DATTA MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AIROLI, NAVI MUMBAI

ENGINEERING MECHANICS LAB

Experiment No.

Name of Experiment Beam Reaction

Date of Performance

Date of Submission

Grade given
 EXPERIMENT NO.-

BEAM REACTION
AIM :-To verify the condition of equilibrium by finding reactions at the
support of a beam.

APPARATUS :- A Calibrated beam supported on The compression balance, weights,

and hangers.

DESCRIPTION :- It consists of a wooden beam having equivalent grooves across its

length at 10cm intervals. The beam is supported by 2 balances. The

distance of the weight from the support can be suitably adjusted.

The experimental values of the reaction can be directly known from

the balance.

THEORY : - The condition of the equilibrium are:

1) The algebraic sum of the horizontal components of all forces

must be zero.
2) The algebraic sum of vertical components of all forces
must be zero.
3) The algebraic sum of moment of all forces about any point
must be zero.
PROCEDURE :-

1. Study the working of the apparatus.

2. Note down the zero errors if any.

3. Note down the self–weight of the beam.

4. Apply weighs on hangers from left & hold down the position
from the left hand support.

5. Take five such readings carefully at different points,

different reading with different position of load.

6. Calculate reading on the support by applying condition of

equilibrium.
 OBSERVATIONS : -

1. Self weight of beam = _____________N.

2. Span of beam = ____________Cm.

3. Initial reading of left balance = _____________N.

4. Initial reading of right balance = ______________N.

5. C.G measured from L.H.S. = _____________ Cm.

6. Weight of the hanger = ______________ N.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

sr. no. Weight applied (N) Distance from Observed reading Calculated reading
L.H.S cm.
W1 W2 W3 X1 X2 X3 R1(N) R2(N) R1(N) R2(N)
1
2
3
4
5

CALCULATION :-

R2 = (W1X1 + W2X2 + W3X3) =

L

R1 =[ (W1+W2+W3) – R2] =
PRECAUTION :
1. The readings should be taken carefully.

2. The weighs should be added carefully.

CONCLUSION :

1. It is observed that the observed values

and calculated values are same.

2. It can be concluded that the experiment

Carried out is correct.
 DATTA MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AIROLI, NAVI MUMBAI

ENGINEERING MECHANICS LAB

Experiment No.
Link Polygon
Name of Experiment
Date of Performance
Date of Submission
Grade given
 EXPERIMENT NO.____

LINK POLYGON

AIM :- To find the reactions of the support of the beam by graphical

method by constructing the link polygon.

APPARATUS :- Link polygon apparatus, Weights, Hangers, Scales, Strings, etc.

THEORY :- Link polygon means solving the forces along such directions that
their components cancel each other, finally having only two
forces in the system. For equilibrium, link polygon must be
closed.

PROCEDURE :-

1) Carefully study the working of the apparatus.

2) Note down the initial reading on the balances.

3) Apply the weights at the different position on the links and note
down the distances from left hand support.

4) Note down the corrected readings from the balances.

5) Five such readings are taken.

6) Calculate the reaction in each case by graphical representation

method by constructing link polygon.

PRECAUTION :- 1) All readings should be taken carefully.

2) The weights should be added gently.

3) The distances should be accurately measured.

 OBSERVATIONS :-

1) Initial reading on left balances R1 = __________N.

2) Initial reading on right balances R2 = __________N.

3) Length of beam L = __________Cm.

OBSERVATION TABLE :-

Load (N) Distance from L.H.S. (cm) Corrected Reading

Sr.
R1 R2
No. W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5
(N.) (N.)
1
2
3
4
5

Calculated Reading (N) Value from graph (N)

R1 (N.) R2 (N.) R1 (N.) R2 (N.)

SAMPLE CALCULATION :-

FORMULA :-
R2 = W1X1 + W2X2 + W3X3 + W4X4 + W5X5
L

R1 = (W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 + W5) – R2
CONCLUSION :- The calculated values by Equilibrium equations and graphical
methods tally fairly with observed values at the support.
Hence the link polygon experiment is correct.
 DATTA MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AIROLI, NAVI MUMBAI

ENGINEERING MECHANICS LAB

Experiment No.

Name of Experiment Jib Crane

Date of Performance

Date of Submission

Grade given
 EXPERIMENT NO ____

JIB CRANE
AIM :- To Verify Lami’s theorem by finding the forces in the
Jib-crane.

APPRATUS :- Jib-crane apparatus consists of a vertical part, the chain, Compression jib,
weights, scale spring etc.

