regenerative cycle is more efficient, the fuel saving must be
carefully evaluated in the system selection and compared with the
additional cost.

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Factor affecting GT performance

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Factor affecting GT performance
• GT design ratings are usually based upon standard site conditions
-The ISO standard are sea-level altitude( 14.7 psia or 1 atm), 59F and
60% rh
• Ambient air temperature is the main factor affecting the main factor
affecting the performance of GT

Temperature (F) Mass flow rate Capability Efficiency

59 12% 23% 5%
0 increase increase increase

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Factor affecting GT performance

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Factor affecting GT performance
• Exact effect of ambient air temperature on GT performance are not
easy to predict.
-effect on compressor and turbine efficiency and the pressure ratio of
compressor
• A theoretical prediction on GT performance change is difficult, thus
correction factors are used to estimate the performance change.
• It should be noted that the effect of ambient air temperature are almost
independent of GT design.

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Factor affecting GT performance

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Factor affecting GT performance
• The ambient air pressure has a significant effect upon turbine
capability.
-As the ambient air pressure drops, the turbine capability decreases.

• The ambient air humidity has a minor effect on GT performance.

-When the ambient air temperature is above 30C and the relative
humidity is above 70%, the ambient air humidity should be taken into
account.

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Class performance
1. Draw a schematic diagram and T-S diagram for combined
intercooling , reheat and regenerative Brayton cycle.
2. How inlet temperature affect Gas turbine.

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GT components

Axial-flow compressor: used with large turbines.

• A compressor stage consists of one row of stationary

blades and one row of moving blades.
• An additional row of fixed blades(inlet guide vanes)
is normally installed at the inlet to the compressor to
direct the air at the desired angle to the first-stage of
rotating blades.
• Axial flow compressor increase the pressure of the
fluid by accelerating it in the rotating blades and then Fig: Axial flow compressor
diffusing it in the stationary blades.

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Axial-flow compressor
• Stalling(disruption) is prevalent here –it occurs
when the relevant angle of incidence between the
flow direction and the blades becomes excessive.
• Since the pressure gradient is acting against the
direction of the flow, there is always danger to the
stability of the flow pattern.
• An additional diffuser is installed at the
compressor discharge.

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Axial-flow compressor
• Blow-off valves are used sometimes to prevent
surging(unstable flow) when it is expected to occur
near the rear of the compressor.
-Air is discharged from the compressor at some
intermediate stage through a valve to reduce the mass
flow through the later stages.
-A twin-spool compressor is another technique used
to prevent surging by splitting the compressor into
two(or more ) section, each being driven by a separate
turbine at a different speed.
• Smaller in size and runs at a high speed.
• Axial compressors are more efficient; overall pressure
increase is in the range between 20:1 and 40:1

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Centrifugal compressor
• Air is taken at the center or eye of the rotor and is accelerated by the blades
due to high rotational speeds of the rotor and forced radially out of the rotor
at high velocities.
• The air is then received by the receiver, which converts the high velocities
to high pressure.
• A single compressor stage consists of an impeller mounted on the rotor and
a diffuser mounted in the stator.
• The air enters the compressor at the inducer, goes through a 90 degree turn
and is discharged into a diffuser which normally has a vaneless space
followed by a vane section.
• The air leaves the diffuser and enters a scroll or collector.
• The pressure increase per stage of a centrifugal compressor vanes between
1.5:1 and 12:1
• The main advantages are simplicity, strength and short length.

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GT Components- Material
• The compressor casings are usually made of cast iron or aluminum
alloy.
• The rotor are usually made of good-quality ferrite steel, and the
compressor blades will be stainless steel or titanium alloy.
• The regenerator is a shell and tube HX having the turbine exhaust
gases flowing in the tubes or on the shell side.

