(Universal Trainer Kit)

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED

for internal evaluation of

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS WORKSHOP

Bachelor of Technology

In

Electronics and Communication Engineering

1st Semester, ECE “D”

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Institute of Technical Education and Research
SIKSHA ‘O’ ANUSANDHAN UNIVERSITY
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
(October, 2016)

(Universal Breadboard Kit)

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED
 for internal evaluation of

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS WORKSHOP

Bachelor of Technology

In

Electronics and Communication Engineering

By

1st Semester, ECE “D”

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Institute of Technical Education and Research
SIKSHA ‘O’ ANUSANDHAN UNIVERSITY
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
(October, 2016)
 DECLARATION
I declared that

a. The work contained in this report is original and has been done by me..

b. I have followed the guidelines provided by the Department in preparing the report.

c. I have followed the professional and ethical responsibility provided by the university.

Signature of the Students

Registration No.:1641016027

Date: ____________________
 LIST OF CONTENTS

SL. NO. CAPTION Page No:

I Acknowledgement

II Abstract

III Declaration

IV Chapter 1: Introduction

V Chapter 2: Customer Needs Recognition

VI Chapter 3: Product Function Decomposition

VII Chapter 4: Benchmarking and Engineering Specification

VIII Chapter 5: Product Architecture

IX Chapter 6: Analytical and Numerical Model Solutions

X Chapter 7: Physical Prototype

XI Chapter 8: Testing and Improvement

XII Chapter 9: Final Product

XIII Chapter 10: Conclusions

XIV Chapter 11: Individual Learning

XV 12. References

XVI 13. Questionnaire

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figures CAPTION Page no.

I A simple bread board

II Basic use of bread board

III Overall of the circuit

IV IC pin configuration

V Transformer

VI LM317

VII 78XX ICs

VIII Capacitors

IX Descriptions on transformer

X Diodes

XI Product architectures

XII Full wave rectifier’s working

XIII During the first half cycle

XIV During the second half cycle

XV-XIX Physical prototype

XX The final product

 LIST OF SYMBOLS

SYMBOLS APPARATUS

AC voltage

Switch

Fuse

Resistor

LED

Diode
Capacitors

I.C.

Variable Resistance
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude to our respected mentors Prof.

Mrutyunjaya Sahani, for the inspired guidance, insight, continuous encouragement, timely

suggestions that they have provided throughout the duration of this work. The present work,

being successfully completed due to their sincere monitoring and vital inputs.

We are grateful to Prof. Guru Prasad Mishra, Head of the Department of Electronics and

Communication Engineering, permitted us to make use of the available facilities in the

department to carry out the project successfully. We would also thank all our friends, faculty

and staff members of Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering for their

support and all kinds of help to accomplish this work.

Signature of the Student

(Name and Registration

 ABSTRACT

Universal breadboard kit help us to perform various experiment at low voltage (1-

10v).Universal breadboard kit is an electronic device used to provide a regulated amount of

current to those small electronic components which cannot bear high voltage. It reduces the

burden of too many components like battery, AC to DC converter, individual breadboards

and wires. The key feature of the device is that, it has different outputs of +5V, +12V, -12V

and a variable out of 1.25-16.5V which individual device slack.

The kit consists of fuse , resistors, center-tap transformer, ICs, Capacitors, PCB board etc.

For conversion of 220 input voltage into 12V output, we use a center-tap type transformer. To get

different outputs we use a variety of ICs and for a variable voltage a 10k potentiometer is

used. Resisters are used to keep the ICs safe.

After final connections of the components we get 3 fix outputs of +5, +12, -12V each & a

variable voltage of 1.25-16.5V. For safety the circuit is well covered.

 CHAPTERS

INTRODUCTION

Breadboard is a great way to construct electronic projects easily and in less time without the

need of soldering. A problem that is faced by beginners in the field of electronics is that they

cannot solder the components neatly on printed circuit boards. One bad solder joint can

lead to the project not working.

