Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 9 - Dimensioning PDF
Chapter 9 - Dimensioning PDF
DIMENSIONING
OBJECTIVES
After studying the material in this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Use conventional dimensioning techniques to describe size and
shape accurately on an engineering drawing.
2. Create and read a drawing at a specified scale.
3. Correctly place dimension lines, extension lines, angles , and notes.
4. Dimension circles, arcs, and inclined surfaces.
S. Apply finish symbols and notes to a drawing.
6. Dimension contours.
7. Use standard practices for dimensioning prisms, cylinders, holes
and curves.
8. List practices for dimensioning a solid model as documentation .
9. Identify guidelines for the do's and don'ts of dimensioning.
..--.-:.-.._
..._
- _-,... . _ ..-
THr<;PAATI$I'9IOOOCfO'lI>'I oUlElf.C1"FlOfolIC
(l,ol,T~FU~ 10 1t<l\llNXJR 0IMl~
5t1OWNAA(IOllAl'fR[N;1/>NtOMIIDlMiH'Oll)N\
<,il CllD III. 08't o*.NJ)I JOMnc l,.!Q(l{L
+' '-'00
,----,T==+~ft~=:::! =
= = = =
= =
=
= = =
= =
= =
=
= =
=== =
1+Ii'f:===±~.:t= ='=- - i.
===
===
===
= ==
===
16 750
16,.';00
===
===
=== "',000
===
= ==
===
=== u.zso
+--- - -- - - -
. . . . _ _-...--_00_.. __.._.. -
DUM A
SCAl.£ I :2
.500
!W
""---"""""--'
_ _ .....__ .... _
--_
_ t .._ . .
~ ~ -..... ""--
_
.,-- -"'. ._ ...... . .._-"'-..... "'.....-_._.. ....
. - ~, .. ,... _ .. _ _
,..
8
."".., 2122650 1·Sl 02
Dimensioned Drawing from Solid Model. This dimensioned drawing for the sheet metal drum module hood was
created from a 3D model using Solidworks. Courtesy of Oynojet Research, Inc.
OVERVIEW
It is essential to describe not only the shape of the fea that follow standards for the appearance of th e dimen
tures you design, but also their sizes and locations. sions themselves. However, the job of selecting which
Dimensions and notes define the size, finish, and dimension to show or wh ere to place it in a drawing
other requirements to fully define what you want take s a level of intelligence that is not part of most
manufactured. CAD systems. Thos e important decisions are still up to
Standards organizations prescribe how dimensions the CAD user-or in other words, you.
sh ould appear and the general rules for their selection Learning good practices for dimensioning and tol
and placement in the drawing and in digital models, erancing to define part geometry can also help you to
but it takes skill and practice to dimension drawings so create better 3D solid models. If you have a good un
that their interpretation is clear and unambiguous. der standing of how the sizes and locations of model
Whether you are creating 2D drawings or 3D mod features will be defined, you can plan ahead to show
els, CAD systems are great for producing dimensions this information clearly in the model.
REVISIONS
ZO NE REV. DESCRIPTION APPROVED
A INITIA L RELEASE
ADDED ASSEMBLYGROO VE
A
6.4
2X
0 6.6
17 12.7
0 125.0 0 2 15.9
0 195.6
0 170.2
-J A
UNLESS 0 1 H E ~ w lSE SPfC lf:rO
[)jMENSIONS..... lo?E
TOlERA NCES
~\l /JoN, QRAWN
CHEClEO
N~E
RAK
DA l f
CT SCANNER GRO UP
ANGULAR: N'A CH: , .
N1:
,Al ~ O 3
Ot'E Pl..ACE DEO ....
TWO Pl AC E DfCtM.Al !C 11
ENG APPR
MFGAPP R
MONTANA
a.A STATE UNIVERSITY
COMMENTS:
SIZE REV
A B
9.1 Automatically Generated Dimensions. Views and dim ensions can be gen erated automatically from a solid model.
Courtesy of Robert Kincaid.
UNDERSTANDING
DIMENSIONING
You have been learn ing to co mpletely on the drawin gs to pro duce the required Figure 9. 1 shows a dimensioned
describ e an obj ect' s shape using di fferent part or co nstruct the building or sys tem. CAD dra wing crea ted from a solid
types of draw ing views. By providing You sho uld be familiar wi th materials model. Wh ile CA D ca n be a grea t help
dim ension s, you describe the sizes and and methods of co nstructio n and with for proper di mensi onin g technique, yo u
locations of design fea tures . produ ct ion requ irem ent s in orde r to cre must provide the intellige nce to choose
The need for interchan geabili ty of ate dra wings that def ine exac tly wha t and place the dimen sions in o rder to cre
part s is the basis for modern part dim en yo u want to have manufac tured. ate a d rawing that co nvey s the design
sio ning. Dra wings for products must be Practices for dim ensionin g architec clea rly. Even if you are go ing to tran smit
dim en sioned so that production person tural and struc tura l draw ings are similar 3D CAD files as the product definition,
nel all over the world ca n make matin g in many ways to those for dimensioning you still need to cons ider how acc urately
parts that will fit prop erly when assem manufactured parts, but so me practices the part s that you will e ventually rece ive
bled or when used to replace part s. differ. Cha pter 19 present s more infor back must match the model definition.
The increasing need for precis ion mation about structural draw ings and Direc tly specify ing tolerances in the
manufacturin g and interchangeability their dimensio ning. Th e port fol io section model is one way to cia this. You will
has shifted resp onsib ility for size co n throughout this book sho ws a variety of learn more about toleran cing in
trol to the design engi nee r or detail drawings that you can use to fami liarize Chap ter 10 .
draft er. The produ cti on worker must yourse lf with practices from other
properl y interpret the instru cti on s give n disciplines.
Three Aspects of Good
Dimensioning
r: ¢ 20
lOlEii!ANCES
DO NOTSCAlE tHISDRAWING
CREATED Sl 11J2; rsx«
LASI UPDATE ~ll E PAli.l NO. REV
Geometric Breakdown
Eng ineering struc tures are com posed cy lindrical. conical, or spherica l surfaces a surface ; otherwi se. all dim ensions
large ly of simple geo metric shapes, such are produced by turning, drilling. ream would have to be classified as loca
as the prism, cylinder, pyra mid, cone, and ing. boring, countersinking, and other tion dimensio ns.
sphere. They may be ex terior (pos itive) rotary opera tions. One way to co nsider Th is process of geo metric analysis helps
or interior (nega tive) form s. For exa mple, dimensioni ng of engineer ing structures you determin e the features of the object
a steel sha ft is a positive cylinder, and a invo lves two bas ic steps: and the features' re lationships to one an
round hole is a negati ve cyli nder. I. Give the dim ension s show ing the other, but it is not eno ugh j ust to
These shapes result directl y from sizes of the simple geo metric dim ension geo metry. You must alsu con
design necessit y- keeping fo rms as sim shapes, called size dimensions. sider the function of the par t in the asse m
ple as possible-and from the require 2. Giv e the dimension s locatin g these bly and the manufacturin g requ irements.
ments of the fund amental manufactur ing elements with respect to eac h other, Thi s process is similar to that used when
operations. For ms having plane surfaces called location dimensions. Note modelin g designs in 3D CAD .
are produ ced by planing. shap ing. that a location dimension locates a
millin g, and so forth, while for ms having 3D geo metric clement and not j ust
D
'METR'C'
DIMENSIONING
/ 1.5 Approx. gap drawing to which a di mensio n refers
A dimension line is a thin, dark , solid
I I/
Extension line
line terminated by an arruwhea d, indicat (Figure 9.5). The di mensio n line meets
r.- -4 4.5 --~) ~ 3 Approx.
ing the direct ion and exte nt of a dimen the ex tension lines at right angles, exce pt
t.Arrowhead ~Dimension line sio n (Fig ure 9.4). In a mach ine dra wing. in speci al cases. A ga p of abou t 1.5 mm
the dimension line is usually bro ken near ( 1/16 in .) sho uld be left where the exten
9.4 Dimen sion Line
the middl e to place the d imension value sion line would join the objec t outline.
in the line. In struc tura l and archi tectura l Th e extension line should extend abo ut
d rawing. the dimen sion figure is placed 3 rnm ( 1/8 in.) beyond the outerrnost
above an unbroken dim ension line. arrow head.