THEOREM :- Lami’s Theorem:

If three forces are acting on a system & if it is

Equilibrium, then these forces can be represented by
three sides of triangle & each force is proportional to the
sine of the angle between the remaining two forces.
PROCEDURE :-
1) Carefully study the working of apparatus.
2) Note down the error, if any on the spring balance.
3) Apply weights at the apex points using a hanger frame.
4) Note-down the readings on the spring balance.
5) Note down the length of vertical part, tie & jib as well as
horizontal balance.
6) Draw the space diagram of jib crane using suitable scale.
7) Measure the angles at the apex point from the diagram.

8) Using Lamin’s theorem find the forces in the jib & tie.
9) Draw the triangle of forces to suitable scale.
10) Find the forces in the jib & tie from the triangle of
forces by graphical method.

PRECAUTIONS :-
1) The initial readings should be taken carefully.
2) Measures the angles accurately.
 OBSERVATIONS:

1) Initial reading of tie = N.

2) Initial reading of jib balance = N.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Sr. Load ( N ) Length in Cm. Observed Reading Corrected

No. Reading
W JIB TIE POST JIB( N ) TIE( N ) JIB( N ) TIE
(N)
1
2
3
4
5

Sr. No. α β θ Value From Graph ( N)

JIB TIE
1
2
3
4
5

SAMPLE CALCULATION :- When W = _____ N.

W = T = J ;
Sin β sin α Sin θ

T= Tension in Tie = N.

J= Compression in Jib = N
CONCLUSION :- The experimental value of forces in the jib & tie are nearly
same as calculated from lami’s theorem & forces triangle.
Thus, Lami’s theorem is verified.
 DATTA MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AIROLI, NAVI MUMBAI

ENGINEERING MECHANICS LAB

Experiment No.

Name of Experiment Friction

Date of Performance

Date of Submission

Grade given
 EXPERIMENT NO.-

FRICTION

AIM :- To find the co-efficient of friction between_________ and ________

surface using inclined plane.

APPARATUS :- Inclined plane, apparatus with wooden surface with arrangement

to try and measure angle of inclination at any disc reed portion,
trolley with wooden base, weight pan, spirit level1.
THEORY :- Co-efficient of friction :-
It is the ratio of limiting friction to normal reaction.
Angle of response :-
It is the angle made by the inclined plane with horizontal, when
the body just starts moving down the plance.
Cone of friction :-
It is the cone generated by a line making an angle equal to
angle of friction with normal surface of contact having its value in
the surface.
PROCEDURE :- 1) Working of apparatus is carefully studied.
2) Plane is made horizontal with the help of spirit level and reading
on pan is noted.
3) Weight of trolley and pan are noted down.
4) Plane is inclined at an angle ‘θ’.
5) Same weights are kept in trolley; keep it loosely on any individual
point.
6) String is taken over pulley and pan is attached at other end.
7) Weights are put on the pan till trolley just starts moving.
8) Three such different readings are taken with different angle of
inclination.
9) String is detached from trolley and angle of inclination of plane is
slowly increased till just pulley moves down the plane.
10) Angle of repose is noted down.
11) Co-efficient of friction is calculated using Formula
µ= (P – Wsin θ)
W cos θ

PRECAUTION :- 1) Weights should be gently added.

2) String should be parallel to inclined plane and accordingly the
pulley should be adjusted.
 OBSERVATIONS :-

1) Self weight of the trolley = -----------‘N’

2) Self weight of the pan = _______‘N’

OBSERVATION TABLE :-

Angle of W = weight P= weight

in trolley + of pan + µ= (P – Wsin θ) =
Sr. No. Inclination Average µ
θ weight in (N) weight in W cos θ
it (N) it
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS :-

µ= (P – Wsin θ) =
W cos θ
CONCLUSION :- Average value of co-efficient of friction between________ and
________surface is ___________
 DATTA MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AIROLI, NAVI MUMBAI

ENGINEERING MECHANICS LAB

Experiment No.
Simple Pendulum
Name of Experiment
Date of Performance
Date of Submission
Grade given
 EXPERIMENT NO.____

SIMPLE PENDULUM

AIM :- To determine time period of oscillation ‘T’ and acceleration due

to gravity ‘g’ by using simple pendulum.

APPARATUS :- Pendulum bob, stand, split cork, stop watch, thread, meter scale.

PROCEDURE :- 1) Measure the radius of the given sample pendulum.