A breadboard is a circuit board that is used to make temporary circuits. It is a device having

electronics and test circuit designs. The electronic elements inside the electronic circuits can

be interchanged by inserting the terminals and leads into holes and later connecting it with

the help of appropriate wires. The device has stripes of metal below the board that

connects the holes placed on the top of the board. The connections of the breadboard are

mostly temporary and the elements can further be reassembled and reused without any

damage. Breadboards are generally used in electrical engineering. Engineers make use of

breadboards in order to test different products made by them. Using breadboard is the

most efficient way of testing and also they are cost effective. They can be reused again and

again for the purpose of testing. Today, starting from tiny analog, digital circuits to big

complicated CPU’s everything can be tested with the help of this.

Breadboards earlier were made of copper wires or terminal strips. These days it is made up

of white plastic and is a breadboard that can be plugged. Breadboards are solderless and

they are made of two kinds of strips i.e. terminal and bus strips. Terminal strips help in

holding the electronic elements while the bus strip is used to power electric power to all the

electronic components. You can find manufacturers selling solderless breadboards very

easily, some manufactures sell the bust and terminal strips separately and some sell it

together.

In this project, making a Universal Breadboard Kit there are 2 main heads i.e. first is a power

supply and second is the bread boards connected to the power supply i.e. for 12v,-12v, 5v

and for variable voltages.

In this the power supply is generally known to be a VDC power supply. VDC is an

abbreviation for "volts DC." DC stands for "direct current," which means the voltage is

constant (as opposed to AC, alternating current, in which the voltage is constantly oscillating

between positive and negative polarity).

Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct current is produced by

sources such as batteries, power supplies, thermocouples, solar cells, or dynamos. Direct

current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through semiconductors,

insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams. Direct current may be

obtained from an alternating current supply by use of a rectifier, which contains electronic

elements (usually) or electromechanical elements (historically) that allow current to flow

only in one direction. Direct current may be converted into alternating current with an

inverter or a motor-generator set. Direct current is used to charge batteries and as power

supply for electronic systems.

Therefore VDC is an abbreviation for "volts DC." DC stands for "direct current," which means

the voltage is constant (as opposed to AC, alternating current, in which the voltage is

constantly oscillating between positive and negative polarity).

So "VDC power" doesn't mean anything by itself, but, say, "12 VDC power" means power

that is supplied at 12 volts DC.

So, at last the final product formed is a “UNIVERSAL BREADBOARD KIT” in which the bread

boards connected are connected together with a VDC power supply of -12v, 12v, 5v and of

variable voltages on a plywood which is too prepared by many components like

transformer, diodes, resistor, potentiometer, capacitors (1000µf and 10µf), veroboard,

connecting knobs, switch (SPST), 7805, 7812, 7912 and LM317 chip and etc.

An electronic kit is a package of electrical components used to build an electronic device.

Generally, kits are composed of electronic components, a circuit diagram (schematic),

assembly instructions and often a printed circuit board(PCB) or another type of prototyping

board.

There are 2 distinct types of kit, those that will construct a single project, and those that can

construct a range of projects.

The first type of kits, those for the construction of a single device, normally use a PCB on

which components are soldered. They normally come with extended documentation

describing which component goes where into the PCB.

People primarily purchase electronic kits to have fun and learn how things work. They were

once popular as a means to reduce the cost of buying goods, but there is usually no cost

saving in buying a kit today.

Some kits used to be quite complex devices such as colour television sets, oscilloscopes,

high-end audio amplifiers and even computers such as the Heath kit H-8, and the LNW-80.

Today, building devices from scratch for hobbyists and beginners has fallen in popularity

due partly to the emerging complexity of miniature electronics and embedded software.

People still build custom devices and special-purpose electronics for professional and

educational use, and as a hobby.

Also emerging is a trend to simplify the complexity by providing pre-programmed or

modular kits and this is provided by many suppliers online often. The fun and thrill of

making your own electronics has shifted in many cases from easy to comprehend

application and analogue devices to more sophisticated and digital devices

 CUSTOMER NEEDS RECOGNITION

Technically, these breadboards are called solderless breadboards because they do

not require soldering to make connections. ... Electronic components can be soldered directly

together, but more commonly they are soldered onto printed circuit boards (PCBs).

Why does a Customer need breadboard?