As show n in Figure 9.5. the dimen A centerline is a thin, dark line alter
C""'",'OO "0< sion line nearest the obj ect outline
should be space d at least 10 mm (3/8 in.)
nating long and short das hes. Ce nterlines
are commonly used as extension lines in
C I I
]
~}
/Not less
than 10
away. All other parall el dim ension lines
should be at least 6 mrn (1/4 in.) apart ,
locatin g holes and other symmetrical fea
lures (Fig ure 9.6). When ex tended for
and more if space is available. The spac dimension ing. centerlines cross over
f-- 2B.6 - }_ _ Not less
1---- - 52.7 - - - than 6 ing of dimension lines should be uniform other lines of the drawing with out gaps.
throughout the dra wing. Always end ce nterli nes using a long dash.
9.5 Extension Lines An extension lin e is a thin, dark, Refer to Figures 9.4-9.6 for examples of
solid line that extends from a poi nt on the lines used in dimensionin g.
C~-·94--l
9.6 Centerlines
9.1 LIN ESUS E D I N DIM EN S ION I N G 295
the part.
• one negati ve co ne
Size
--::----+--+-----1---1J
Size
Size
Size
Ld
~i ' oK
L Ld
~ ~Ii e:tr:=j ~
I-
(a)
I No gaps
(b)
Do not cross
dimension line
I
~ ~~
(c) (d)
~car lines shown in Figure 9.7a . The shorte r dimensions are nearest
to the object outline. Dimension line s should not cros s exten
sion line s, as in Figure 9.7h, which results from placing the
I
f--- - - - - j shorter dimensions out side. Note that it is perfectly satisfactory
(a) (b) to cross extension lines (Figure 9.7a ), hnt they should not be
shortened (Figure 9.7c). A dimension line should never coin
9.8 Grouped Dimensions
cide with or extend from any line of the drawing (Figure 9.7d) .
Avoid crossing dimension lines wherever pos sible .
D=
I I1
-L -$-1 I
D= visible line s of the object (Figure 9.9a). When this occurs, gaps
should not be left in the lines (Figure 9.9b).
Dimension lines are normally drawn at right angles to
I I !H I I extension lines, but an exception may he made in the interest of
(a) (b)
clarity, as in Figure 9.10.
9.4 LEADERS
A leader is a thin, solid line directing atte ntio n to a note or outline of the object, such as an entire surf ace (see Figures 9.13 e
dimens ion and star ting with an arrowhead or dot. and 9.13£).
A leader should be an inclined straight line drawn at a large For the Best Appearance, Make Leaders
angle , except for the Sh0l1 horizontal shoulder (about 3-6 mm or
• near each other and parallel
1/8-1/4 in.) extending from the center of the first or last line of let
• across as few lines as possihle
tering for the note. A leader to a circle should be a radial line, which
is a line that would pass through the ce nter of the circle if extended. Don 't Make Leaders
Figures 9.13a through 9.13d show examples of leader lines. More • parallel to nearhy lines of the drawing
examples of radial lines are shown in Section 9.22 . • through a corn er of the view
Use an arrowhead to start the leader when you can point to • across each other
a particular line in the drawing, such as the edge of a hole . Use • longer than needed
a dot to start the leader when locating something within the
*
• horizontal or vertical
¢ 19 ' \ PITCH 0 .8 RAIS ED
~/-POLl SH ,
/
_~~ KNUR L
L CADMIUM PLATE
/
------~OL
"'- 0.75 AFTER KNURliNG
9.13 Leaders
I __LI
ea sy to edit CAD drawings, you should generally fix the draw
iug geometry when making changes , and not merely change 14
dimension values. If you are using a digital model as the sole ,- - - - - 117 - - -- -l 1METRIC I
definiti on for the part, the model dimensions must be repre
sented accurately.
9.15 Draw a Heavy Line Under Any Dimension
Value that Is Not to Scale
298 CHAPTER 9 DIMENS IONING
--~3
- Keeping Dimensions and Lettering Legible
- 28 + 22
~~ =r ;6 12.5
a t Smaller Scales
1
I 5 liN ASSY
The sizes for lettering height, dimension line spacing, and so
7.9 2 ----,
7. 87
3t-<)(
V ./r 72 on, are to be shown that size on the plotted shee t, otherwise the
I I
< R35
_ ~_
W
I
38 .10
37 .59
!
lettering and dimensioning are often illegible. If you are going
to use redu ced size working print s, increase the lettering,
dimension arrows, and other sizes by approximately 50%
~-----~_--t-I--l (depe nding upon the amount of reduction) to maintain legibil
14
ity on the smaller print.
- - - - - 11 7 - - - -1 I METRIC I
9.16 Unidirectional Dimension Figures 9.6 DIRECTION OF DIMENSION
VALUES AND NOTES
38 All dim ension value s and note s are lettered horizontally and
should read from the bottom of the sheet, as oriented by thc
title block. Figure 9.16 shows the direction for reading dimen
21 sion values.
c The exception is when dim en sioning from a baseline as in
+ D coordinate dim ensionin g, Then dimension figur es may be
align ed with the dimension line s so that they may be read from
Base
lines ~ 0 It) o
C"'l
o
0>
the bottom or right side of the sheet as shown in Figure 9.17. In
both systems, general note s on the sheet and dimensions and
9.17 Rectangular Coordinate Dimensioning May note s shown with leaders are always aligned hori zontally to
Show Values Reading from the Right. Reprined from read from the bottom of the drawing.
Y14.5M-7994, by permission of The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved.
R 12.7
~
R
5.6 B.....- 1.2 7
\ - / 11.14
R9 .1 _--\- - - .........L
I '~
i
.- R 4 .1
--- - - - \ \
\..,..-
22.4
0
J ,
R4 1 ~ ~
MIN =70i. BLEND INTO
B OF STOCK 7 37 STOCK SURF
~ R9.1
TRUE \ T HICKNESS ' ¢ 6' 8 6 WITHOUT
• \ I • SHOULDER ING
90 10 1. 6 SECTIO N A- A
SECTION
B - Br
12 .:
t 12.7 H - 3 8 .1 ,
DOUBLE SIZE
2 x-¢ 13 .5 -14 .0
T- ' - • -----=to
1 _+:~~+--
,-
;
I
7f;r +~
89
"5 ,
12 7 '
. I
., l -
[ LOCUS OF RADII 4 .1
1.51
r
[3 high 3 high
[ 3 high [
R 50
\ ~
R
-l t.- .2 2 BI:: /
R36 I __-\-\ ~- - .88 . ~ .04 5
.050
b.
_- - - - - ' ~
RI6 .' . .
~ -.!
