Task 1: Knowledge/Understanding questions

1. A) (3𝑎4 𝑏 3 )2 (−5𝑎7 𝑏 2 )(4𝑎3 𝑏 6 )0 = (9𝑎8 𝑏 6 )(−5𝑎7 𝑏 2 )(1)= −45𝑎15 𝑏 8

3𝑏 2 2 2
𝑥 4𝑎 𝑥12𝑎𝑏 𝑥 12𝑎𝑏
B) − ( 𝑦 2𝑎 ) = −( 2 )= −( 2 )
(𝑦 2𝑎 )3𝑏 𝑦 6𝑎𝑏

1 1
1 1 1 77
C)(−45𝑥 0 ) + 64−3 + (22 )3 = -45 + 64−3 + 26 = -45 + 1 + 26 = -45 + 4 + 64 = 19+ 4 = 4
643
= 19.25

D) 𝑏 5𝑥−2 × 𝑏 2𝑥+3 = 𝑏 (5𝑥−2)+(2𝑥+3) = 𝑏 7𝑥+1

𝑎−𝑏
(𝑥 7𝑎 ) 2 −𝑎𝑏
E) (𝑥 3𝑎)𝑎−2𝑏 = 𝑥 −3𝑎(𝑎−2𝑏+7𝑎)(𝑎−𝑏) = 𝑥 4𝑎

2. A) 𝑥 = log 5 625  5𝑥 = 625  𝑥 = 4

B) 5 log 5 625  log 5 252 = log 5 (5 × 5)2 = log 5 54 = 4

log 625
C) log 5 625 = =4
log 5

3. A) log 6 2 + log 6 18 = log 6 (2)(18) = log 6 36 = 2

B) log 4 256 + log 4 2 − log 4 8 = log 4 (256)(2) − log 4 8 = log 4 512 − log 4 8 =
log 4 64 = 3

128
C) log 2 128 − 3 log 2 4 = log 2 128 − log 2 (43 ) = log 2 128 − log 2 64 = log 2 ( 64 ) =
log 2 2 = 1

4. A) log 𝑥 81 = 2  𝑥 2 = √81  𝑥 = 9

B) log12 𝑥 = 3  123 = 𝑥  𝑥 = 1728

C) log 7 (2𝑥 − 5) = 3  log 7 (2𝑥 − 5) = log 7 (73 )  2𝑥 − 5 = 343  2𝑥 = 343 + 5

348
 𝑥 = 7  𝑥 = 174

Task 2: Thinking Questions

5. log10 35 = 𝑥  101 = 10 (small)
102 = 100 (large
101.4 = 25.1 (small)
101.5 = 31.6 (almost)
101.544 = 34.99 (approx.)

6. A culture of bacteria doubles every 3 hours with the initial culture containing 500
bacterium.
a) after 27 hours there will be 256, 000 bacteria
𝑡 27
 𝐴 = 𝐼(2)𝑑  𝐴 = 500(2) 3  𝐴 = 256000
𝑡
b) to reach 16,000 bacteria it will take 15 hours  16000 = 500(2)3
𝑡
𝑡
500×23 16000 −1 𝑡3−1 5
=  23 = 32  2𝑡3 = 32  𝑡3−1 = 5  = 3−1  𝑡 = 15
500 500 3−1

7.
A) 𝑦 = 4𝑥

X Y
-2 0.06
-1 0.25
0 1
1 4
2 16

1 𝑥
𝑦 = (14)𝑥 𝑦 = (4)
 X Y
-2 16
-1 4
0 1
1 0.25
2 0.06

1 𝑥
B) 𝑦 = 4𝑥 is the graph for exponential growth while 𝑦 = (4) is for exponential decay.