A breadboard is a circuit which if of a temporary nature used for the purpose of testing and

prototyping circuits. It is easy to prototype circuits with the help of breadboards because it is

fast and easy. Breadboards are generally used to test circuits. As this device have holes in it.

In order to form a circuit, wires are inserted simply inside the holes. An advantage of using a

breadboard is that the positions of the wires can be changed if they are placed in a wrong

order.

Fig.1.1 (NEED TO BREADBOARD)

The above diagram shows how the holes of a breadboard are connected. The bottom and the

top rows are connected horizontally across as the red and the black line denotes. The power

supply is connected to both the black and red rows. The other rows are connected in a vertical

manner which consists of five rows each without any links to the across the centre. In this

way there are separate blocks of connections to each of the ICs pin. Now this was the

connection in a small breadboard.

In case of large breadboards, there are breaks half way in the top and the bottom rows of the

power supply. It is always better to link across the gap before you start building circuit. If you

do not link it then that part of the circuit will not have any power supply.

There are different types of customer needs for this product. Starting form engineering

students like us to different software engineers who work on electrical devices, is firstly

tested with this device. The desired types of output voltage has made it possible for us to do

any type of tasks.

Whenever we are talking about the device, a lot of questions come to our mind. Is the device

portable and handy? Is it cheap and can easily be repaired? Is it safe for beginners? These

whole bunch of questions tells us a lot about our device.

Fig. 1.2 (EXAMPLE OF A BREADBOARD CIRCUIT)

 PRODUCT FUNCTION NEEDS DECOMPOSITION

(i) OVERALL VIEW

ICS OUTPUT

LM317

TRANSFORMER.
7805 +5V
AC
7812 +12V

-12V
7912
Fig. 1.3(IC OUTPUTS)

(ii) IC PIN CONFIGURATION IC

Fig. 1.4 2 3
3
(iii)TRANSFORMER

OUTPUT

+12 V
I
N
P
COMMON
U
TRANSFORMER
T
S -12 V
 I

INPUT AC SIGNAL

OUTPUT PULSATING DC SIGNAL

BENCHMARKING AND ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION

SPECIFICATIONS OF ALL COMPONENTS USED IN OUR PRODUCT:-

1. FUSE: - We use a 500mA Fuse

Low Breaking Capacity

Made up of Glass Tube, Nickel Plated

Designed to UL/CSA 248-14

Voltage Rating – 250 V

In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse is a type of low resistance resistor that acts as

a sacrificial device to provide over current protection, of either the load or source circuit. Its

essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows through

it, interrupting the circuit that it connects. Short circuits, overloading, mismatched loads, or

device failure are the prime reasons for excessive current. Fuses can be used as alternatives

to circuit breakers.

A fuse interrupts an excessive voltage so that further damage by overheating or fire is

prevented. Wiring regulations often define a maximum fuse current rating for particular

circuits. Over current protection devices are essential in electrical systems to limit threats to

human life and property damage. The time and current operating characteristics of fuses are

chosen to provide adequate protection without needless interruption. Slow blow fuses are

designed to allow harmless short term currents over their rating while still interrupting a

sustained overload. Fuses are manufactured in a wide range of current and voltage ratings to
protect wiring systems and electrical equipment. Self-resetting fuses automatically restore the

circuit after the overload has cleared, and are useful in environments where a human

replacing a blown fuse would be difficult or impossible, for example in aerospace or nuclear

applications.

2. RESISTORS :- We use one 68K-1W Resistor

Resistance - 68 ohm

Power – 1 Watt

Tolerance - ± 12

Packaging - Cut Tape

Composition – Metal Film

Lead Free Status – Lead Free

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,

adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines,

among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as

heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for
generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time

or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a

volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or

chemical activity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are

ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be

composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated

circuits.

3. LED: - It has two terminals – Positive and Negative Terminals

Made up of High Impact Plastic

Consists of Whisker, Lens and Anvil

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n

junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the

leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy

in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the colour of the light

(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the

semiconductor.

An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be

used to shape its radiation pattern.

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-

intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in

remote-control circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer

electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity, and limited to red.

Modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with

very high brightness.

4. LM317IC :- Linear Voltage Regulator

Output Voltage (1.25V – 37V)

Maximum Output Current - 1.5A

Power Dissipation – Internally Limited

Output Transistor Safe-Area Compensation

Pin Configuration – 1- Adjust

2- Output

3- Input
 Fig.3.1

The LM317 is an adjustable 3−terminal positive voltage regulator

Capable of supplying in excess of 1.5 A over an output voltage range of

1.2 V to 37 V. This voltage regulator is exceptionally easy to use and

requires only two external resistors to set the output voltage. Further, it

employs internal current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe area

compensation, making it essentially blow−out proof.

The LM317 serves a wide variety of applications including local, on

card regulation. This device can also be used to make a programmable

output regulator, or by connecting a fixed resistor between the

adjustment and output, the LM317 can be used as a precision current

regulator.
5. 7805 IC: - Voltage Regulator IC

Output Current in excess of 1A

Internal Short Circuit Current Limiting

Output Voltage Offered in 4% Tolerance

Fig : 3.2

Pin Configuration – 1- Input

2- Ground

3- Output

7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear

voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not

give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a

constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide.

7805 provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at

input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.
6. 7812 IC: - National Semiconductor

- Output Current in excess of 1A

- Internal Short Circuit Current Limit

- Output Transistor Safe-Area Protection

- Pin Configuration – 1- Input

2- Ground

3- Output

7812 is a famous IC which is being widely used in 12V voltage regulator circuits. Truly

speaking it is a complete standalone voltage regulator. We only need to use two capacitors,

one on the input and second one on the output of 7812 in order to achieve clean voltage

output and even these capacitors are optional to use. To achieve 12V 1A current, 7812 should

be mounted on a good heat sink plate. Thanks to the transistor like shape of 7812 which

makes it easy to mount on a heat sink plate. 7812 has built in over heat and short circuit

protection which makes it a good choice for making power supplies.

7. 7912 IC – Terminal Negative Regulator

 High Ripple Rejection

1.5A Output Current

4 % Tolerance on Preset Output Voltage

Pin Configuration – 1- Ground

2- Input

3- Output

79xx voltage regulators are very commonly used in electronic circuits. The main purpose of

this IC is to supply required regulated negative voltage to the circuits. IC 79xx can supply a

constant negative voltage output, in spite of any voltage fluctuations in its input voltage. It

can be mainly found in the circuits in which integrated circuits that require +Vcc and – Vcc

are used.

IC 79xx

IC 79xx is a three pin negative voltage controller IC. It is a small integrated circuit used in a

circuit to supply a constant negative input voltage. The number 79 indicates that it is a

negative voltage regulator and xx indicates the output voltage of the IC. ‘xx’ can be replaced

by the controlled output voltage provided by the regulator, for example, if it is 7905, then the

output voltage of the IC is -5 V. Similarly if it is 7912, then output voltage of the IC is -12
volts and so on. The name of the IC may vary based on the manufacturer as LM79xx, L79xx,

and MC79xx etc.

IC 79xx requires heat sink for its safe operation. Heat sink boosts heat dissipation therefore

the life of the device can be extended.

79xx ICs and Output Voltages

IC Number Output Voltage

LM317 0-16V

7912 -12 V

7805 5V

7812 12V

TABLE – 3.1

Fig .3.3

8. CAPACITOR : - Capacitor Polarized Aluminium Electrolytic

Charge and Discharge Proof

 Very Low Impedance

Tolerance - ± 20 %

Category Temperature Range - -55ºC to 105ºC

Case Sizes – 16 χ 35 mm

Mass ≈ 11 g

Capacitors are two-terminal electrical elements. Capacitors are essentially two conductors,

usually conduction plates - but any two conductors - separated by an insulator - a dielectric -

with connection wires connected to the two conducting plates.

Capacitors occur naturally. On printed circuit boards two wires running parallel to each

other on opposite sides of the board form a capacitor. That's a capacitor that comes about

inadvertently, and we would normally prefer that it not be there. But, it's there. It has

electrical effects, and it will affect your circuit. You need to understand what it does.

