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Mechanical Engineering Fresher Questions by Pradip PDF
Mechanical Engineering Fresher Questions by Pradip PDF
MECH Engg
Mechanical engineering
Some common questions.
How do you define success and how do you measure up to your own definition?
Tell me about the most boring job you have ever had.
Have you been absent from work more than a few days in any previous position?
What would you say to your boss if he is crazy about an idea, but you think it stinks?
Looking back on your last position, have you done your best work?
Why should I hire you from the outside when I could promote someone from within?
Second law: When two isolated system in separate but nearby regions of space, each in
thermodynamic equilibrium in itself, but not in equilibrium with each other at first, are at
some time allowed to interact, breaking the isolation that separate the two systems, and
they exchange matter or energy, they will eventually reach a mutual thermodynamic
equilibrium. The sum of the entropies of the initial, isolated systems is less than or
equal to the entropy of the final exchanging systems. In the process of reaching a new
thermodynamic equilibrium, entropy has increased, or at least has not decreased. The
entropy of the universe increases over time and moves towards a maximum value.
Third law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system
approaches a minimum.
13. State laws of conservation of energy?
According to energy conservation law, “energy can neither be created nor be destroyed.
It can only be transformed from one form to another”.
14. Is boiler is closed system?
Yes definitely the boiler is a closed system.
15. What is Carnot engine?
It was being designed by Carnot and let me tell that it is an imaginary engine which
follows the carnot cycle and provides 100% efficiency.
16 Which has more efficiency: Diesel engine or Petrol engine?
Of course diesel engine has the better efficiency out of two.
17. Compare Brayton Cycle and Otto Cycle?
The heat addition and rejection processes in Otto cycle are of constant volume, where
as in Brayton cycle, they are of constant pressure.
-Otto cycle is the ideal cycle for spark ignition engines.
-Brayton cycle is the ideal cycle for gas power turbines.
18. What is DTSI Technology?
DTSI stands for Digital Twin Spark Plug Ignition. It uses 2 spark plugs which are
controlled by digital circuit (microchip). it results in efficient combustion of air fuel
mixture.
19. What is meant by One ton Air conditioner?
1 Tonn refrigeration means it extracts 210kj/min of heat from the system.
20. Why Entropy decreases with increase in temperature?
Ds=dQ/t entropy is inversely proportional to the temperature so, as temp. Increases
entropy decreases.
20. What is the difference between Speed and Economic Speed?
The rated speed tells us maximum speed which can be achieved by a vehicle or some
other machine but the economical speed means the speed limit at which the machine
works efficiently with least consumption of fuel. e.g.in normal speed bikes(not racings)
the max speed limit shown on speedometer is up to 120kmph but companies always
advice their customers to drive such bikes at around 60kmph to have maximum
mileage.
22. Why different sound are produced in different bikes, through they run on SI engines?
Engine specifications are different In different manufactures like Bore Diameter (CC)
Ignition timing. Also the exhaust passage takes more responsible for sound.
23. If you heat a steel pipe with the hole at centre, does heat affects the hole diameter?
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Centrifugal pump. Because flow rate is higher compared to reciprocating pump. Flow is
smooth and it requires less space to install. Lower initial cost and lower maintenance
cost.
34. Which Mechanism is used in Automobile gearing System?
Differential mechanism is used in automobile gearing.
35. When Crude Oil is Heated, Which Hydro Carbon comes first?
Natural gas (Gasoline) …. At 20 degree Celsius.
36. What is heat treatment and why is it done?
Heat treatment can be defined as a combination of processes or operations in which
the heating and cooling of a metal or alloy is done in order to obtain desirable
characteristics without changing the compositions. Some of the motives or purpose of
heat treatment are as follows:
To improve the hardness and machinability of the metal, For the softening of
metal.
To provide better resistance to heat, corrosion, wear etc.
Heat treatments are: Normalizing, Annealing, Spheroidising, Hardening,
Tempering, Surface or Case hardening.
37. How many governors are needed for safe turbine operation? Why?
Two independent governors are needed for safe turbine operation. One is an over speed
or emergency trip that shuts off the steam at 10% above running speed (maximum
speed). The second, or main governor, usually controls speed at a constant rate;
however, many applications have variable speed control.
38. Besides lubrication, what are two functions of lubricating oil in some turbines?
In lager units, lube oil cools the bearings by carrying off heat to the oil coolers. Lube oil
in some turbines also acts as a hydraulic fluid to operate the governor speed-control
system.
39. What are the assumptions made in simple theory of bending?
Assumptions are as follow:
The material of the beam is homogeneous this implies that it is uniform in
density, strength and have isotropic properties meaning possessing same elastic
property in all directions.
Even after bending the cross section of the beam remains constant.
During the initial stages the beam are within the elastic limit of its material.
The layers of the beam are free to contract and expand longitudinally and
laterally on any cross section the perpendicular resultant force of the beam is
zero.