• I - ' L.- MIN =70';' BLEND INTO
B OF STOCK 290 STOCK SURF
TRU E R . 16 T H ICK NESS ¢ :270 WI T HOUT
\ • "--- SHOULDE RING
90 f--- - - 4 .00 ~ R.3 6 SECTION A-A
SECT ION B- B r 1 I l
I•
50 15 0
DOUBLE. SIZE
2 >.¢ .53-.55
-~
50 -
, .I ---0-,.---- --1~'
3.50
; - .-.r----,
-+--+----1- I
I
I
I n
1I 1 I r I
2 ,42
H RS .I 4 95 :!:.0 0 1 THICK
. 1 2~1 1. 500 + .0 0 0 ~
r 125
" .063"1 T
.99 8
f ·125 " high
- -'-
.186
I t - .0 0 2 j t
1-- J_.3 7 5
I 1.37 3
I
.15 4 t .99 5 t .2 5 0
.06 3"
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
DIMENSION VALUES
It is di fficult to ma intain toleran ces smalle r than a fe w th ou to an even nu mber, If the 5 fo llo ws an even numbe r in the
sa ndths of an inch in manu facturing. In orde r to pro vid e rea son ro undi ng po siti on , mak e no change.)
abl e tol erances that ca n he ac hieved in manu facturing,
calcu lated d im en si on va lues for drawings so me times need to Examp les of Rounded Decimal Values
be rounded. Unlike roundin g rul es used for statist ica l va lues, it
is preferred to ro und drawing va lues to an even number, • 3.4632 becomes 3.463 whe n ro unde d to three pl ace s .
When round ing a decimal va lue to fe wer places, reg ardless (Make no cha nge, be cau se the 2 foll o win g the ro und ing
of whe the r the d im en sion is ex pressed in inch es o r met ric un its, posit ion is less than 5.)
fo llo w thes e rul es: • 3.4637 bec om es 3.464 w hen ro unde d to thr ee place s.
(Ro und up , because the 7 foll o win g the ro und ing posit ion
• If the num ber fo llo w ing the ro undi ng position is less than
is more than 5 .)
5, make no change .
• 8.37652 becomes 8.376 whe n ro unde d to three pl aces.
• If the nu m ber foll o wing the round in g posi tion is more than
(Ma ke no ch an ge, because the 6 in the ro und ing positi on is
5, ro und up .
even and the nu mb er foll o wiug the ro und ing posi tion
• If the number fo llowing the roundin g position is a 5,
is a s.)
ro und to a n e ve n number. (To do th is, not e whe the r the
• 4.375 becom es 4.38 whe n rounde d to two pl aces. (Ro und
number in the ro undi ng pos itio n is e ve n or odd. If the 5
up to an eveu number, becau se the 7 in the rounding posi
foll ows an odd number in the ro und ing position , ro und up
tion is odd and the number foll owing the round ing position
is a 5.)
- 12.0hl-
LJ-{
-('"90\-l
~ h
O.6h -
l
-l
Ih l
dl- o . 3h
t ~ TI~-T
~~
~( )
t
Counterbore or spotface Countersink Depth (or deep ) Reference
a ,- 1.5h
i
f P - o .5h
f::P I~5 h
-----
L O.3h
.b. . r=:---.L
t \
15°
--O h •t I
2.0h
- t- ~lSO
- !hl-.
D h X t-R SR S0
t r
Square (shape) Places,times or by Radius Spherical radius Spherical diameter
h = Letter height
9.23 Form and Proportion of Dimensioning Symbols. Reprined from Y7 4.5M-1994, by permission of The American
Societyof Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved.
302 CHAPTER 9 DIMENSIONING
012.5
++--1--'
012.5
(a) Preferrred dimension (b) Do not place dimensions on the \ (c) Dimensions placed on view help
placement is off the view. view except to enhance clarity. clarity on a complex drawing.
9.27 Only Place Dimensions on View When Clarity Is Enhanced
9.15 P LAC I N G AND S HOW I N G DIM ENS ION S LEG I B LY 303
~m·0 -
$l!J2
~ :
10 2~J .""=",.,"',
-~ IO, -
1--26-;
~
~
IMETRlcl
9.28 Placement of Dimensions
~
~
Each dimensi on
is given in th e
contour view
,;
ffiB I
¢ ~~--.L
---i
Eachdi mension
is given in the
wrong view!
1.±4t "
f- R3.-.j ,
20
_L
I
, ~ [~-
~38 ~ ..j,ol
(a) (b)
9.29 Place Dimensions Where the Contours of the Object Are Defined
, - - - TI P - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .
Thinking of Dimensioning in Terms of Material Removal
There are many ways to dimension a drawing .
If you are having trouble getting started, it
may help to consid er the overall block of
materi al and what features are to be removed
from it, similar to the way you visualize for a
sketch. Th is is especially tru e when the part is
to be manufa ctured using a process that
removes material, such as milling.
All necessary dimensions must be shown, but do not give Do not omit dimensions, thinking, for example, that a hole
unnecessary or superfluous dimensions. Figure 9.30a-1 shows is symmetrical and will be understood (0 be centered. Note in
examples of how to omit unnecessary dimensions. Do not Figure 9.30b that one of the two location dimensions should be
repeat dimensions on the same view or on different view s, or given for the hole at the right side of the part, even though it is
give the sam e information in two different ways. centered . As the creator of the drawing, you should specify
As Figure 9.29b shows, it can be impossible to determine exactly how the part is to be built and inspected .
how the designer intended to apply the tolerance when a As shown in Figure 9.30e, when one dimension clearly
dimension is given two different ways . When chaining dimen applies to several identical features, or a uniform thickness, it
sions, one dimension of the chain should be left out if the over need not be repeated, but the number of places should be indi
all dimension is given, so that the machinist works from one cated. Dimensions for fillets and rounds and other noncritical
surface only. This is particularly important where an accumu features need not be repeated, nor need the number of places be
lation of tolerances can cause problems with how parts fit or specified. For example, the radii of the rounded ends in
function . Figure 9.30e need not be repeated.
0 6.3 116
-r
@j
-q5- I.~t
L.- IM_E_TR
...J'CI ~
Either 12 is cor rect~ ~ 1 2~
but not both - - -
(a) Give drill depth in note (b) Om it one dimension in a "chain" (c) Omit one dimension
·-~ 1.75
---- -
(g) Omit width and overall length (h) Omit diagonal diameter (i) Thread U ~J" preferred in note
R 28 IMETRlc l I
I
I
I I
I
I
R12 ~
~-r~~
1---=38--1
(j) Arc center is self-locating (k) Om it either 20 or 22 dimension (I) Omit 12 dimension
I I I I l r-l
I- I I
O lD O~ D
0 1 TO
(a) (b)
,I
(c)
..,I -.,I
(d)
r I
i
1 --l 42
76 --~ ~
68
I
......- I·
I
L ~ Cutte r block for
28--j
fl---+--- ---"
1
1-.-f---l-18
- 130--.J
9. 35 Dimensioning a Machine Part Composed of Prismatic Shapes
EB- I
1I- -0, -
-$ 0
r-l
[IJ1 I
I
. -.1.. raJ I
-EJy-$- B lEB
I I
.J I
- - J---CSJ---
II
0158
ctJ
-===--= - -
0 80 I
_1
Use " 0" to indicate circular shape Use " 0 " to indicate circular view
(a) (b)
2 000
6 X 0312 r .56
'r:-r
-Fn
l ._5_~ ..1.252].
1.250
I
.0 6 X4 5 ·0 tAM"';'
I :--~
I -+r e 02
0 4.24 8 -- - - - - - ~
.