C)
Similarities Differences
- Both of the graph intersect - One graph increases over time
through the point (0,1) while the other graph decreases
- Both have the same domain and over time
range (all real numbers) ln(𝑥)
- The reciprocal of 4𝑥 is 2 ln(2) and
- Both have horizontal asymptote
1 𝑥 ln(𝑥)
of y=0 and no vertical asymptote the reciprocal of (4) is -2 ln(2)

Task 3: Communication questions

8. A) Logarithmic form: simplifying an exponent expressed as 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑏 𝑥

i.e. 𝑥 = log 2 16 4 = log 2 16

B) Radical form: an expression with a square root, cube root, etc…

i.e. 𝑥 4 = 16  𝑥 = √16  2 = √16
4 4

C) Exponential form: expressed in the form 𝑎𝑛 where a is multiplied by itself n times

 i.e. 43 = 4 × 4 × 4 = 64

9. A common logarithm is a logarithm with the base to 10 expressed as log or 10 10.

10. Steps to solve ‘x’ for log 3 9 + log 3 2𝑥 2 = log 3 162

a. Start by adding 2 to both sides  log 3 9 + log 3 2𝑥 2 + 2 = log 3 162 + 2

b. Use the log definition of 𝑎 = log 𝑏 (𝑏 𝑎 )  2 = log 3 (3)2 , 2 = log 3 (32 )
c. For logs with same base use (𝑓(𝑥)) + log 𝑏 (𝑔(𝑥)) = log 𝑏 (𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥))
log 3 (2𝑥 2 )(32 ) = log 3 (162)(32 )  (2𝑥 2 9)(32 ) = (162)(32 )
162𝑥 2 1458
d. Divide both sides by: =
162 162
𝑥 = 9  𝑥 = √9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −√9
2

Thus, 𝑥 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −3

11. Why does log 2 0 = 𝑥 have no solution?

 The value of power can’t equal to 0 as the limit of base b logarithm of x when x
approaches 0 from the positive side is −∞.
𝐿𝑖𝑚 𝑥 0+
log 𝑏 (𝑥) = −∞

9 9 3
12. log10 √25 = log10 √25 = log10 5 = log10 0.6 = −0.22

Task 4: Application questions

13. If coffee has a pH of 5.2 and orange juice is 4.4, how much more acidic is orange juice
than coffee?

Coffee
𝑝𝐻 = − log[𝐻+]  5.2 = − log[𝐻+]  −5.2 = log[𝐻+]  [𝐻 +] = 10−5.2
 [𝐻 +] = 6.3 × 10−6 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿
Juice
4.4 = − log[𝐻 +]  [𝐻 +] = 10−4.4  [𝐻 +] = 4 × 105 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿

Thus, the orange juice is 𝟔. 𝟑𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝑳 more acidic than coffee.

14. An earthquake with a magnitude of 5.4 is 39x as intense as an aftershock that occurs 5
hours later. Find the aftershocks magnitude.

𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 log 39
𝑀 = log(𝐼𝑜)  5.4 = log(𝐼𝑜)  5.4 = log 39 − log 𝑠  5.4 − 𝑥 = log 10
 5.4 − 𝑥 = 1.59  −𝑥 = 1.59 − 5.40  x = 3.81
15. The sound intensity of a jet intensity is 140dB while the sound intensity of a motorcycle
is 100dB. How much louder is a jet engine than a motorcycle?
𝐼1 𝐼1 𝐼1
10 log ( ) = 14.0  ( ) = 1014.0  I1 = Io × 1014.0 10 log( ) = 10
𝐼𝑜 𝐼𝑜 𝐼𝑜
14
𝐼2 𝐼2 𝐼𝑜 × 10
 = 1010  I2 = Io × 1010  = 1014 − 1010  104 = 10000
𝐼0 𝐼1 𝐼𝑜 × 1010

Thus, the sound of the jet engine is 10000 times more louder than the
motorcycle.

16. A new car is worth $18000 and depreciates at a rate of 8% per year.

a. In 4 years, the car will be worth 20000 : 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑖)𝑛 

A = 18000(1 − 0.08)4  A = 12895.07328 = 13000

b. The car will be worth half its value in 8 years:

9000 18000(0.92)𝑛 log 0.5
9000 = 18000(1 − 0.08)𝑛  = n= n = 8.3
18000 18000 log 0.92