2) Tie a long thread to the hook of the pendulum bob. The tread is
passed through a split cork fixed in the clamp. Thus, the
pendulum is suspended.
3) Measure the length of the string from the point of suspension up to
the surface of the bob, using a scale. Let it be ‘|’ cm.
4) Displace the pendulum bob, from its position of rest through a
small angle and release it. The bob will start oscillating.
5) Start the stopwatch when the bob comes to the middle position and
stop it when the bob comes to the same position in the same
direction 20th times. This gives the time for 20 oscillations.
6) Repeat the procedure and take 2 more readings for same length.
Find the mean time, from that calculate periodic time.
7) Find mean L / T2. Calculate ‘g’ from these observations and also
find slope of graph (‘ℓ’) against T2.
 OBSERVATIONS :-

r = radius of pendulum = m.
s = distance from center of pendulum to
length of end of thread = m.
ℓ = length of thread = m.
L = ℓ + s = m.
g = acceleration due to gravity = m/sec2
(for calculation purpose)
(Assume

OBSERVATION TABLE :-

Periodic
Periodic time ‘T’ by
Length
Length Mean t time ‘g’ from formula
of
Sr. of Time for 20 = from Expt. = 4 (g=9.81
pendulu L
No thread oscillations t1+t2+t3 Expt T T2 2 (L) assume) T
m L = (ℓ T2
. ‘ℓ’
+ s)
(sec) 3 = t. T2 = 2 √L
(m) (sec) 20 (m/sec2) 9.81
(m)
(sec)
(sec)
RESULT :- i) Acceleration due to gravity by experiment =
ii) Acceleration due to gravity by graph =
iii) Periodic time ‘T’ from experiment =
iv) Periodic time ‘T’ from formula =
CONCLUSION :- The acceleration due to gravity by experimental & by graph are
same, so the experiment is correct.
 DATTA MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AIROLI, NAVI MUMBAI

ENGINEERING MECHANICS LAB

Experiment No.

Name of Experiment Fly-Wheel

Date of Performance

Date of Submission

Grade given
 EXPERIMENT NO.-

FLY WHEEL

AIM : To determine experimentally, the moment of inertia of a

flywheel and shaft & compare the result with calculated
values.

APPARATUS : Cast-Iron flywheel mounted on a steel shaft & running in

ball bearings, light cord, hanger, small weights, tape and
stop- watch.

PROCEDURE : 1) Loop the chord around the pin on the shaft & attach the
free end to the hanger, the latter resting on the floor of
the flywheel.
2) Place a small weight on the hanger & rotate the flywheel
by hand through a convenient number of revolutions,
taking care to avoid double coiling of the cord on the
shaft.
3) Measure the height of the base of the hanger from the
floor and place a reference mark on the rim of the
flywheel, thus enabling the no. of subsequent revolutions
to be counted.
4) Release the wheel allowing the weight to descend to the
floor level & with the help of stop-watch, count the total
time for which the flywheel is in motion from start to
stop position. Also count the total no. of revolutions
made.
5) Determine the moment of inertial of flywheel by
Substituting in the formula & compare the values
Obtained by calculations.
THEORY : Let

W = Weight of hanger and load

h = vertical distance between weight & floor
R = radius of the shaft
N = total no. of revolutions of flywheel till the end
n = no. of revolutions of flywheel till the touch of hanger
to ground level
F = Equivalent frictional force at shaft reading radius
t = total time of motion of flywheel & shaft
ω = angular velocity of flywheel & shaft
v = linear velocity of hanger & load at attachment
Ө = 2ПN

ωt/2 = 2ПN
ω = 4ПN/t

P.E lost by ‘ω’ = (Total friction work in “N” rev. + K.E of ‘ω’ at detachment)
Therefore Wh = F(2ПRN) + W(v)2 /2g
But, v = Rω
Therefore, F = [ Wh - W(v)2 /2g ]/ (2ПRN)

F = [ Wh - W(Rω)2 /2g ]/ (2ПRN)

Work done against friction in

(N-n) revolutions = K.E of flywheel & shaft at detachment

Therefore Fx2ПRN(N-n) = Iω2

Therefore I = 2Fx2ПR(N-n)/ ω2
Mean I = 4FПR(N-n)/ ω2
Where F = [ Wh - W(Rω)2 /2g ]/ (2ПRN)
OBSERVATION TABLE :

Sr. h= W = ‘N’ ‘n’ ‘t’ ω =

No. height Wt. of = F = I=
of pan hanger Rev. Rev. total (4ПN/t)
from + Wt. Tim [Wh -W(Rω)2/2g ]
G.L in it e ______________ 4FПR(N-n)
in (2ПRN) _________
sec. ω2

