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‫ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬

‫ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻬﺯﺍﺯﻱ‬.‫ﺩ‬/ ‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
INTRODUCTION

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‫ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬

‫ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻬﺯﺍﺯﻱ‬.‫ﺩ‬/ ‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
Introduction
‫اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿﺔ ھﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻔﺮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء اﻟﺬي ﯾﮭﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺤ ﺪث ﺗﺤ ﺖ ﺗ ﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﯿ ﺎر اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑ ﻲ أو ﺑ ﺴﺒﯿﻞ إﻧﺘ ﺎج اﻟﺘﯿ ﺎر اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑ ﻲ‬
.(١ ‫)ﺷﻜﻞ‬

Fig. 1 : Summery of the terminology used in voltaic cells.

Oxidation occurs at the anode, and reduction occurs at the
cathode. Electrons move from the negative electrode (anode) to
the positive electrode (cathode) through the external wire. The
electrical circuit is completed in the solution by the movement of
ions-anions move from the salt bridge compartment to the anode
compartment, and cations move from the salt bridge
compartment to the cathode compartment. The compartments can
be separated either by a salt bridge or a porous barrier.

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ‪/‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻬﺯﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿ ﺎء اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿ ﺔ أﺣ ﺪ ﻓ ﺮوع اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿ ﺎء اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿ ﺔ وﺗﻠﻌ ﺐ دوراً ھﺎﻣ ﺎً ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮم واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻋﻤﻠﯿ ﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﯿ ﻞ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿ ﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﯾ ﺪة واﻟﻤﻨﺘ ﺸﺮة اﻹﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ﻓ ﻲ ﻛﺎﻓ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮات‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬أﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﻘﯿ ﺎس اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺠ ﺎل اﻟﻄ ﺐ‪ ،‬اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳ ﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺒﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿ ﺎ وﻏﯿﺮھ ﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮم ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺎت ﻛﮭﺮوﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﻜﮭﺮوﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﯿﺔ واﻟﻐﯿﺮ ﻋﻜ ﺴﯿﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﯾ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘ ﺎت اﻟ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﮭﺎﻣ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜ ﻞ اﻟﺘﺮﺳ ﯿﺐ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑ ﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻘﯿ ﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﯾ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤ ﻀﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﺪﯾ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒ ﺎت اﻟﻌ ﻀﻮﯾﺔ واﻟﻐﯿ ﺮ ﻋ ﻀﻮﯾﺔ وﻛ ﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات‪ ،‬اﻟﻄﻼء اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٤‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٥‬اﻧﺘﺎج وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد ﺑﺄﻧﻮاﻋﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت‬
‫ﻋﺪﯾﺪة‪.‬‬
‫وﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﺎھﻢ ﺑﻔﺎﻋﻠﯿﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﻞ ﻣ ﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺑﯿﺌﺔ ﺻ ﺤﯿﺔ‬
‫وﻧﻈﯿﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ‬
‫§ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻏﻤﺮ ﻟﻮﺣﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻠﺰﯾﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯿﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻨﺤ ﺎس )‪ (Cu‬واﻟﺨﺎرﺻ ﯿﻦ )‪(Zn‬‬

‫ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻟﯿ ﻞ أﻣﻼﺣﮭﻤ ﺎ )ﺷ ﻜﻞ ‪ ،(٤-٢‬اﻟﻨﺤ ﺎس ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺤﻠ ﻮل ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘ ﺎت اﻟﻨﺤ ﺎس‬
‫)‪ (CuSO4‬واﻟﺨﺎرﺻ ﯿﻦ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺤﻠ ﻮل ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘ ﺎت اﻟﺨﺎرﺻ ﯿﻦ )‪،(ZnSO4‬‬
‫وﯾﻔ ﺼﻞ ﺑ ﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠ ﻮﻟﯿﻦ ﺣ ﺎﺟﺰ ﻣ ﺴﺎﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺛ ﻢ وﺻ ﻞ اﻟﻠ ﻮﺣﯿﻦ ﺑ ﺴﻠﻚ ﻓﻠ ﺰي‬
‫وﺿ ﻌﺖ ﺗﺤﺘ ﮫ إﺑ ﺮة ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿ ﺴﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨ ﺎ ﻧﻼﺣ ﻆ أن ھ ﺬه اﻹﺑ ﺮة ﺗﻨﺤ ﺮف دﻻﻟ ﺔ‬

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‫ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬

‫ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻬﺯﺍﺯﻱ‬.‫ﺩ‬/ ‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬

‫ وﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺤ ﻮل‬،‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮور ﺗﯿﺎر ﻛﮭﺮﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬
‫ﻓﯿﮭ ﺎ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿ ﺔ اﻟ ﻰ ﻃﺎﻗ ﺔ ﻛﮭﺮﺑﯿ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻠﯿ ﺔ اﻟﺠﻠﻔﺎﻧﯿ ﺔ‬
.(Galvanic Cell)

Fig. 2 : Practical setup of the galvanic cell described in above

figure. Note the U tube (salt bridge) connecting the two beakers.
When the concentrations of ZnSO4 and CuSO4 are 1 molar (1 M)
at 25 C, the cell voltage is 1.10 V.