At other times, you specifically want to use capacitors because of their frequency

dependent behaviour. There are lots of situations where we want to design for some specific

frequency dependent behaviour. Maybe you want to filter out some high frequency noise

from a lower frequency signal. Maybe you want to filter out power supply frequencies in a

signal running near a 60 Hz line. You're almost certainly going to use a circuit with a

capacitor.
 Sometimes you can use a capacitor to store energy. In a subway car, an insulator at a

track switch may cut off power from the car for a few feet along the line. You might use a

large capacitor to store energy to drive the subway car through the insulator in the power

feed.

Capacitors are used for all these purposes, and more. In this chapter you're going to start

learning about this important electrical component. Remember capacitors do the following

and more.

Fig.3.4(different type of capacitor)

9. Transformer:- A center-tap transformer is designed to provide two separate secondary

voltages, VA and VB with a common connection. This type of transformer configuration

produces a two-phase, 3-wire supply. The secondary voltages are the same and proportional

to the supply voltage, VP, therefore power in each winding is the same. The voltages

produced across each of the secondary winding is determined by the turns ratio as shown.

Fig.3.5(transformer)
10. Diodes: - A diode is a specialized electronic component with two electrodes called the

anode and the cathode. Most diodes are made with semiconductor materials such as silicon,

germanium, or selenium.

Fig.3.6

Sl.no component Specification Qty

1. Transformer 240/18V 1

2. Silicon diodes General purpose diodes 4

3. Electrolyte capacitors 1000uF 2

4. Ceramic capacitor 0.01uF 1

5. Variable resistor 10 K 1

6. Regulator IC LM317 4

7805

7812

7912

7. Connecting wires 235 WG As per

requirement

8. LED 1
9. RESISTORS 220 ohm , 68 k 2

10. Fuse 500 mA 1

250 V

Table 3.2
 PRODUCT ARCHITECTURE

IC TRAINER KIT

Vero board Breadboard

Supply AC

Centre tapped As per customer

Capacitors Resistors Diodes Chips Potentiometer
transformer needs

Rectifier

LM7805 LM7812 LM7912

+5V +12V -12V

Fig 4.1
1. The product was initiated with the help of circuit diagram.

2. The components were bought and each of them were tested separately.

3. The components were placed according to the circuit diagram to the model.

4. After completion of the circuit, the outputs were checked.

5. All sorts of precautions were kept in mind and the circuit was checked thoroughly before

applying the power supply.

6. The readings were then noted down.

 ANALYTICAL AND NUMERICAL MODEL SOLUTIONS

 Full Wave Rectifier Working & Operation

The working & operation of a full wave bridge rectifier is pretty simple. The circuit diagrams

and wave forms we have given below will help you understand the operation of a bridge

rectifier perfectly. In the circuit diagram, 4 diodes are arranged in the form of a bridge. The

transformer secondary is connected to two diametrically opposite points of the bridge at

points A & C. The load resistance RL is connected to bridge through points B and D.
 Fig.5.1

 During the first half cycle

During first half cycle of the input voltage, the upper end of the transformer secondary

winding is positive with respect to the lower end. Thus during the first half cycle diodes D1

and D3 are forward biased and current flows through arm AB, enters the load resistance RL,
and returns back flowing through arm DC. During this half of each input cycle, the diodes D2

and D4 are reverse biased and current is not allowed to flow in arms AD and BC. The flow of

current is indicated by solid arrows in the figure above. We have developed another diagram

below to help

you understand the current flow quickly. See the diagram below – the green arrows indicate

beginning of current flow from source (transformer secondary) to the load resistance. The red

arrows indicate return path of current from load resistance to the source, thus completing the

circuit.

Fig .5.2
 During the second half cycle

During second half cycle of the input voltage, the lower end of the transformer secondary

winding is positive with respect to the upper end. Thus diodes D2 and D4 become forward

biased and current flows through arm CB, enters the load resistance RL, and returns back to

the source flowing through arm DA. Flow of current has been shown by dotted arrows in the

figure. Thus the direction of flow of current through the load resistance RL remains the same

during both half cycles of the input supply voltage. See the diagram below – the green arrows

indicate beginning of current flow from source (transformer secondary) to the load resistance.