- . -- ,
0 3.76
",3 .00 0
Eccentric for "' 2.988
canning machin e
. -1.
I
(a) (b )
' \ ZX 0 1Z.5 j .1 6
\ 0 9 .5 r zo
-rt0 -~
\17 -W (!J -~ -
1 I
I I
ll}'i '~'
m~ I MITRIC I ~ IMETRlc l
6.¢ 17- U ¢ Z4 - TID 3' ¢ I7 - U¢ Z4 -T8.8 ¢ .20 1-j.44 4 X0.3 4 - U¢1.375 T.06 ; )
.25- 20 UNC- 2 B. T.31
Spotface depth is
usually left to shop
~ I
(e) (f ) (9) (h)
Use standard dimensioning symbols wh en possible to save that Figure 9.42a shows the basic dimension symbo l used in
space and co mmunicate dim en sions clearl y. (Refer back to geometric dimen sioning and tolerancing (GD&T). In this case,
Figure 9 .23 for details on how to draw the syrnbols.) Most CAD " bas ic" docs not mean "ordinary. " You will learn more about the
so ftware contains a palette of standard sy mbo ls. Figu re 9.4 2 use of this spec ial symbol in Ch apter 10.
sho ws the appli cation of a variety of standard sy mbols. Note
Indicates
theo retically exact
dimension for use
f~J m,,""
'\V (~: ~:e r b o re
with GD&:T t (or spotface)
symbol
I' ~ ~-d
-'f
6 .6 ~ I
(a) Basic dimension symbol (b) Counterbore or spotface symbol (c) Countersink symbol
cT5
~_ 0 9 .4 - 9 . 8
15
1
±0 '- 1
.20
r 0 6 20 ±0 .3
~
symbo l
i symbol 8 ± 0 .2
'", ' -, Dimension )
origin symbol
. [
(d) Dept h symbol (e) Square symbol (f) Dim ension origin sym bol
9.42 Use of Dimensioning Symbols. Reprinted from Y14.5M-1994, by permission of The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved.
-$ $ - -m
$
ffi 1
SR
A Sr/J 35 ·.... 30
~l
I' +Ii J-. \'1
~~ r I
I~-r/J-~I I I
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)
gro up of radii, as shown in Figure 9.44a . Ano ther method is to dimension the out be dim ensioned by using coo rdinate
Note that in dimensioning the R 126 arc, line envelo pe of a curved shape so that the dimensions, or datum s, as in Figure 9.44c .
whose ce nter is inaccessible, the ce nter various radii are self-locating from "float
may be move d inw ard along a cente rline ing ce nters." as shown in Figure 9.44b.
RI6
r- 46 -
II RI26
/ J
~48-t68-
(a) (b) (c)
(a) (b)
2X 0 22
r- - 111.1 2 ~ 0 . 02 ---
"- 2X R 28 .5
~---98 .6 -----1
IMETRlcl (d)
(a)
2X R
2X (25 .750
R28
2 X R
r- - - 98 - - - -
IMETRlcl
1 - 3 ,400 ---~
!--- - - - - 5.15 0 - -
'122 (f)
1. 12 5 i .OO I HOL E CT R
w ~
9.46 Dimensioning Rounded-End Shapes. For accuracy, in Figure 9.46d-g, overall lengths of round ed-end shapes are
given, and radii are indicated, but without specific values. The center-to-center distance may be required for accurate
location of some holes. In Figure 9.46g, the hole location is more critical than the location of the radius, so the two are
located.
~~1r~B ~~~
sions of threads. For tapp ed hole s, the -{~
~-
\
:j ±0.2 5
! - -3 .00 0 ---J
(a) (b) (c) (d)
A taper is a conical surface on a shaft or pins, and are described in "Machine tolerances, as shown in Figure 9.48b.
in a hole. The usual method of dimen Tapers" in ANSI!ASME B5.1O-1994. Alternately, the diameters of both ends,
sioning a taper is to give the amount of Such standard tapers are dimensioned on plus the length, may be given with
taper in a note, such as TAPER 0.167 ON a drawing by giving the diameter (usu necessary tolerances .
DIA (with TO GAGE often added), and ally at the large end), the length, and a For clo se-fitting tapers, the amount
then give the diameter at one end with note, such as NO . 4 AMERICAN of taper per unit on diameter is indicated
the length or give the diameter at both NATIONAL STANDARD TAPER as as shown in Figure 9.4lk and 9.48d.
ends and omit the length . Taper on diam shown in Figure 9.48a. A gage line is selected and located by a
eter means the difference in diameter per For not-tao-critical requirements, a comparatively generous tolerance, while
unit of length. taper may be dimensioned by giving the other dimensions are given appropriate
Standard machine tapers are used on diameter at the large end, the length, and tolerances as required .
machine spindles, shanks of tools, or the included angle, all with proper
1m_CHAM(
J X 4 5'
A chamfer is a beveled or sloping edge. Q'
(a) (b)
r
WO ODRUFF KEYSEAT
~
2 SO _. 3 1 3
\
,t , -I
.' 2f
SOf i 1II
. 1 5 6 S _~1 _
.3 12
+-+-+ . _2 4 9
-O,Jos
12 4 5 .1560
1
Eg -t.-
' _ / I _
0 1. 2 50 . -. 93 5
I
---L
1.248 I _~
.9 3 0 1.0 65
LOOO I I
A knurl is a roughened surface to provid e rnension a knurl for a press fit. the toler
a hetter handgrip or to be used fo r a press anced diameter before knurling should
fit between two parts. For handgrip pur he given, as shown in Figure 9 .52c. A
poses , it is necessary onl y to give the note should he added that giv es the pit ch
pitch of the knurl , the type of kuurling. and type of knurl and the minimum di
and the length of the knurled area. as ame ter after knurling (see ANSIIASME
show n in Figure 9.52a and 9.52b. To di B94.6-l984 (RI995)).
gL a
\ DIAMOND KNURL \STRAIG HT KNU RL PiTCH 0 .8 STRA IGHT KNURL
¢ 20 M:N AFTER KNURLING
3mm °.5
~if 0
\-60"-"./ -~- +
~./ r;-o mm !O
~
-
t (.375")
5mm
(.187")
v
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
9. 53 Finish Marks
Symbol Symbol
Basic texture surface symbo l. Surface may be produ ced by any meth od except wh en the bar or circle,
(a)
vi (b ) or (d ), is specified .
~
M aterial removal by machining is requi red. The hor izonta l bar indicates that mater ial removal by
(b)
m achin ing is requi red to repr oduce the surface and that mater ial must be provided for that purpose.
(c)
3.sV Material removal allowanc e. The number ind icates th e amou nt of stock to be removed by machining in
mill ime ters (o r inches). Tolerances may be added to the basic value show n or in a general not e.
M aterial remo val prohib it ed. The circle in the vee ind icates that the surface m ust be produ ced by
(d ) q pro cesses such as casting, forging, hot finishing , cold finishin g, die casting, pow der met alurgy, or
injection molding w itho ut subsequen t removal.