Compared to the cross-sectional dimension of the beam the radius of curvature
is very large.
All the stresses in the beam are within the elastic limit of its material.
40. What kind of materials should be used for manufacturing of shafts?
Some of the qualities that should be present in materials for shafts are follows:
The material should have a high index of strength.
Also it should have a high level of machinability.
The material should possess a low notch sensitivity factor.
Axial Brakes: In these types of brakes the braking force is acting in an axial direction as
compared to radial brakes.
44. Which basis on sliding contact bearings classified? Explain?
These bearings classified on the basis of the thickness of the lubricating agent layer
between the bearing and the journal. They can be classified as follows:
Thick film bearings: These type of bearings have their working surface separated by a
layer of the lubricant. They are also known as hydrodynamic lubricated bearings.
Thin film bearings: In this type of bearings the surfaces are partially in direct contact
with each other even after the presence of a lubricant. The other name for such type of
bearings is boundary lubricated bearings.
Zero Film Bearings: These types of bearings as their name suggests have no lubricant
present between the contact layers.
Externally or hydrostatically pressurized lubricated bearings: These bearings are able to
without any relative motion support steady loads.
pipe also acts as a layer of insulation. Considering this, the thermal properties of the
stone less sand is included in the heat loss calculation.
54. What kind of pipes is used for steam lines?
Pressure and temperature are two of the most important factors to be considered
before selecting the type of material to be used. Steam is a compressible gas due to
which the capacity of the pipeline depends on the size of the pipes and pressure of the
steam.
Since steam at even low pressure can be dangerous, extra care is to be taken.
Galvanized pipes are usually not used for steam. Pipe made of mild steel with welded
fittings are instead largely used.
55. Who invented the four stroke engine? Which one more efficient, four stroke engine
or a two stroke engine and why?
Nikolaus Otto invented the four stroke engine. Both, two stroke and four stroke have
their own advantages and disadvantages. 4 stroke is more fuel efficient. However, 2
stroke produces more power.
56. Explain what is torque?
Torque is the force that causes rotation. It is a measure of how much is acting on an
object making it rotate.
57. What is the difference between torque and power?
While power determines the speed of a vehicle, torque determines the times in which
that speed can be reached. The greater the torque figure, the faster the acceleration.
The more torque in the engine, the faster you accelerate. Power is the rate at which
work is done, so it is basically the potential of the engine.
58. Explain why diesel engine is known as high torque and petrol engine as high speed
engine?
Each power stroke in a petrol engine releases more heat and is converted into
mechanical energy due to a higher rate of burning. Due to this petrol engine has higher
power and acceleration.
Diesel engine is a compression ignition engine with higher compression ratio, therefore
extreme pressure is high. Since the piston of a diesel engine is larger, more torque is
delivered in produced.
59. Why do heavy vehicles use diesel engine?
The compression ratio of diesel engine is higher than the petrol engine, the reason for
producing higher torque. The efficiency of diesel engine increases with load. Diesel
produces slow energy on burning of fuel and the efficiency of the engine increases with
load that’s why diesel engine is suitable and largely used for heavy vehicles.
60. between steel, copper and brass, which conduct faster heat?
Copper conducts heat faster than steel or brass. In most cases, material that is good
for conducting heat is also good for electricity.
61. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using LPG in a car?
Advantages:
The high octane rate enables it to blend better with air and to burn completely,
generating less carbon. With less carbon buildup, spark plugs often last longer
and oil changes are needed less frequently.
Since it burns in the gaseous phase, it results in less corrosion and engine wear.
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the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease
in the fluid’s potential energy.
96. Difference between single acting and double acting pump?
In single-acting machines the compression takes place on only one side of the piston;
double-acting machines use both sides of the cylinder for compression. The flow is
continuous in double acting and in single acting the flow is not continuous unless there
is a surge vessel.
97. What is conduction, convection and radiation? Give Examples?
Conduction or diffusion
The transfer of energy between objects that are in physical contact
Convection
The transfer of energy between an object and its environment, due to circular fluid
motion.
Radiation
The transfer of energy to or from a body by means of the emission or absorption of
electromagnetic radiation.
98. Classify Carbon Steels on basis of carbon content?
Low-carbon steels contain up to 0.30% Carbon. The largest category of this class of
steel is flat-rolled products (sheet or strip), usually in the cold-rolled and annealed
condition.
The carbon content for these high-formability steels is very low, less than 0.10%C, with
up to 0.4% Mn. Typical uses are in automobile body panels, tin plate, and wire products.
For rolled steel structural plates and sections, the carbon content may be increased to
approximately 0.30%, with higher manganese content up to 1.5%. These materials may
be used for stampings, forgings, seamless tubes, and boiler plate.
Medium-carbon steels are similar to low-carbon steels except that the carbon ranges
from 0.30 to 0.60% and the manganese from 0.60 to 1.65. Increasing the carbon
content to approximately 0.5% with an accompanying increase in manganese allows
medium carbon-manganese steels include shafts, axles, gears, crankshafts, couplings
and rail axles.