Observations:
Wt. of Pan =
Diameter of Flywheel ( D1 ) =
Width of flywheel ( b1 ) =
Diameter of shaft ( D4) =
Length of shaft ( L) =
Density of steel =
W1 = Weight of Flywheel without shaft = П [ D12 - D22 ]xLxDensity/4 =
W2 = Weight of shaft = П [D22 ]xLxDensity/4 =
Calculations:
I1 = Mass Moment of Inertial of flywheel excluding shaft = W1x[ D12 - D22 ] /8g=
I2 = Mass Moment of Inertial of shaft = [W2xD42 ] /8g=
I = I1+ I2 = Total Mass Moment of Inertia of flywheel & shaft=
CONCLUSION: From the above experiment, it is observed that the Moment of
Inertia of flywheel & shaft is same as that of theoretical values.
 DATTA MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AIROLI, NAVI MUMBAI

ENGINEERING MECHANICS LAB

Experiment No.

Name of Experiment Coplanar,

Concurrent Forces System

Date of Performance

Date of Submission

Grade given
 EXPT. NO.__

POLYGON LAW OF COPLANAR FORCES

(CONCURRENT)

AIM:- To verify the conditions of equilibrium of a coplanar concurrent

force system and to find the resultant of the force system when
other forces are known.
APPARATUS:- Polygon of Force Apparatus, Weights, Strings, Drawing Paper
and Mirror Piece.
THEORY:- The Conditions of equilibrium of coplanar concurrent force
system is given by the equations as
∑FX = 0

∑FY = 0
Where ∑FX and ∑FY are the sum of Horizontal and
vertical components of the given forces along the ‘X’ and ‘Y’ axis
respectively.

PROCEDURE:-
1)Fix a Drawing sheet on the Board. Make a knot of 5 strings and
pass 4 of the 5 strings over the pulleys mounted on the board.Load
them with weights. To the other end of the fifth string , tie a pan
and add some known weight to it till the system attains equilibrium
position in a particular direction.
2)Since all the five strings are meeting at the knot, we can say that
Tensile forces in the strings are concurrent and they are in
equilibrium. With the help of pencil, make the directions of the
forces and centre point of the force system on the paper.
3)Remove the drawing paper and make ‘X’ and ‘Y’ axis at the point
of concurrency. Calculate the angles made by the forces with
respect to X axis. Resolve all the forces along X and Y axis
and calculate ∑FX and ∑FY , which should be equal to zero
for a perfect case of equilibrium. Repeat the procedure by
changing the weights in all the 5 directions.

4) A force polygon is drawn with all the five concurrent

forces. Ideally, a closed polygon is to be obtained, if there is no
error.
5) With the help of above information, calculate fifth force by
knowing the four forces, which is nothing but a Resultant to the
four forces in magnitude and direction.
 OBSERVATION TABLE :

ANGLE
MADE FX FY
BY THE = ∑ Fx = ∑ FY
SET FORCE FORCE (FCOSӨ) (FSIN Ө)
NO. MAGNITUDE WITH
(N.) X-Axis
‘Ө’

F1 Ө1=

F2 Ө2=
I
F3 Ө3=

F4 Ө4=

F5 Ө5=
F1 Ө1=

F2 Ө2=

II F3 Ө3=

F4 Ө4=

F5 Ө5=

Resultant of Four Forces:

Resultant of the four forces i.e F1, F2, F3 and F4 is given by the equation as

R= F5 = √Rx²+ Ry² , where

Rx = (F1COSӨ1 + F 1COSӨ2 + F 1COSӨ3 + F 1COSӨ4 )

Ry = (F 1sinӨ1+ F 1sinӨ2 + F 1sinӨ3 + F 1sinӨ4)

F5= √Rx²+ Ry² =

SAMPLE CALCULATION:-

F1 =
F2 =
F3 =
F4 =
F5 =

Ө1=
Ө2=
Ө3=
Ө4=
Ө5=

∑Fx =

∑FY =
RESULT :- The conditions of equilibrium of coplanar concurrent force system
is verified, as the error is very low and negligible.
 DATTA MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AIROLI, NAVI MUMBAI

ENGINEERING MECHANICS LAB

Experiment No.