Surface texture symbol. To be used w hen any surface characteristics are specified above th e horizontal
(e)
V line or to th e right of the sym bol. Surface may be produced by any method except wh en the bar or
circle, (b) or (d), is specified.
t
Letter height = X
9.55 Surface Texture Symbols and Construction. Reprint ed from Y14.36M-1996, by permission of The American
Society of Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved.
texture, rou ghne ss, and lay. See Figure 9.55 for the meanin g Applications of Surface Roughness
and constructi on of these sy mbols. The basic surface texture
sy mbol in Figure 9.55a indicates a finished or mach ined sur
Symbols
face hy an y meth od, ju st as does the general V symbol. Application s of the surface texture symbols are given in
Modifi cat ion s to the basic surface texture sy mbo l, shown in Figure 9.56 '1 . Note that the sym bols read from the bottom
Figur es 9.55b-d, define restriction s on material removal for the and/or the right side of the dra wing and that they are not drawn
finished surface. Where surface texture value s other than at any angle or upside down. Measurement s for roughness and
roughness average are spec ified, the symbol must be drawn wa viness, unless ot herwi se specified, appl y in the dire ction that
with the hori zont al exten sion , as shown in Figure 9.55e. gives the maximum reading, usually acro ss the lay. as show n in
Co nstruction detail s for the symbols are gi ven in Figure 9.55f. Figure 9.56 b.
Roundness height
¢ xx AL L SURFACES
\y
(a) (b)
9.56 Application of Surface Texture Symbols and Surface Characteristics. Reprinted from Y14.36M-1 996, by
permission of The American Society of M echanical Engineers. All rights reserved.
316 CHAPTER 9 DlrvlEN SIONIN C
Recommended Roughness and Waviness Values When maximum waviness height valu es are required , the
reco mmended value s to be used are as given in Table 9.3.
Recommended roughness height values are given in Table 9.1.
When it is nece ssary to indic ate the rou ghness-width cutoff val
ues. the standard va lues used are listed in Table 9.2. If no value
is specifi ed . the 0.80 value is assumed.
Table 9.1 Preferred Series Table 9.2 Standard Roughness Table 9.3 Preferred Series Maximum
Roughness Average Values." Sampling Length (Cutoff) Values. Waviness Height Values. Reprinted
Reprinted from Y14.36M-1996, Reprinted from Y14.36M-1996, by from Y14.36M-1996, by permission of
by permission of The American permission of The American Society of The American Society of Mechanical
Society of Mechanical Engineers. Mechanical Engineers. All rights Engineers. All rights reserved.
All rights reserved. reserved.
Millimeters (mm) Inches (ln.)
Micrometers Micro-inches Millimeters (mm) Inche s (t n.)
0.0005 .00002
0.012 0.5 0.08 .003
0.0008 .00003
0.025 1 0.25 .010
0.0012 .00005
0.050 2 0.80 .0 30
0.0020 .00008
0 .075 3 2.5 .1
0.0025 .00 01
0.10 4 8.0 .3
0.005 .0002
0.125 5 25.0 1.0
0.008 .0003
0.1 5 6 8.0 320
0.0 12 .0005
0.20 8 10.0 400
0.020 .0008
0.25 10 12.5 500
0.32 13 15 600
0.40 16 20 800
0.50 20 25 10 00
0.63 25
0 .80 32
1.00 40
1.25 50
1.60 63
2.0 80
2 .5 100
3.2 125
4.0 180
5.0 200
6.3 250
8.0 320
10 .0 400
12.5 500
15 600
20 800
25 1000
-
Lay parallel to the line
representing the surface to
Ib " s ~ Direction Lay angu lar in both directions
to the line representing the B Direct ion
- of tool X of tool
=
~
which the symbol is applied marks surface to wh ich th e symb ol
is app lied marks
1
Lay perpend icular to the line
representing the surface to
_
~ of tool
Direction M Lay multidirectional
mJ
.1
~
which the sy mbol is appl ied marks
C
Lay appr oxim ately circular to
the line representing the
surface to which th e sy mbol
is appl ied
e
~
R
Lay approximately radial to
th e line representing the
surface to which the symbol
is applied
~
~
9.57 Lay Symbols. Reprinted from Y14.36M-l 996, by perm ission of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
All rights reserved.
Roughn ess average rating is placed at the left of the Material removal by machin ing is required to
long leg. The specification of only one rating shall produ ce the surface. The basic amount of stock
ind icate th e maximum value and any lesser value shall
3.5
01
V provid ed for material removal is specified at th e
be accept able. Specify in micrometers (microinch). left of the short leg of the symbol. Spccifiy in
mill imet ers (inch).
V
roughn ess average values indicates permissible range Removal of material is prohib ited .
of roughn ess. Specify in micrometers (m icroinch).
V Maximum waviness height rating is the first ratin g Roughness sampling length or cutoff rating is
placed above the horizontal exten sion . Any lesser rating placed below the hori zont al extension. When
shall be acceptable . Specify in millimeters (inch). no value is show n, 0.80 mm (0 .030 inch).
Maxim um waviness spacing rating is the second rating 9·8~ Where required maxim um roughn ess spacing
placed above the horizontal extension and to the right shall be at the right of the lay symbol. Any
of the waviness height rating . Any lesser rating shall be
V 1.9.5 lesser rating shall be acceptable. Specify in
acceptable . Specify in millimeters (inc h). millim eters (inches).
0.8
9.58 Application of Surface Texture Values to Symbol. Reprinted from Y7 4.36M-1996, by permission of The
American Society of Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved.
318 CHAPTER 9 DIMENSIONING
sx rtJ/7 .4
E.Q UA L L Y SP A CE D
Overdimensioned
Wh er e greater accuracy is required, coordinate dimen the small hole s are locat ed in two mutually perpendicular
sions should be giv en, as shown in Figure 9 .6 Ic . In this ca se , directi on s,
the di ameter o f the bolt circl e is enclosed in parentheses to in An other ex ample o f locating hol es by means of linear
dicat e that it is to be used only as a reference dim en sion. Ref mea surement s is sho wn in Figure 9 .62d . In thi s case, on e mea
erence dimen sion s are give n for information only. Th ey are not sure me nt is mad e at an ang le to the coordinate dimensions
intended to be mea sured and do not gov ern the manufacturing becaus e o f the dir ect functio nal relationship of the tw o hole s.
operat ion s. They represent calculated dimensions and arc o fte n In Figure 9 .62e, the hol es are locat ed from two baselin es ,
useful in showing the intended design sizes. or datums. Wh en all holes arc located from a common datum,
When se veral nonprecision hol es are located on a common the sequence of mea suring and ma ch ining operations is co n
are, they are dim ensioned by giving the radius and the angul ar trolled, overall toleranc e accumulations are avoid ed , and
me asur em ent s from a baseline, as sho wn in Figure 9 .62a . In prop er functioning of the finished part is ass ured. Th e datum
thi s case, the baseline is the hori zont al ce nterl ine . surfac es se lected must be more accurate than any measur em ent
In Figure 9.6 2b, the three holes are on a common cent er made from them, mu st be accessible during manufacture, and
line . One dim en sion locat es on e small hol e from the center : the mu st be ar range d to Facilitate tool and fixture design. It may be
oth er gives the distance s betw een the s mall hole s. Note the nec essar y to spec ify accuracy oft he datum sur faces in terms o f
dimension at X is left off. This meth od is used when the d is stra ightness, roundness , flatness, and so o n, whi ch you will
tance betw een the small holes is the important consideration. If learn abo ut in the next chapter.
the relation between the ce nter hole and eac h of the small holes Figure 9.621' shows a meth od of gi ving, in a single line, all
is more important , then include the distance at X and make the the dim ension s from a common datum . Each dim en sion exce pt
o vera ll dimension a refer enc e dimension . the first has a sin gle arro whead and is acc um ulative in valu e.