Fig. 3 : The cell potential is measured with an electronic

voltmeter, a device that draws negligible current so that the
composition of the cell does not change during the measurement.
The display shows a positive value when the (+) terminal of the
meter is connected to the cathode of the galvanic cell.

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ‪/‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻬﺯﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫‪ZnSO4‬‬
‫‪CuSO4‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(٤‬‬

‫وﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷن اﻟﺨﺎرﺻﯿﻦ أﺳﺒﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺤﺎس ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﮭﺮوﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿ ﺔ )ﺟﮭ ﺪه‬

‫اﻹﺧﺘﺰاﻟ ﻲ أﻛﺜ ﺮ ﺳ ﺎﻟﺒﯿﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻨﺤ ﺎس وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻟﺨﺎرﺻ ﯿﻦ أﻛﺜ ﺮ ﻧ ﺸﺎﻃﺎً(‪،‬‬
‫وﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻟﺨﺎرﺻﯿﻦ أﺳﮭﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺤﺎس ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻣﻦ ذرات ﻓﻠﺰﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎدﻟﺔ إﻟﻰ أﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﮭﺮب )‪) (Zn2+‬أﻛﺴﺪة ‪ -‬ذوﺑﺎن( ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﺮﺳﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤ ﺎس )ﺗﺨﺘ ﺰل أﯾﻮﻧ ﺎت اﻟﻨﺤ ﺎس اﻟ ﻰ ذرات ﻣﺘﻌﺎدﻟ ﺔ ﻛﮭﺮﺑﯿ ﺎً( ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻗﻄ ﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤ ﺎس )ﺷ ﻜﻞ ‪ ،(٥‬وﯾﻌﻨ ﻲ ذﻟ ﻚ ﺣ ﺪوث ﺗﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ ﻛﯿﻤﯿ ﺎﺋﻲ ﯾﻨ ﺘﺞ ﻋﻨ ﮫ اﻧﻄ ﻼق‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﺪ اﻟﻔﺮﺻ ﺔ ﻟﻜ ﻲ ﺗﺘﺤ ﻮل إﻟ ﻰ ﻃﺎﻗ ﺔ ﻛﮭﺮﺑﯿ ﺔ ﺗﻤ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ اﻟﺮاﺑﻂ ﺑ ﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﺤ ﺎس واﻟﺨﺎرﺻ ﯿﻦ‪ .‬وﯾ ﺴﺘﺪل ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤ ﺮور ﺑ ﺎﻻﻧﺤﺮاف‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎدث ﻓﻲ اﺗﺠﺎه اﻹﺑﺮة اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Zn(s) ‬‬
‫‪→ Zn 2+ (aq) + 2e‬‬ ‫‪oxidation‬‬
‫‪Cu 2+ (aq) + 2e ‬‬
‫)‪→ Cu(s‬‬ ‫‪reduction‬‬
‫___________ ________________________________________‬
‫‪Zn(s) + Cu 2+ (aq) ‬‬
‫)‪→ Zn 2+ (aq) + Cu(s‬‬ ‫‪overall reaction‬‬

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‫ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬

‫ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻬﺯﺍﺯﻱ‬.‫ﺩ‬/ ‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬

Fig. 5 :
a) A strip of zinc metal is immersed in an aqueous copper sulfate
solution. The redox reaction takes place at the metal-solution
interface and directly transfers two electrons from Zn atoms to
Cu2+ ions.
b) As time passes, a dark colored deposit of copper metal appears
on the zinc, and the blue color due to Cu2+(aq) fades from the
solution.

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ‪/‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻬﺯﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫§ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ‬

‫ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻤ ﺮر ﺗﯿ ﺎر ﻛﮭﺮﺑ ﻲ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣ ﺼﺪر ﺧ ﺎرﺟﻲ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺤﻠ ﻮل ﻣ ﻦ ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘ ﺎت‬

‫اﻟﻨﺤ ﺎس)‪ (CuSO4‬ﻣﻐﻤ ﻮر ﻓﯿ ﮫ ﻟﻮﺣ ﺎن ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻨﺤ ﺎس )ﺧﻠﯿ ﺔ ﺗﺤﻠﯿ ﻞ ﻛﮭﺮﺑ ﻲ‬
‫ﺷ ﻜﻞ ‪ (٦‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨ ﺎ ﻧﻼﺣ ﻆ أن اﻟﻨﺤ ﺎس اﻟﻤﺘ ﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄ ﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﺐ ﯾ ﺬوب‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤ ﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺘﺮﺳ ﺐ اﻟﻨﺤ ﺎس ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻘﻄ ﺐ اﻟ ﺴﺎﻟﺐ‪ .‬وﯾ ﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻘﻄ ﺐ اﻟ ﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻤ ﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰي ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮد )‪ (cathode‬وﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻤﮭﺒﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤ ﺎ ﯾ ﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻄ ﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻤ ﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿ ﺰي ﺑ ﺎﻵﻧﻮد )‪ (anode‬وﺑﺎﻟﻤ ﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﻌﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(٦‬‬

‫• ﺳﻤﯿﺖ اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﯿﻮﻧﺎت )‪ (cations‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ أﻧﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ وﺟﻮد ﻣﺠﺎل ﻛﮭﺮﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺠﮫ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ )اﻟﻤﮭﺒﻂ( اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮد )‪ (cathode‬ﻓﺆﺧﺬت ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺤﺮوف‬
‫اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ )‪ (cat‬وأﺿﯿﻒ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ أﯾﻮن )‪ (ion‬ﻓﺼﺎر اﻷﯾﻮن اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ اﻟﺘﻜﮭﺮب ﯾﻌﺮف‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺗﯿﻮن )‪.(cation‬‬
‫• ﺳﻤﯿﺖ اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻷﻧﯿﻮﻧ ﺎت )‪ (anions‬ﺑ ﺴﺒﺐ أﻧﮭ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ وﺟ ﻮد ﻣﺠ ﺎل ﻛﮭﺮﺑ ﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺠ ﮫ ﻧﺤ ﻮ اﻟﻘﻄ ﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﺐ )اﻟﻤ ﺼﻌﺪ( اﻟﻤﻌ ﺮوف ﺑ ﺎﻵﻧﻮد )‪ (anode‬ﻓﺄﺧ ﺬ ﻣﻨ ﮫ اﻟﺤﺮﻓ ﺎن‬
‫اﻷوﻻن )‪ (an‬وأﺿ ﯿﻒ ﻣﻘﻄ ﻊ أﯾ ﻮن )‪ (ion‬ﻓ ﺼﺎر اﻷﯾ ﻮن اﻟ ﺴﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﺘﻜﮭ ﺮب ﯾﻌ ﺮف‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻧﯿﻮن )‪.(anion‬‬

‫)‪(21‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ‪/‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻬﺯﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫وﺳﺒﺐ ذوﺑﺎن اﻟﻤﺼﻌﺪ )اﻟﻨﺤﺎس اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ‪ (Cu‬وﺗﺮﺳﺐ اﻟﻨﺤ ﺎس ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤﮭ ﺒﻂ‬

‫)اﻟﻨﺤﺎس اﻷﯾﻮﻧﻲ‪ (Cu2+‬ھﻮ أن ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﻨﺤﺎس)‪ (CuSO4‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﻠ ﺢ‬
‫واﻷﻣ ﻼح ﺗﻜ ﻮن ﻋ ﺎدة إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻟﯿﺘ ﺎت ﻗﻮﯾ ﺔ )‪ (strong electrolyte‬أي أﻧﮭ ﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻜ ﻮن ﺗﺎﻣ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﺄﯾﻦ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿ ﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺘ ﺄﯾﻦ ﻓ ﻲ ھ ﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ أﯾﻮﻧ ﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤ ﺎس ﻣﻮﺟﺒ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﮭ ﺮب )‪ (Cu2+‬وأﯾﻮﻧ ﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺘ ﺎت ﺳ ﺎﻟﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﮭ ﺮب‬
‫) ‪. ( SO 2-4‬‬

‫‪CuSO4 (s) ‬‬

‫‪H 2O‬‬
‫ذوﺑ ﺎن‬
‫‪→ CuSO4 (aq) ‬‬
‫ﺄﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
‫)‪→ Cu 2+ (aq) + SO42- (aq‬‬

‫وﺗﺤﺖ ﺗ ﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﯿ ﺎر اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑ ﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺎر ﻓﺈﻧ ﮫ ﯾﺤ ﺪث ﺗﺠ ﺎذب إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﺳ ﺘﺎﺗﯿﻜﻲ ﺑ ﯿﻦ‬
‫أﯾﻮﻧ ﺎت اﻟﻨﺤ ﺎس اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﮭ ﺮب)‪ (Cu2+‬واﻟﻘﻄ ﺐ اﻟ ﺴﺎﻟﺐ )اﻟﻤﮭ ﺒﻂ( ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺣﯿ ﺔ‪ ،‬وھﻨ ﺎك ﺗﺘﻌ ﺎدل وﺗﻔﻘ ﺪ ﺷ ﺤﻨﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿ ﺔ وﺗﺘﺤ ﻮل ﻣ ﻦ أﯾ ﻮن ﻣﻮﺟ ﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﮭﺮب إﻟﻰ ذرة ﻧﺤﺎس ﻣﺘﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (Cu‬ﺗﺘﺮﺳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﮭﺒﻂ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Cu 2+ (aq) + 2e ‬‬