High-carbon steels contain from 0.60 to 1.00%C with manganese contents ranging from
0.30 to 0.90%. High-carbon steels are used for spring materials and high-strength wires.
Ultrahigh-carbon steels are experimental alloys containing 1.25 to 2.0% C.
99. What are ISO-9000 standards?
ISO-9000 standards are made up of five parts namely ISO-9000, ISO-9001, ISO-9002,
ISO-9003 and ISO-9004. ISO-9000 and ISO-9004 are advisory documents. For instance,
ISO-9000 contains guidelines for using the standards. The standards are contained in
ISO-9001, ISO-9002 and ISO-9003.
100. Which ISO standard would be applicable if the product or the service involved
design and development?
It would involve ISO-9001 which is the model for quality assurance in design,
development, production, installation and servicing.
101. Can you tell us about ISO-9002 and ISO-9003 also?
ISO-9002 is for quality assurance in production, installation and servicing and ISO-9003
is for quality assurance in final inspection and test.
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102. What are the common profiles used for splines in machine elements?
The profiles used for splines in machine elements are straight sided splines, triangular
splines and involute splines.
103. What type of threads is used for pressure tight joints and for power transmission?
Pipe threads are used for pressure tight joints and square threads for power
transmission.
104. How computer helps in designing?
Computer is able to store lot of information and same can be retrieved fast. It performs
calculations very fast. The design can be visualized on screen and any alterations made
and its effects clearly seen. Thus optimum designs can be achieved much faster and
these are thoroughly tested from all angles.
105. Can you tell something about Hazop study?
In Hazop (Hazards and operatibility) study each and every conceivable process
deviation from normal operating condition of a system having identical design intention,
is thoroughly analyzed for causes and consequence and required action plan to mitigate
hazard / operability problems are suggested on the basis of available protective
system.
106. Why slenderness ratio is considered in design of members?
When length of the member is increased, the member may fail due to buckling even
though the member is symmetrical in all respects and the load is concentric.
107. A wire rope is designed as 6 x 19 standard hoisting. What do the numbers 6 x 19
represent?
Number of strands x Number of wires in each strand.
108. Why sleeve is fitted on a ball bearing?
To prevent relative axial movement between the shaft and the bearing.
109. What is the main purpose of a gear box in a vehicle?
To vary the torque at the road vehicles.
110. What is endurance limit?
Endurance limit of fatigue limit is the maximum stress that a member can withstand for
an infinite number of load applications without failure when subjected to completely
reversed loading.
111. The designation M33 x 2 of a bolt means.
Metric threads of 33 mm outside diameter and 2 mm pitch.
112. Say the use of some couplings.
Oldham’s coupling is used to connect two shafts which have lateral misalignment.
Universal couplings are used to join two shafts whose axes interest at a small angle.
Brushed pin flexible couplings are used to join two shafts which are not in exact
alignment.
Sleeve or muff coupling is the simplest type of rigid coupling.
113. What type of cam follower is generally used in automobiles?
Spherical type cam follower is used in automobile.
114. Say some types of cam.
S.H.M. cam is used in order to minimize jerks.
Harmonic cam is used for low and moderate speed engine.
Cycloidal cam is used for high speed engine.
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stress layer and modify the mechanical properties of metals. It entails impacting a
surface with shot (round metallic, glass or ceramic particles) with a force sufficient to
create plastic deformation. Peening a surface spreads it plastically, causing changes in
the mechanical properties of the surface. The main benefit of shoot peening is the delay
or prevention of cracks in highly tensile stressed alloy components.
130. What is Poisson’s ratio?
The ratio of the relative contraction strain (or transverse strain) normal to the applied
load to the relative extension strain (or axial strain) in the direction of the applied load
called Poisson ratio.
131. What is enthalpy and entropy?
Enthalpy describes the energy it takes for a substance to change from one phase to
another (i.e. solid to liquid) Entropy deals with the actual disorder of particles and
substances (i.e. more disorder of the particles as solid substance is heated to a liquid.)
In short, enthalpy looks at the energy needed whereas entropy looks at the organization
of the particles themselves.
132. What is the difference between helical and spiral?
A helix is a curve in 3-d space with an axis, where the tangent line makes a constant
angle with the axis. Spirals on the other hand do not need to have that property, and are
typically curves in 2-d plane.
133. Usually how size of gear is specified?
By pitch circle diameter.
134. While taking turn, what action differential makes?
An increase in the speed of the outer wheel.
135. Which bearing is preferred for heavy loads with slow speed?
Roller contact bearings.
136. What is spring index?
It is the ratio of coil diameter to wire diameter (D/d).
137. What do you mean by factor of safety?
Ratio of yield stress and working stress.
138. Which gear experience Zero axial thrust?
Herringbone gears.