Figure 9 .62c sho ws another exam p le of coo rdinate dimen Th e overall dim en sion is se pa rate.
sioning. Th e thre e small holes ar e on a bolt circle wh ose diam These methods of locating holes are appli cabl e to locating
eter is giv en for refe ren ce purposes onl y. From the rnaiu center, pins or othe r sy m metr ica l features.
3 X ¢..37 5
>1.62
02 .70
(a) (b )
(c)
\ . - --3.86 I
! 13.3812.44 11.561.°1
7
[ (~ I i i
~
\ _ 4 1.15
y !O.0 2
Mat ing
1- Mating
r-Mating.,
fXJ
(a) (b ) (c)
Bracket Bracket
Revolving
arm
Frame Frame
i -- - A - - -
1.-- - - B- - - - - -I 1. - - - - B - - - --- 1
R.0 6
DETAIL A B C D E F UNC THD STOCK LBS
I .62 .38 .62 .0 6 .25 .13 5 .31 2- 18 0 .75 .0 9
IL
C -- - - - -If------1ft-
2 .88 .38 62 ,09 .3 8 ,197 .312 - 18 0 .75 . 12
l-r I
3
4
1.00 .44 .75 .12 .3 8 .1 97 .375- 16
1.25 .50 ,88 .12 .50 2 60 4 37- 14
0 ·875
0 .1
.19
.30
,DIr-
L.OC.~ 5 1.50 .5 6 1. 00 .16 .62 .323 .5- 13 01125 .46
.06 MACH INE STEEL - F AO
HEAT TREATMENT -"0" SHEET Y- 912
(4X)
o- - I I I I 10-32 UNF-2B ;v .5
I~ rt DRILLHOLETHRU
\ /
\ ~+:/
.750
~+: ) (8X)
r--...
I I
0~
/"
1.978
I 1"+"' ,
2.250
~V I I I I
~ V--{ 16Xj
1/4-20 UNC -2B THRU
3.364
3.602
-
-
I I
.---------
4.176
I I I I I I I
I
I
5.324 -
5.898 -- r
6.\ 36
I I
0J~\ I - I 0+21
7.250
7.522
\ \,,'" I
........ V
,..
.I..
.I..
't' ~
4X (2l.50
I
1.24
- --1-1-
.76
- - j --\+ t, 1.24
'-t--.l-----+-c-- l
38
21 -H+-}---t---Br----t----t--{+}
11 -+-+---{+-}---+----l-=--{
6-+-+---t--+----i!r-
Base
lines
r Z ol ll) o
M 1.9 .2
1.9
1.7 .5 .3
9.68 A Hole Table Is Often Used to Dimension Complicated Patterns of Holes. Reprinted from Y14.5M· 7994, by
permission of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved.
I~
DRAFT R36~'~
_
fv\.
0.J
\
'
.
® SEer' T - T
/ /
TWOPROCESSINGIDENTIFi-
"
.3 90
.
. .c, '
/ ,
SECT D- D
.540
[-::'5
/ ' .
90
......t
R'3 20 j "
.30 5 , 1
@
, 580
J: . - .
/
SECT
:;; 4
"::0
U-U
"
Ll4 0
LlIO
*
· ~I ./~f- ~
, 24 5
_ I _- PONT
SECT B-B
H
.920
~
R·0 50
.020
~, . a~~AL
I
•
SECT A-A
.210
; - .180
;( • ..L
1:
.150
.120
~ I 'I -~i~ r
t l l235 (!) E 1 ~ U ~\ .03•
.7203.620
,
.+- J
1.42
11' 074
10 4
, d El iF
;.I
T----:::::?T (-
\ ' U'
~ /"
. . t:
J_~ L
R
690
J
I 1: ' . // Ir 1.62
" DRAFT I
2.8 4 90 ~ 50 f-' , 181 A -J .
11.235 R?!#:::
6~ j
I r' I . .1250 \16 ® 720 Ii ! ! "
__ . _ _ t ~ _ ' - DIE NUM8ER R:·~~gl ....JR:690
/ ' ,
.;
@
R1.375. /
1.3 4 5
2
.450 '
[I
'1
R.z I 0
R2 3 I D TO BE IN THIS
2250" LOCATION
L
f- 1.16
r - 1. 55
JUSTMENTS FOR WT
CONTROL MUST BE
MADE IN UNMACHINED
AREAS.
14 809 9 4
15" Z: I L'
· 0 '>
.73 0
.690 (~}- R \
, POINT H 2 530 20 ' MAX '7-
HARDEN & TEMPER TO BRINELL 217- 269.
SECT E·E
L.. 0 3 0 -t
-1.170 @
. .58 , .
- - 2.50 - R2: 4 70
_ 6.5 15 _ _ \ _ _
I
250 V ALL FILLETS .120- RI 50 z; ALL ROUNDS
. A' .. 2' R.06 MiN UNLESS OTHERWiSE SPECIFIED.
~
6.485 , r :220 .
1
i - 48
I r 15.0' . _ R.19MIN --l.i' _ ~-l_
II "'- _/ - -.607
l - I'
r ALL UNSPECIFIED DR,\ FT ANGLES 7' , ,'.
.973 :47.1.. ~ ---< :t"'--- - C -- - - ---- :r·" ' , _ _ .592 1.2 13 FORGING MUST BE STRESS RELIEVED
' ~j_
3 _1_ -~To ~:.- - _;_: - - - - - -- - '--r+ - , '~ Ll83 AFTER ANY STRAIGHTENING OPERA
f.:\ / I \. 310 ' --. _ _ L TIONS FOLLOWING HEAT TREATMENT.
\Y.J .3 12 _ '2 50 r: 1..1 36 ENGRG R F I
VENDORIDENTIFICATION ~ 2.28 1 . .10 6 E C0 _ _ 0' ~~~ PARTING
MARK TO 8E APPLIEDIN THIS f$\ .24 CENTRAL OPTIONAL FLAREOF WEB FOR . LINE
00 NO T !oC"' U:
LOCATION ONESIDE ONLY \.:V WEIGHT CONTROL WHEN REQUIRED .·. ~
....._ r ~ 'N " olU.O'O<I1l Oll
orwo_,.. uumatl
@ WEIGHT OF THE BIG END OF ROD (CRANI' · FORGINGS MUST BE FREEOF SCALE, TWIST NOT TO EXCEED .016MAXIMUM
"... ~ ." _ · "' I .;-. ,.......-OI rTt
·'~·1~~E~2~~N T
?SN TO 1.376 LBS (624.14 GRAMS) OR SIMILAR DEFECTS DETRIMENTAL WITH THE SMALL END CLAMPED
PIN ENOl TO BE .672 LBS (304.8 GRAMS) 0 TRIM DIECUTS MUST BE SMOOTH AND
SA E 104 1 STEEL
TO .712 LBS (32 3.0 GRAMS!. BEND NOT TO EXCEED ' .016 FREE OF TEARS AND FEATHEREDGES. ROO - ENGINE: CONNECTING
FROM THE THEORETICAL CENTER' " ORGING DRAWING)
TOTA L WEIGHT OF ROD TO BE 1.9B8 L BS LINE IN EITHER PLANE MEASURED MISMATCH NOT TO EXCEED .0 18
(901.74 GRAMS) TO 2.088 LBS (947,10GRAMS). AT POI T H. MA XIMUM AT PARTING LINE. 148 0 9 94 c
9.69 Forging Drawing of Connecting Rod. Courtesy of General Motors Corporation.
324 CHAPTER 9 DIMENSIONING
Neutra l axis
Length =
a+b +c
t
b
J
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9.71 Bends
9.42 NOTES
It is usually necessary to supplement the direct dimensions onto a second sheet, that sheet number should be given in
with notes. Notes should be brief and carefully worded to allow a note on the first sheet of the drawing set. For example:
only one interpretation. Notes should always he lettered hori NOTES CONTINUED ON PAGE 4 .