The red arrows indicate return path of current from load resistance to the source, thus

completing the circuit.

Fig . 5.3
 PHYSICAL PROTOTYPE

Description of 7805

7805 is a 5V fixed three terminal positive voltage regulator IC. The IC has features such as

safe operating area protection, thermal shut down, internal current limiting which makes the

IC very rugged. Output currents up to 1A can be drawn from the IC provided that there is a

proper heat sink. A 9V transformer steps down the main voltage, 1A bridge rectifies it and

capacitor C1 filters it and 7805 regulates it to produce a steady 5Volt DC. The circuit

schematic is given below.

Fig.6.1

Description of 7812

7812 is a famous IC which is being widely used in 12V voltage regulator circuits. Truly

speaking it is a complete standalone voltage regulator. We only need to use two capacitors,

one on the input and second one on the output of 7812 in order to achieve clean voltage

output and even these capacitors are optional to use. To achieve 12V 1A current, 7812 should
be mounted on a good heat sink plate. Thanks to the transistor like shape of 7812 which

makes it easy to mount on a heat sink plate. 7812 has built in over heat and short circuit

protection which makes it a good choice for making power supplied.

Fig .6.2

Description 7912

The LM79XX series of 3-terminal regulators is available with fixed output voltages of −5V,

−12V, and −15V. These devices need only one external component—a compensation

capacitor at the output. The LM79XX series is packaged in the TO-220 power package and is

capable of supplying 1.5A of output current.

Low ground pin current of the LM79XX series allows output voltage to be easily boosted

above the preset value with a resistor divider. The low quiescent current drain of these

devices with a specified maximum change with line and load ensures good regulation in the

voltage boosted mode.

 Fig.6.3

Centre tapped transformer

In electronics, a center tap (CT) is a contact made to a point halfway along a winding of a

transformer or inductor, or along the element of a resistor or a potentiometer. Taps are

sometimes used on inductors for the coupling of signals, and may not necessarily be at the

half-way point, but rather, closer to one end. A common application of this is in the Hartley

oscillator. Inductors with taps also permit the transformation of the amplitude of alternating

current (AC) voltages for the purpose of power conversion, in which case, they are referred to

as autotransformers, since there is only one winding. An example of an autotransformer is an

automobile ignition coil. Potentiometer tapping provides one or more connections along the

device's element, along with the usual connections at each of the two ends of the element, and

the slider connection. Potentiometer taps allow for circuit functions that would otherwise not

be available with the usual construction of just the two end connections and one slider

connection.
 Fig.6.4

Description:

This is a simple approach to obtain a 12V and 5V DC power supply using a single circuit.

The circuit uses two ICs 7812 (IC1) and 7805 (IC2) for obtaining the required voltages. The

AC mains voltage will be stepped down by the transformer T1, rectified by bridge B1 and

filtered by capacitor C1 to obtain a steady DC level .The IC1 regulates this voltage to obtain a

steady 12V DC. The output of the IC1 will be regulated by the IC2 to obtain a steady 5V DC

at its output. In this way both 12V and 5V DC are obtained, likewise we can get -12 V by

using IC7912 (IC3).

Such a circuit is very useful in cases when we need two DC voltages for the operation of a

circuit. By varying the type number of the IC1 and IC2, various combinations of output

voltages can be obtained. If 7806 is used for IC2, we will get 6V instead of 5V. Same way if

7809 is used for IC1 we get 9V instead of 12V.

Fig.6.5
 TESTING AND IMPROVEMENT

After completing all the circuit connections we observe d following outputs:

1. TRANSFORMER: The following is a step-down transformer, it has the capability to

change the 200V input into12V output.

2. LM317 IC: The following I.C. has a variable output ranging from 1.25 to 16.5 V.

3.7805 IC: The following I.C. has an output of +5V.

4.7813 IC: The following I.C. has an output of +12V.

5.7912 IC: The following I.C. has an output of -12V.

IMPROVEMENTS:

Improvements which could have been done to the circuits are: -

 Soldering could have been done properly.