Name of Experiment COPLANAR NON-CONCURRENT, NON-

PARALLEL FORCE SYSTEM

Date of Performance

Date of Submission

Grade given
 EXPT.NO.-

COPLANAR NON-CONCURRENT, NON-PARALLEL FORCE SYSTEM

AIM:- To verify the conditions of equilibrium of a Coplanar

Non-Concurrent, Non- Parallel force system and to find the
Error, if any .
APPARATUS:- Polygon of Force Apparatus, Drawing Sheet, Rectangular
Card Board, Drawing Pins, Torchlight and Weights .
THEORY:- The Conditions of Equilibrium of a Coplanar Non-
Concurrent, Non- Parrallel force system is given by the
Equations

∑Fx =0; ∑Fy=0; ∑M=0,

Where ∑Fx is the sum of Horizontal Components of the given force

system,
∑Fy is the sum of Vertical Components of the given force system
and
∑M is the sum of Moment of all the given forces about any
convenient point.
PROCEDURE:-

Fix a drawing sheet on the board. Four strings are attached to the four corners of a
Rectangular Cardboard and the fifth is attached to the centre of it. The other ends of the
strings are connected to the four corners of the Cardboard taken through the smooth pulleys
and known weights are attached to them.Tie a pan to the free end of the fifth string
(Vertical) and add weights to it till the cardboard comes to equilibrium at a convenient
position.
Note the direction of all the four forces acting on the cardboard.Choose the direction of the
string attached to the pan as Y-axis and draw the line perpendicular to it as the X-axis
passing through the center point as ‘O’. Extend the lines of action of the forces to meet the
X-axis and resolve all the forces acting at the position in ‘X’ and ‘Y’ directions. Note down
the distances of the forces from the point ‘O’.
Calculate the sum of all the horizontal components as ∑Fx and sum of all the
vertical components as ∑Fy. Mathematically, ∑Fx and ∑Fy must be zero for the
equilibrium.There could be minor error, if any.
Similarly, calculate the Moment of all the horizontal and vertical components
of the forces about point ‘O’.This should be equal to ∑M=0. There could be some minor
error, if any. Draw the force Polygon. Ideally, it should be a closed figure, without any error.
 OBSERVATION TABLE

MO
=
DISTANCE FX FY (Moment
ANGLE OF = = ∑FY Abount ∑MO
SET NAME FORCE FORCE (FCOSӨ) ∑Fx (FSIN Ө) Point ‘O’)
OF WITH FROM
NO. FORCE POINT’O’
(N.) X-AXIS IN CLOCK- ANTI-
X- WISE CLOCK-
‘Ө’ DIRECTIO MOMEN WISE
N T MOMEN
(CM.) T
(N-Cm.) (N-Cm.)
F1 Ө1=

F2 Ө2=

F3 Ө3=
I
F4 Ө4=

F5 Ө5=
F1 Ө1=

F2 Ө2=

F3 Ө3=

F4 Ө4=
II
F5 Ө5=

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:-
F1 = ; Ө1=

F2 = ; Ө2=

F3 = ; Ө3=

F4 = ; Ө4=

F5 = ; Ө5=

∑Fx = ; ∑FY = ; ∑ MO=

RESULT:- The conditions of equilibrium for Non-Concurrent, Non- Parallell forces is
verified and the error, if any is found to be negligible as per the calculations.
 DATTA MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AIROLI, NAVI MUMBAI

ENGINEERING MECHANICS LAB

Experiment No.

Name of Experiment BELL-CRANK LEVER

Date of Performance
Date of Submission
Grade given
 EXPERIMENT NO.__

BELL-CRANK LEVER
Aim : To determine balancing moment about hinged center of Bell Crank Lever.

Apparatus: Bell Crank Lever, Scale, Different weights set

Theory : To balance rotational motion of body, we have to apply an equal and opposite
moment of same magnitude at the same point. For equilibrium, total clockwise
moment should be equal to anti-clockwise moment.

Formula : 1. ∑M=0
2. (W)x(X) = (TxY)

From the above equation, T = [(W)x(X)]/ (Y) = __ N.

Procedure :

i. Set the Bell- crank lever using the pointer.

ii. Note down the initial reading of spring balance.
iii. Apply some load(weight) at a distance “X’ from “O”.
iv. By rotating the handle, bring it to initial position.
v. Note down the final reading of spring balance.
vi. The difference between final and initial values of spring balance, will give
experimental tension.
vii. Calculate the tension analytically also, by using the above formula.
viii. Compare the answers of experimental and analytical method.
ix. Both the values should be the same.

Result : The difference in values of experimental and analytical method is negligible or

equal to zero.

Conclusion : As the values of experimental and analytical method is equal, it can be concluded
that ,it has satisfied one of the equilibrium equation ∑M=0.