zontally on the sheet and arranged syste matically. They should
Examples
not be crowded and should not be placed between views, if pos
sible. Notes are classified as general notes when they apply to FINISH ALL OVER (FAO)
an entire drawing and as local notes when they apply to specific BREAK SHARP EDGES TO RO .8
In machine draw ings, the title strip o r title bloc k will carry man y and not langua ge depend ent. All abbreviations should conform
ge neral notes, including those for materials. general toleran ces, to ANS I Y 14.39- J 999. See App end ix 4 for ANSI abbre viations.
heat treatment s, and patterns. In ge neral, lead ers and notes should not he placed on the
Local N otes Local notes appl y to specifi c opera tions o nly dr awin g until the dimensionin g is substantially comple ted.
and are co nnected by a leader to the point at whic h such oper Not es and lettering should no t touch lines of the drawing or
ation s are performed, as sho wn in Fig ure 9.72 . Th e leader title block. If notes are lettered first. they may he in the way of
should be attached at the fro nt of the first word of a note, or ju st necessary dim en sion s and will have to be moved .
after the last word. and not at an y intermed iate place. When using CA D to add text for dra win g notes. kee p in
Use com mo n abbrev iations in notes (such as THD. DIA. mind the final sca le to wh ich the drawin g will be plott ed. You
MAX ) onl y when they ca nno t be misund erstood . Avoid less may need to enlarge the text in order for it to be legible when
common ab breviation s. "When in douht, spell it out" is a rule plotted to a sma ller sca le.
of thumb to avo id probl em s with misund er stood notes.
If a co mmo n sy mbo l is available. it is preferred to the
ubhre viation becau se sy mbols are internationally recogni zed
~
5 TAPER PIN W IT H n \ IT H PC "IS IN PL ACE
PC -4 IN PLACE CARBURIZ E .
-p
HARDEN s:
~ I}
I
-ffi3--~- I
1--13 1.240
01335 _
. 1345
0 1354
1356
-t·:~~1 ~-
m
~WOODRUF F
--dJ--
f, EY
-q-+Y::
~~1. 2 S~
I, I 2XR
/
: C L~ ;U
(e)
(I) (g) (i)
\~~!D RELIEF
45' x J CHA
7
\5 W IDE x 0 20 .8
'\..9 6 0 P DIAMONq,
! '" KN URL - 3D eiJ 4 -i- NPT
_[ ~_
r«?~DN _~
~x
M3 0 x 2 ':, NECK 3 WIDE I
9.43 STANDARDS
Dim en sion s sho uld he given. wherever possible. to make use Such standard parts are not delineated on detail drawings
of rea di ly av ail abl e materi al s. tool s. part s, and gages . Th e unl ess the y are to be alte red for use; they are co nve ntionally
dimen sions fo r man y co m mo nly used ma ch ine eleme nts draw n on assembly draw ings and are listed in part s lists. Com
such as holt s, sc rews , nails. key s. tap ers, wire. pipes. shee t mon fracti ons are o ften used to indic ate the nom inal sizes of
metal . chains, belts . ropes, pi ns. and roll ed metal shapes standard part s or too ls. If the compl ete decimal inch sys tem is
have been sta nda rdized. and the dr aft er mu st obt ain these used , all such sizes are ordin arily expresse d by decimals- for
sizes fro m co mpany standa rds manual s. from publi sh ed exa mple•. 250 DRILL instead of 1/4 DRILL. If the all-metric
handbook s, fro m AN SI standa rds. or fro m manu facturer s' sys tem of dimen sion ing is used . then the preferred metric dr ill
ca ta logs. Tahles of so me of the mor e com mo n item s are of the appro xima te same size (.248 0") wi ll be ind icated as
given in the Appe ndi x. 6.30 DRILL.
326 CHAPTER 9 D IME NS ION ING
41 . If a part is finished all ove r, all finish mark s should be 48. A radiu s dim ension should alwa ys be preceded by the
omitted and the ge nera l note FI NISH ALL OVER or FAO letter R. Th e radial dim ension line should hav e o nly one
should be used. arrowhead , and it should pass throu gh or point through
42. A cylinde r is dimensioned by giving both its diameter and the arc ce nter and touch the arc .
length in the rectangular view, exce pt when note s are used 49. Cy linde rs shou ld be located by their centerlines.
for holes. A dia gonal diameter in the c ircular view may be 50 . Cylinder s should be located in the circular view s, if
used in case s where it incr eases clarity. possible.
43. Manu facturing pro cesses are ge nerally determined by the 51 . Cy linde rs sho uld be located by coo rdinate dimen sion s in
tolerances spec ified, rath er than specifically noted in the preference to angular dim ensions where accurucy is
drawin g. Wh en the manufacturing proc ess must he noted important.
for some reason-such as for dim en sion holes to be bored. 52 . Wh en there are sev eral rough, noncrit ical features ob vi
drill ed , and reame d-use leader s that preferably po int ously the same size (fillets, round s, ribs, etc .), it is neces
toward the center of the circul ar view s of the holes . Gi ve sary to give only typical (abbrev iation T YP) dimensions or
the manufactu ring processes in the order the y would be to use a note.
performed . 53. When a d imensi on is not to scale. it should be unders cored
44. Drill sizes sho uld be expressed in decimal s. giving the with a heav y stra ight line or marked NT S or NOT TO
diameter. For dr ills designat ed by numb er or letter, the SCALE.
decim al size must also be g iven. 54. Mating dim ension s sho uld be given co rres pond ingly on
45. In ge neral, a circle is dimensioned by its diamet er, an arc both dra win gs of matin g part s.
by its radius . 55. Pattern dim en sion s should be given in two-place decimals
46 . Dia gonal diam eters sho uld he avoided, except for very or in commo n wh ole numbers and fractions to the near est
large hol es and for c ircles of cente rs. Th ey may be used on 1/16 in.
positi ve cylinde rs for clar ity. 56. Decimal dime nsions sho uld be used for all machin ing
47 . A diameter dim ension va lue should always be preceded by dim en sion s.
the sy mbol 0. 57 . Cum ulati ve toleran ces sho uld be avo ided where they affect
the fit of mating part s.
~
CA D at WO R K
"(j ::'"
C') ~ (')
("0 '0
"..,
0- q
n
,0 ~ :0
'0 - r--: "'l
,~
C)
x-r ::J o x co X X X
If) . - :"') N - N l'J l~J l1"\
90 .24 ---++-+--+---------::
69 .67 - -!oIiiIi;;Il.
38.75 - - + +
o
38 .7 5 - _. - 1I--f-\\.001'- - - - - .........J-.-nl
o o o
90 .24 -----------=:::~------------~
Edrawing softwar e allows you to view 3D and 2D drawings . Many companies transmit
and store ed rawing s as the ir de sign record . Courtesy of Zolo Technologies Inc.