 Glue gun could have been used in place of cello tapes.

 Heat sink could have been used.

 Fuse and LED could have been used.

 FINAL PRODUCT

The final product is a universal trainer kit.

Fig.9.1 (universal breadboard kit)

 CONCLUSION

From this project I learn about transformers, rectifiers, integrated chips, diodes etc. this

circuit includes voltage regulator circuit delivering a constant voltage of +5V, +12V,-12Vand

variable voltage(0-16v).
 INDIVIDUAL LEARNING

[1] We learnt how to convert the high voltage current to low desirable voltage.

[2] We got familiar with different electrical components.

REFERENCES

[1] Charles Platt, “Learning Logic” in Make:Electronics volume 1,Second edition, Maker

Media, San Francisco,CA ,2015.

[2] Available FTP : www.circuitstoday.com

[3]www.sparkfun.com (for images)

 13. QUESTIONNAIRE

ABET OUTCOME A:

1. Why 12-0-12 centre tap transformer is used instead of 0-12 transformer?

Ans. There are two ways to rectify AC current to DC current. One is half wave rectifier
another is full wave rectifier .In full wave rectifier we need 4 diodes to convert AC to
DC ,but in half wave rectifier onl y two diodes are needed . so if we need 12 volt DC
from a transformer we split the secondary coil as 12 -0-12 instead of 0 -12,the middle
tapping is called as 0 and two extreme tapping are 12 volts each . now by using two
diodes for rectification to get 12 volt DC .this also improves power output current. On
other hand we can use 0 -12 volt output coil plus a full wave rectifier to get 12v DC
output.

2.Identify the phase and neutral of an AC supply.

Ans. The phase and neutral of an AC supply can be identified by the help of
multimeter.
 By connecting meter to phase and neutral - it gives 230 V
 By connecting meter between phase and earth -230V
 Connecting meter between neutral and earth -0 V

The same wire that gives us 230V on two of the readings is the phase(live)and
other one is neutral.

3.In a 230V, 50 Hz ,single phase transformer has a turn ratio 10:1. What is the
corresponding output at the secondary of the transformer?

Ans. We know that,

The ratio for single phase transformer = NP/NS = 10:1
NP –the no. of primary winding
NS - is the Number of Secondary Windings
We also know that,
Turn ratio = VP/VS
Where VP& VS are
VP- primary voltage = 230 V
Vs-secondary voltage
So Vs= 230/10=23 V
4.Explain the operation of a rectifier circuit?

Ans. Single phase bridge rectifier consist of four diode and this configuration is
connected across the load. For understanding we will consider fig 1.1
During the positive half cycle of the input AC waveform diod es D1 and D2 are
forward biased and D3 and D4 are reversed biased. When the voltage, more than the
voltage, more than the threshold level of the diodes . D1 and D2 starts conducting –
the load current starts flowing through it.as shown in red line path.

Fig 1.1
During the negative half cycle of the input AC waveform . the diodes D3 and D4
are forward biased load current starts flowing through the D3 and D4 diodes when
these diodes starts conducting as shown in fig 1.1

ABET OUTCOME B:

1. In 7805 voltage regulator IC,12V input is converted to 5 V so there is a

loss of 7 volts.
a) How can you account for this loss?
Ans. the maximum value for the input to the voltage regulator (7805) is 35
V.It can provide a constant steady voltage flow of 5V for higher voltage
input till the threshold limit of 35V . if the voltage is near to 7.5V then it
does not produce any heat and hence no need of heat sink.

b) What is the form of this loss.

Ans. Heat is liberated in the form of heat. due to excessive input of voltage
more than 7v.

c) Design an experiment to measure this loss?

Ans. power wasted= (input voltage -output voltage)*load current
 d) How would you improve upon the accuracy provided by this experiment?
Ans. the accuracy of an IC 7805 can be improved by giving input voltage
nearer to 7.2V or by using heat sink.

e) Calculate the loss?

