KB6005 Advanced Structural Systems

2019/20 Semester 1

Dr. Sherry CHEN

Lecturer
Department of Mechanical & Construction Engineering

0191-349-5121

sherry.chen@northumbria.ac.uk

Room 509, Wynne-Jones Building

Office hours: Monday 4pm~5pm, Friday 4pm~5pm

1
Lecture 3: Buckling

• Basic concepts
• Critical buckling loads of columns
• Finite element analysis

2
Basic Concepts

3
 General mechanical failure modes I

 Fracture: rupture due to excessive stress,

as a result of static loading

Ultimate
stress

4
 General mechanical failure modes II

 Yield: plastic behaviour  residual strain 

residual stress  micro-crack  macro-crack

Yield
stress

5
 General mechanical failure modes III

 Fatigue: progressive cracks due to cyclic

loading

Aloha Airlines Flight 243:

large number of small
fatigue cracks in the
fuselage joined to form a
large crack

6
General mechanical failure modes IV

 Wohler curve (S-N curve)

S: stress magnitude
N: number of cycles to failure

lgS

Endurance
limit stress
lgSe
Infinite life
lgN
7
 General mechanical failure modes V

 Buckling
• Instability in columns, shells, frames and
beams
• Often leads to a collapse, as a buckled
member loses the entire or part of its load
bearing capacity

8
Failure due to buckling

9
Experiment

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNwvub87l8o
10
Critical buckling loads
of columns

11
 Critical load

 Buckling occurs when the load F exceeds a

certain critical value Fcr .

Safe Failed

12
 Euler’s Formula for critical load
F
 For beams with both ends
pinned

𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑭𝒄𝒓 = 𝟐
𝑳
• E : Young’s modulus
• L : beam length
• I : second moment of area

13
 Second moments of area of some
particular shapes

𝝅𝑫𝟒
𝑰𝒙 = 𝑰𝒚 =
𝟔𝟒
𝒃𝒉𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒉
𝑰𝒙 = 𝑰𝒚 =
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐

𝝅
𝑰𝒙 = 𝑰𝒚 = 𝑫𝟒 − 𝒅𝟒
𝟔𝟒
14
 Generalised Euler’s Formula for
critical load and stress

𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑭𝒄𝒓 =
(𝑳𝒆 )𝟐

• Le : effective length
Le depends on the boundary conditions of
the beam.

15
 Effective length for different boundary
conditions I

 One fixed end,  Both ends

one free end pinned

16
 Effective length for different boundary
conditions II

 One fixed end,  Both ends

one pinned end fixed

17
 Example I
F = 2 kN
A force F of 2 KN is applied on the free
end (A) of a steel beam AB. The other end
(B) is fixed. The beam length L is 1.5 m.
The Young’s modulus of steel is E = 200
GPa.
Find the Factor of Safety (FoS) for the
beam.

50 mm

18
 Example I – continued I

 Critical buckling load

(Generalised Euler’s Formula)

𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑭𝒄𝒓 =
(𝑳𝒆 )𝟐

• E = 200 GPa
= 𝟐𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝐏𝒂

19
 Example I – continued II

 Critical buckling load

(Generalised Euler’s Formula)

𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑭𝒄𝒓 =
(𝑳𝒆 )𝟐

• E = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝐏𝒂
𝝅𝑫𝟒
• 𝑰 =
𝟔𝟒
𝝅 −𝟑 𝟒
= 𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎 𝐦
𝟔𝟒
−𝟕 𝟒 𝝅𝑫𝟒
= 𝟑. 𝟎𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎 𝐦 𝑰𝒙 = 𝑰 𝒚 =
𝟔𝟒

20
 Example I – continued III

 Critical buckling load

(Generalised Euler’s Formula)

𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑭𝒄𝒓 =
(𝑳𝒆 )𝟐

• E = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝐏𝒂
• 𝑰 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐦𝟒
• Le = 2L
= 𝟐 × 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐦
=𝟑𝐦

21
 Example I – continued IV

 Critical buckling load

(Generalised Euler’s Formula)
𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑭𝒄𝒓 =
(𝑳𝒆 )𝟐

• E = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝐏𝒂
• 𝑰 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐦𝟒
• Le = 𝟑 𝐦

⇒ 𝑭𝒄𝒓 = 𝟔𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝐍

22
Example I – continued V

Factor of Safety (FoS)

𝑭𝒄𝒓
𝐅𝐨𝐒 =
𝑭

𝟔𝟕×𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝐍
=
𝟐×𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝐍

≈ 𝟑𝟒

23
 Example II

A 2-m-long pin-ended column with a

square cross section is to be made of
wood. Assuming the Young’s modulus
E = 13 GPa, and using a factor of
safety (FoS) of 2.5, determine the size
of the cross section if the column is to
safely support 𝑷 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐍.