It is a n im port ant ad van tage of producing an acc urate C AD design docum entation for the project. For those co mpa nies the
database that you can use the mod el as a basis for manufac 3D mod el may be stored, but the design record is the fully
turing. Tod ay's C AD packages offer tools for incorporati ng dim en sioned 2D drawings.
toleran ces and manufact urin g notes into the 3D CAD data Oth er companies use a co mbina tion of the co mputer files
base itself that impro ve its a bility to documen t the des ign, and 2D drawings to doc ume nt the de sig n. T he 2D dra wi ngs are
A good und er standing o f the type of information ava ilable used to communicate informati on about critica l toleran ces and
in yo ur CA D dat aba se co mbined with the kn owl ed ge o f other inform ation that ma y not be easi ly visibl e in the 3D file .
how to show critical dim en sion s and tolerances clearly are Th e C AD file ser ves as the interface to automated manufactur
imp ortant in achiev ing the most ben efit from 3D CAD ing processes, but the drawing allows the co mpa ny to ca ll
so ftwa re . attention to tho se eleme nts of the des ign that are critical to its
To use the CA D dat abase as design documentation . com funct ion. Bec au se the manu facturer may not ha ve the sa me
pan ies mu st co nside r the legal requirem ents for maintaining a so ftware that wa s used to crea te the CA D mod el, the documen
permanent record o f the design . For so me indu stries, a perma tation needs to use a for ma t that can be interpre ted by the ma n
nent reco rd (or snapsho t) o f the design used for product ion ufact urer, mold mak er, or others who will create or inspec t the
mus t be maint ained . A changeable record on the co mputer may part s. This is freq uently a co mbination of e lectronic files in a
not be co nsidered a legall y acceptable practi ce, or it may be co mmo n 3D form at (suc h as IOES ) for the model, and 2D CAD
acceptable only if a standar d of mod el/d rawing co ntro l is met. documentat ion dra wings (either printed or in a co mmo n 2D file
AS ME Y 14.41 -2003 , Digit al Produ ct Definit ion Data forma t such as DXF) sbowing cri tical dimen sion s.
Pract ices, desc ribes the standa rd for using a digital produ ct def Wh eth er the 2D drawings are print ed on paper or stored
inition to document design s. Som e co mpa nies use the 3D e lec tro nically. co rrec tly sho wn ort hographic views still pro vide
mode l with elec tro nic annotations stored in the file or a rela ted much of the basis for co mm unica ting and do cum enting the
datab ase as the final documentation for thc pro duct. Othe r design . Co rrec tly show n drawing views are also used to co m
com panies pro duce 2D origi nal drawi ngs fro m the 3D model to muni cate inform ati on for user manual s and repa ir manu als, as
co mmunic ate the design for manufacturing and to provide well as for manu facture and inspection.
PORTFOLIO 329
4 3 2
r--r
0 """""'
w~ ~ :ii 9 CHANOm MA.lI:t lAl T0t,ll6, ·t6 ~l lW l6,()l M ........
D w w ~ D
AoomC..-ot6fOlt 'OP~HOlB C>4 1 1 ~ 1 M-..s
'i' w !;l ~
CHANGtO NlCUll'lAr.G 10 Al..OCJM!' Oolfl ' fCI1
.""'"
N
~
.; ·i ; IfMOVfD fRONI ~ OACJ. WGD
CHANCWHOlntOH1M ~~ \.OCA IlON AN)
MOCII"l9)nc:UI'Aa:CAUOlJT$POl'Tl~3
OUl<W'
""'''"
M ........
.""'"
0 1' 1,"
e-,
All
O/lTIC.lolSW Acrs
CHANOEOHCll!IlOt'AAlSl'A QtGOI lowtlt Sffr$
~TO""DliCl1ON
01111/{11
''' JO'2
.........
M .......
2.00[.079J
4.63[. 182J
6.38[.251J
02.2O[.087J THRU (4XI
C 9.00[ .354J C
11.00[.433JO - -
R2.63[. 103J
POCKET .. 1.0(.04J
(4XI
~J
f
3.00[. 118J REF i
i ,i i" I
I
f 7.25['[5J 0
B 4.25tO.05[.1 671.002J 0 B
~
Q
~
'N'
\ll '2
NOlES:
.:.
~
.;
w
~
.,;
w ~
~
'" ~ _
_e:--....
~
.....-=-
~
,
.. ....'::' 1 . ~
.".
~
A
'1REMOVE ALL BURRS AND SHARPEDGES
2 ALODINEGOLD PERMIL-C·5541 6061·T6 AL
00 __ M PERJ:.M
D>I ' >JOO OSCILLATOR COVER A
CLASS 1,0.. ~LMCN£l. , ~,.,
4 3
rXH lOf K "I) {:IIolWf'lG
2
o
::c
~
This drawing for a small part shows dimensions in millimeters with the inch values given [in brackets] for reference. -n
Courtesy of Big Sky Laser. o,....
( 12
NO · E. "~ o
.- RO)
_-------.l
r NO~" 'l
o
=/ y ="1""""'="'=-=" ="""
DU:!ID/ Q,
,n I '" 1 (~"
Dimensioned drawing for a sheet metal part. Courtesy of Wood's Power-Grip Co., Inc.
330 CHAPTER 9 DIMENSIONING
-_.
•
~
,
~. -
o - _._-
HlCICo,.l' LOG CIIDI( DAM'
...J
o Plan and Profile for Dam Site. Courtesy of Schnabel Engineering.
u.
....
0:::
o ... CONe. ~Ae lllI '.'!I
e, . \f:l' o J:.EA uJA'T
~ ' .:i"
' LOPE
~,
~I
IF-+ - - - OVERAP OA~ 1&' <1I'n) 2" 6A t:aALY ~TAL Fl. A5l-IIh : . . Al.~~
SLAe TO \UAL.. ~ CCf.M:Cl !O"e .
EXfEJ'O ,, ' II ..... eEL.CW8lAe
-N¥I----j1--:i - - - 4" ~ !\. AS
WATE~ J.D!.Esr~ OEI1lEEN
R. A!t-I lN(" ANDCONe. lLlAL.1.
AU SCALK: ~/ 6"'N)"
DIMENSIONING EXERCISES
Most of your pra ctic e in dim en sioning will be in co nnec tion
with working drawing s assigned from oth er chap ters. How
ever. som e dimension ing problems are available here. Th e
problems are designed for 8.5" x II " size shee ts and are to be
drawn and dim en sioned to a full- size scale. Size 29 7 mm x
420 mm shee ts may be used with appropriate adj ustments in
the title strip layout.
CHAPT ER 9 D IMEN S IO N ING
!
(a) (b)
~ 0
,.,0
=
Q 0
"''"
<»
(c) (d)
:r
"' f[ ~
"'1
"'1 -'0
Q
,.,
I
1\
--------/ I N
~
D
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
Ep-- 0
~
g
2
2
0
V --------~
(e) (f)
(9) (h)
Exercise 9 . / To obtain sizes . use the views on this page and transfer to scale at the side to obtain
values co mpletely. Dimension drawing completely in one-place millimeter s or two-place inches
as ass igned, full size . See inside hack cove r of hook for decimal inch and millim eter equiva lents.
E X ER e I S E S 333
-:-
(a) (b)
P
I
I
I'
"! 0
..,o
=
, -~-~
~ I-
-@. . Q 5\
-
, -~ I
N
- ~I- '
----. I
-
e
8
&
<Xl
N
':~T
,"
: .,' ; . [t . J! , ..,
I
!
ii; i I
i
r
(c) (d)
o
Q
-2
Q
o '- 0
(h)
Exercise 9 .2 To obtain sizes, use the view s on this page and transfer to scale at the side to obtain
values co mpletely. Dimension drawin g co mpletely in one-place millimeters or two-place inches
as assigned, full size. See inside back cov er of book for decimal inch and mill imeter equivalents.