Ans. power wasted= (12V-5V)*()=

2. Why IC is used to obtain a variable DC output instead of using a

potentiometer?
Ans. for different application we may need different voltages. so it becomes
impossible to use multiple fixed power supplies all the time. also this variable
power suppl y circuit ensures the protection of other circuit parts of other circuit
parts from voltage fluctuation. The supply unit uses a LM317 voltage regulator
IC. by changing the value of potentiometer used in this circuit the output voltage
can be controlled easil y.

ABET OUTCOME C:

1. why 1000µf capacitor is used in the smoothing circuit? Justify your answer
quantitatively?
Ans. smoothing capacitor is used to generate ripple free DC . Smoothing
capacitor is also called filter capacitor and its function is convert half wave/full
wave output of the rectifier into smooth DC. the power rating and the capacitance
are two important aspe cts to be considered while selecting the smooth capacitor.
The power rating should be greater than the off load output voltage of the power
suppl y. so a high value capacitor 1000µf rated 25v or more must be used to get
ripple free DC output.

3. How many diod es are required for designing different types of full
wave rectifier circuit?
Ans. t ypes of full wave rectifier are :-
Two diode full wave rectifier circuit : The two diode full wave rectifier circuit
is not so widel y used with semiconductor diodes as it requires the use of a centre
tapped transformer. However this rectifier circuit was widel y used in the days of
thermionic valves / vacuum tubes. As a rectifie r circuit using four valves would
be large, the two diode version was much more preferable. The basic circuit is
outlined below fig 1.2:
 Fig 1.2

Bridge rectifier circuit: The full wave bridge rectifier circuit configuration is
far more widel y used these days. It offers a more efficient use of the
transformer as well as not requiring a centre tapped transformer. Often four
diode bridges can be bought as single items, making construction of the
overall ci rcuit much simpler. The basic circuit is outlined below fig 1.3

Fig 1.3

ABET OUTCOME E:

1.identify the type of rectifier circuit being used.

Ans. The t ype of rectifier circuit used is full wave bridge rectifier.

2.what will be the output voltage of a rectifier if the input is 12 V? justify your
ans. Quantitatively.
Ans. Output voltage will be same as we have used a full wave bridge rectifier i.e.
12V.

3.How do you formulate and solve to obtain variable regulated voltage from the
rectified DC input.
Ans.

4.Differentiate between 78xx and 79xx voltage regulator IC with suitable pin out
diagram.
Ans. the differentiation of both 78xx and 79xx is given in the f ollowing table.1.1

78xx 79xx
 1.It is self contained fixed linear
positive voltage regulator integrated
circuit.
2. pin configuration for this IC is pin
1-input,pin 2-ground, pin 3 -output.
1.it is a three pin negative voltage
controller.
2.pin configuration for this IC is pin
1-ground,pin 2 -input,pin 3-output

Example- Example-
7805,7806,7810,7812,7815,7818,7824 7905,7912,7915,7918

Table 1.1

5.What is the obtained output voltage range from an LM317 voltage regulator?
Ans. The LM317 has three pins input, output and adjustment. The inverting input
of the amp is the adjustment pin, while the non inverting input is set b y an internal
band gap voltage reference which produces a stable reference voltage of 1.25V.
ABET OUTCOME F:

1.what were the difficulties that you face during the design and assembling the different phases
of the design project?

Ans. Difficulties that I faced during assembling of different phases of project are coloured wires
,insulating tapes and nuts and bolts.

ABET OUTCOME H:

1. What are the safety measures taken during the design of the project?
Ans. Safet y measures taken during design of project are:
 Phase and neutral of power suppl y were connected separatel y with the
transformer with the help of cello tapes.
 Wax was put over the transformer wires that is (three colored wires 12 -0-12).

ABET OUTCOME I:

1. Why rectification and regulation are required in electronics circuits?list out all
application where rectification is used?
Ans. Rectification is a process in which we process the AC signal to a DC signal or a
signal with DC components .
Ex – computers, TV, stereo system.

ABET OUTCOME K:

1. What is the difference you observed between the use of breadboard and the perforated board
with soldiering?
Ans. In veroboard /perforated board ,soldiering was quite easy. Unlike veroboard,
breadboard is used for protot ype of electronics circuit i.e. quick testing of gadgets.