‫)‪→ Cu(s‬‬ ‫‪reduction‬‬

‫وﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ أﺧﺮى ﯾﺤﺪث ﺗﺠﺎذب اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﺳﺘﺎﺗﯿﻜﻲ ﺑﯿﻦ أﯾﻮن اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت ) ‪(SO‬‬
‫‪2-‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫واﻟﻘﻄ ﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﺐ )اﻟﻤ ﺼﻌﺪ(‪ ،‬وھﻨ ﺎك ﺗﺘﻌ ﺎدل وﺗﺘﺤ ﻮل ﻣ ﻦ أﯾ ﻮن ﺳ ﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻜﮭﺮب إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﮭ ﺮب واﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻘ ﻮى‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺣﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻧﻔ ﺮاد ﻓﺘﮭ ﺎﺟﻢ ﻣ ﺎدة اﻟﻤ ﺼﻌﺪ ﻟﺘﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﻦ ﺟﺪﯾ ﺪ ﻣﻠ ﺢ‬
‫)‪ (CuSO4‬وﻋﻠ ﻰ ذﻟ ﻚ ﯾ ﺴﻔﺮ اﻧﺘﻘ ﺎل اﻟﺘﯿ ﺎر اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑ ﻲ ﺧ ﻼل اﻟﻤﺤﻠ ﻮل ﻋ ﻦ‬
‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﺎدة اﻟﻨﺤﺎس ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ )اﻟﻤﺼﻌﺪ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤ ﺪث ﻋﻨ ﺪه اﻷﻛ ﺴﺪة‬
‫أو اﻟ ﺬوﺑﺎن( إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﻘﻄ ﺐ اﻟ ﺴﺎﻟﺐ )اﻟﻤﮭ ﺒﻂ اﻟ ﺬي ﯾﺤ ﺪث ﻋﻨ ﺪه اﻹﺧﺘ ﺰال أو‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ‪/‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻬﺯﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺳﯿﺐ( وﯾﺘﻀﺢ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ وزن اﻟﻤﺼﻌﺪ وﺗﺰاﯾﺪ وزن اﻟﻤﮭﺒﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫ﯾﻈ ﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﯿ ﺰ اﻟﻤﺤﻠ ﻮل ﺛﺎﺑﺘ ﺎً ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻓ ﺮض أﻧ ﮫ ﻟ ﯿﺲ ھﻨ ﺎك أي ﺗﻔ ﺎﻋﻼت‬
‫ﻛﮭﺮوﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿ ﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﯿ ﺔ ﺗﺤ ﺪث )ﻣﺜ ﻞ ﺗﺤﻠ ﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺎء* اﻟ ﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗ ﮫ ﻣ ﻦ أﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ‬
‫وھﯿ ﺪروﺟﯿﻦ وذﻟ ﻚ إذا ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ اﻟﻘ ﻮة اﻟﺪاﻓﻌ ﺔ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺷ ﺪة اﻟﺘﯿ ﺎر ﯾ ﺴﻤﺤﺎن‬
‫ﺑ ﺬﻟﻚ( وﻣﺜ ﻞ ﺗﻠ ﻚ اﻟﺨﻠﯿ ﺔ ﺗ ﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺨﻠﯿ ﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿ ﻞ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑ ﻲ‬
‫)‪.(electrolytic cell‬‬

‫* ﯾﺘﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﺾ ﺑﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺘﯿﻚ ﻛﮭﺮﺑﯿﺎً وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2H 2O (L) ‬‬
‫‪→ O 2 (g) ↑ + 4H + (aq) + 4e‬‬ ‫‪oxidation‬‬
‫‪4H (aq) + 4e ‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫↑ )‪→ H 2 (g‬‬ ‫‪reduction‬‬
‫____________________________________________________‬
‫‪2H 2O(L) ‬‬
‫↑ )‪→ O 2 (g) ↑ + H 2 (g‬‬ ‫‪overall reaction‬‬

‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء أن ﯾﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ أو ﯾﺨﺘﺰل ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻟﯿﺘﻲ وﯾﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬
‫أو اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻹﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻟﯿﺘﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2H 2 O (L) ‬‬
‫‪→ O2 (g) ↑ + 4H+ (aq) + 4e‬‬ ‫‪oxidation‬‬
‫‪2H 2 O (L) + O2 + 4e ‬‬
‫)‪→ 4OH- (aq‬‬ ‫‪reduction‬‬

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