a
a
24
 Example II – continued I

 Critical buckling load

𝑭𝒄𝒓
𝐅𝐨𝐒 =
𝑷
 𝑭𝒄𝒓 = 𝑷 × 𝐅𝐨𝐒

= 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐍 × 𝟐. 𝟓

= 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐤𝐍

= 𝟐𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 N

25
 Example II – continued II

 Critical buckling load

a
(Generalised Euler’s Formula)
a
𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑭𝒄𝒓 =
(𝑳𝒆 )𝟐 y
𝟏 𝟒
• 𝑰𝒙 = 𝑰𝒚 = 𝒂
𝟏𝟐 b x

a
𝟏
𝑰𝒙 = 𝒂𝒃𝟑
𝟏𝟐
𝟏
𝑰𝒚 = 𝒃𝒂𝟑
𝟏𝟐

26
 Example II – continued III

 Critical buckling load

(Generalised Euler’s Formula)

𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑭𝒄𝒓 =
(𝑳𝒆 )𝟐
𝟏 𝟒
• 𝑰= 𝒂
𝟏𝟐

• 𝑳𝒆 = 𝑳

27
 Example II – continued IV

 Critical buckling load

(Generalised Euler’s Formula)

𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑭𝒄𝒓 =
(𝑳𝒆 )𝟐
𝟏 𝟒
• 𝑰= 𝒂
𝟏𝟐

• 𝑳𝒆 = 𝑳
𝟏
𝝅𝟐 𝑬×𝟏𝟐𝒂𝟒
⟹ 𝑭𝒄𝒓 =
(𝑳)𝟐

𝝅𝟐 𝑬
= × 𝒂𝟒
𝟏𝟐𝑳𝟐
28
 Example I – continued V

 Size of cross section

𝝅𝟐 𝑬
𝑭𝒄𝒓 = × 𝒂𝟒
𝟏𝟐𝑳𝟐
𝟏𝟐𝑳𝟐
→ 𝒂𝟒 = × 𝑭𝒄𝒓
𝝅𝟐 𝑬
𝟏
• 𝑭𝒄𝒓 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 N
𝟏𝟐𝑳𝟐 ×𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝟒 • 𝑳=𝟐𝐦
→𝒂=
𝝅𝟐 𝑬
• E = 13 GPa
𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝐏𝒂
𝟏𝟐×𝟐𝟐 ×𝟐𝟓𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝟒
→𝒂=
𝝅𝟐 ×𝟏𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟗

= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟑 𝐦
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Finite Element Analysis

30
 Comparison

 Euler’s Formula  columns

 Finite element analysis
• 2D structures (e.g. sheets, thin
films), thin-walled structures
• Complex structures
• Critical buckling load &
buckling modes
• Post-buckling analysis

31
 Buckling analysis in ABAQUS

 Existing buckling analysis in

ABAQUS
• Linear perturbation 
Buckle
• Critical buckling loads
• Buckling modes

32
 Buckling modes of polymer sheet

 Stretch-induced buckling in polyethylene sheet

 Predicted buckling modes at different aspect ratios

33
Compression-induced buckling
modes in nature

34
Buckling modes in spheroidal
film/substrate systems I: modelling

35
Buckling modes in spheroidal film/substrate
systems II: comparison with natural
biological system

FEA
results
Butterfly’s egg Human
neutrophil cell

FEA
results 36
 Strain transducers in MEMS (Micro-
Electro-Mechanical Systems)
Bi-layer elastomer on pre-stretched
Fluorophore spreading onto
substrate
plasma treated surface

Fluorophore coating
Measured thickness
of coating at 0 strain
~ 600 nm

Compression

Compression d
f

Guided morphology of
folding-in
Lateral (y-direction) line patterns of surface creasing under uniaxial (x
direction) compression

Compression

Non-compressed flat PDMS Surface creasing induced florescent

surface patterns Red emit luminescence light
37
 Post-buckling behaviours of patterned
elastomer
 Observation by optical microscope

 Observation by AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy)

38
Finite element model

39
Post-buckling analysis (video)

40
Effect of geometry

41
 Summary I

 Buckling: instability in columns, shells,

frames and beams
 Buckling occurs when the load F exceeds a
certain critical value Fcr .

Safe Failed

42
 Summary II
 Generalised Euler’s Formula for critical
buckling load of columns:
• E : Young’s modulus
𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰 • Le : effective length
𝑭𝒄𝒓 =
(𝑳𝒆 )𝟐 • A : cross-sectional area
• I : second moment of area

One fixed end, Both ends One fixed end, Both ends
one free end pinned one pinned end fixed 43
 Summary III

 Euler’s Formula: simple structures

 Finite element analysis (Workshop this

week)
• 2D structures (e.g. sheets, thin films),
thin-walled structures
• Complex structures
• *Buckle
• Critical buckling load & buckling modes
• Post-buckling analysis

44
Further studies:
Column buckling

45
Beer, F. P., Johnston, E. R. Jnr.,
DeWolf, J. T. and Mazurek, D. F.
(2015). Mechanics of Materials,
7th Edition in SI units. McGraw-
Hill.

Chapter 10. Columns

46