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GT Components
• The temperature of the exhaust gasses from the turbine is reduced to
500 F(260C) by transferring heat to the air in the regenerator.
-the air enters the regenerator at 392F(200C) and leaves at about
698F(370C)
-the regenerator can recover up to 75% of the exhaust heat,
resulting in increase in efficiency.
-They increase the efficiency of the unit by reducing the fuel
consumption by up to 30 percent.
-Despite this increase in efficiency, regenerators are only used by
a small number of manufacturers for these reasons:

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GT Components
i) Decrease steadily as the unit is operated due to build-up of deposits.
ii) Are only used by turbine having low pressure increase across the
compressor.
-Since the temperature of the gas leaving the turbine is around
482C(900F), units having large pressure increase across the compressor
will have limited benefit from a regenerator because the exit
temperature of the compressor will approach the exit temperature of the
turbine.
iii) Regenerators have relatively high cost, space and maintenance
requirements.
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Combustors
• The purpose of the combustor is to increase the temperature of the
high-pressure gas.
• There is a slight pressure drop across the combustors.
i) Tubular(side combustor)
ii) Can-annular
iii) Annular
• In multiple types combustor, there is a fuel supply to each fuel tube.
But there is only a couple of igniter for all the tubes
• Once the flame detectors confirm stable ignition, the igniter will shut
down

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Turbine
• Turbine may be radial flow or axial flow.
• Axial-flow turbines are impulse type or reaction type.

h(T/p) V

• High V, in the nozzles(stationary blades)

• In a reaction turbine, enthalpy drops in the nozzles and the bucket.

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Turbine
• The radial flow turbine or inward flow radial turbine
-these turbines are used for smaller loads and over a narrower
operating range than axial turbine
-radial turbines are normally used for turbochargers and in some
types of expanders

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GT materials
• GT blades, vanes, combustors are exposed to very high
temperature.
• -GT power, efficiency, and economics increase with the
temperature of the gas flowing through the turbine blade passages.
• Materials are so selected that these can survive in serviceable
condition for over 50,000 hours and associated number of thermal
cycles.

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GT materials
• GT alloy are termed super alloy because of their extremely high
strength at high temperatures.
• -These alloy are nickel based(such as IN 738), cobalt based(FSX-414)
or with a nickel- iron based such as Inconel 718
• -Nickel resists oxidation and is creep resistant, but is subjected to
corrosive sulfidation, ceramic materials

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Blade cooling
The increase in blade-inlet temperature has been made possible by
advancements in metallurgy and the use of advance cooling techniques
for the turbine blades.
The cooling air is taken from the compressor discharge and directed to
the rotor, stator and other parts of the machine to provide adequate
cooling.

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Blade cooling
There are five basic methods of blade
cooling.
i) Convection cooling
ii) Impingement cooling
iii) Film cooling
iv) Transpiration cooling
v) Water cooling

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Water Injection
• Water injection is a method used to increase the power output of a gas
turbine significantly and to have marginal increase in efficiency.
• In some aircraft propulsion units, water is injected into the compressor.
-It evaporates when the air temperature rises through the
compression process.
-The heat of vaporization reduces the compressed air
temperature, resulting in a decrease in compressor work.
• The quantity of water vapor injected is enough to saturate the air at T3
• Any further increase in the quantity of water vapor would reduce the
efficiency and increase the net work.

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Cycles and diagrams

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GT lubrication system
• A single lubricating system is usually used for heavy frame gas
turbines and driven equipment using mineral oil.
-Some application use synthetic lubricating oil.
-However, higher viscosity oils can be used in high-ambient
temperature areas.
-Heavy frame and power turbine use oil-film bearings

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GT starting sequence

• Prior to starting the gas turbine, all of the auxiliaries must be in the
automatic position.
• The turning gear and oil pumps must be operating -the fuel system
must also be ready.

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GT starting sequence
• Following are the steps required to start a simple-cycle gas turbine.

i) Cranking phase
• The starting motor is energized.
• The rotor is accelerated to the ignition speed, which is around 1000 rpm.
• The fuel valves are opened.
• The igniters are energized.
• The flame is established which is confirmed by the flame scanners, which is
located in the upper combustor baskets.

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GT starting sequence
ii) Acceleration phase

• The start ramp controller accelerated the rotor to 89% of the operating
speed -this is an open-loop controller that increases the speed over a
20 minutes period.
• The speed controller accelerates the rotor from 89% to 100% of the
operating speed -this is a closed feedback controller

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GT starting sequence
iii) Synchronization phase: Synchronization should not be attempted
until the following conditions are met.
• The generator frequency is slightly higher than the frequency of the
grid.
• The generator voltage is matched to the voltage of the grid.
• The generator phase voltage is matched to the grid phase voltage.
• Phase sequences should also be matched.

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GT starting sequence
• The synchronization relay must also provide an independent
confirmation that all the conditions required for synchronization are
met before circuit breaker can be closed .
• The generator circuit breaker is closed manually or automatically.

• The loading is done by operating the fuel valve further until the
desired load is required.

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