Diesel Engine Applications for Evaluation of

Performance and Emission Behavior of Biodiesel

from Different Oil Stocks
Rasim Behcet,a Hu _
€seyin Aydın,b Cumali Ilkılıç, c _
Bahattin Işcan, b
and Selman Aydınd
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, I_n€on€u University, Malatya, Turkey
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Batman University, Batman, Turkey; huseyyinaydin@gmail.com (for correspondence)
c
Department of Automotive Engineering, Fırat University, Elazıg, Turkey
d
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hakkari University, Hakkari, Turkey
Published online 00 Month 2014 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ep.12045

Extensive researches on alternative fuels have been car-
ried out since the fossil-based fuels are limited. Many of these
studies have ever been on the usability of vegetable oils in
diesel engines. In the current work, biodiesel were produced
from waste fish oil (FOB), hazelnut oil (HOB), rapeseed oil
(ROB), and waste cooking oil (WCOB) by transesterification
method. The same optimized variables of 6:1 methanol/oil
molar ratio (mol/mol), 0.4% sodium methoxide concentra-
tion (wt.%), 60 C reaction temperature, 1000 rpm agitation
speed and 2 h reaction time conditions were performed for
biodiesel production from all kinds of above mentioned oils.
Some of the important chemical and physical properties of
test fuels were found. Without making blends with diesel
fuel, pure biodiesels were used in a diesel engine in order to
clarify how their usage effects on engine performance and
exhaust emission parameters. When compared with those of
diesel fuel, average torque and power were reduced while
brake specific fuel consumption was increased for biodiesels.
Besides, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) emis-
sions were considerably lower for biodiesel usage while
oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions were higher than that of
diesel fuel. Furthermore, emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2)
and smoke opacity were reduced for biodiesel usage. Oxygen
(O2) contained in the exhaust gases were higher for biodie-
sels while they contain more oxygen molecules in their struc-
ture. VC 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Environ Prog, 00: 000–000, 2014
Keywords: biodiesel, diesel engine, emissions, engine
performance
INTRODUCTION
The energy need in the world is rapidly increasing day by
day as a result of technological development. Therefore,
more and more fuel is required today. Besides, environmen-
tal and air pollution that caused by energy processing sys-
tems is becoming one of the main concerns for mankind.
Therefore, both fuel depletion and emission concerns are
driving more studies to be done on finding new, alternative
and clean energy sources. Biodiesel which is produced from
C 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers
V a diesel engine using neat rapeseed oil and its blends of 5%,
vegetable oils, animal fats or from wastes of both sources is
considered to be one of the alternative fuel sources.
Many researchers have reported that the use of pure veg-
etable oils in unmodified diesel engines can cause various
engine related problems such as severe engine deposits,
injector coking, and piston ring sticking due to their high vis-
cosity and low volatility as reported by Meher et al. [1] and
Barnwal et al. [2]. Therefore, the viscosity of vegetable oils
should be reduced before using them as fuel in diesel
engines. Biodiesel as an alternative fuel is produced from
organic sources such as vegetable oils or animal fats by using
transesterification reaction which is known as a chemical
process in order to reduce viscosity of oils. The sources for
biodiesel production are primarily vegetable oils and animal
fats. Most important of these sources are rapeseed oil, canola
oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, palm oil, beef
and tallow oil. The waste fats and oils of domestic, commer-
cial and industrial processing can also be used as feedstock,
as reported by Fukuda et al. [3]. Besides, various oils have
been in use in different countries for biodiesel production
owing to its local availability as reported by Demirbaş [4].
Most current studies have reported on engine performance
and emissions from biodiesel produced from different oil
resources such as fish oil that is performed by Behçet [5], cot-
tonseed oil as reported by Aydın et al. [6], Rashid et al. [7],
Nurun Nabi et al. [8], animal tallow that is reported by Oner
et al. [9], hazelnut oil as reported by G€ um€uş [10], safflower oil
as reported by I_lkılıç et al. [11], waste cooking oil as reported
by Hameed and et al. [12] and Nwafor [13] and rapeseed oil as
reported by Nwafor [13]. Biodiesels generally have higher
cetane numbers, around 50, than diesel fuel as reported by
Balat et al.[14], no aromatics, no sulfur, and contain 10–11%
oxygen by weight as reported by Chhetri et al. [15]. The bio-
diesel produced from waste cooking oil (WCOB) for partially
substitute petroleum diesel is one of the measures for solving
two problems of environment pollution and energy shortage
as reported by Chen et al. [16]. In order to reduce the produc-
tion cost of biodiesel, WCOB would be a good choice as
source material since it is cheaper than vegetable oils as indi-
cated by Hameed et al. [12]. Experimental tests were carried
out to evaluate the performance, emission and combustion of

Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep Month 2014 1
Table 1. Some of important fuel properties of test fuels.

Petroleum die- fish oil biodie- Hazelnut oil bio- Rapeseed oil bio- Waste cooking oil
Property/fuel sel (D2) sel (FOB) diesel (HOB) diesel (ROB) biodiesel (WCOB)
Density (kg/m3) (at 15 C) 843.50 895 877 874 897
Viscosity (mm2/sn) (at 40 C) 3.666 4.451 4.51 5.32 6.1
Calorific value (kJ/kg) 43,356 40,546 41,374 38,960 39,340
Flow point ( C) 215 214 220 – –
Flash point ( C) 60 155 30 135 128
Cetane number 52 52.4 – 49.6 52.49

Table 2. Chemical structure and fatty acid composition of tested biodiesels.

Fatty acid Chemical structure FOB HOB [10] (Max.) ROB [30] WCOB
Myristic C 14:0 6.71 – – 0.78
Palmitic C 16:0 20.20 5.87 3.5 24.82
Stearic C 18:0 4.2 2.49 0.9 3.11
Palmitoleic acid C 16:1 6.59 0.48 0.1 0.25
Oleic C 18:1 19.71 82.80 54.1 50.58
Linoleic C 18:2 2.63 18.70 22.3 20.11
Linolenic C 18:3 1.64 0.076 – 0
Arachidic C 20:0 0.79 – – 0
Docosa-oic acid C 22:1, 4, 5, 6 22.4 – – 0
Saturated fatty acids C 14, 16, 18 31.11 8.20 – 28.71
Unsaturated fatty acids C 16:1 C 18:1,2.3 C 20–C 22 53.76 94.20 – 70.94

Table 3. Technical specifications of the test engine. CO and HC emissions were usually found to significantly
decrease with biodiesel as reported by Lapuerta et al. [19].
Type Rainbow–186 diesel Currently, more than 95% of the world biodiesel is pro-
Injection system Direct injection duced from edible oils which are easily available on large
Cylinder number 1 scale from the agricultural industry, Gui et al. [20] and Refat
Stroke volume 406 cc [21]. Concerns states that biodiesel feedstock may compete
Compression ratio 18/1 with food supplies in the long-term as indicated by Balat
Maximum power 10 HP et al. [22], Refaat [21], and Chhetri et al. [23]. Thus the use of
Maximum engine speed 3600 rpm 620 non-edible vegetable oils when compared with edible oils is
Cooling system Air cooling very significant in developing countries because of the tre-
Injection pressure 19.6 6 0.49 MPa (200 6 5 mendous demand for edible oils as food, and they are far
kgf/cm2) too expensive to be used as fuel at present, Balat et al. [22],
Mean effective pressure 561.6 kPa Pramanik [24], and Mahanta et al. [25].
(Mep) In this study, biodiesels were produced from various kinds of
Medium piston speed 7.0 m/s (at 3000 rpm) oils such as fish oil, hazelnut oil, rapeseed oil and waste cooking
oil by transesterification reaction. Among them, fish oil is marine
anchovy fish oil of Turkish origin and also very abundant in all
costal region of Turkey. Therefore its non-edible oil derived bio-
20%, and 70%, and standard diesel fuel. It was reported that diesel can be considered as a smart choice. As reported by
the use of biodiesel produces lower smoke opacity (up to G€um€ uş [10], Turkey is the main hazelnut producer country.
Therefore, hazelnut oil can be used as an alternative diesel fuel
60%), and higher brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) (up
especially by the farmers around the Black Sea region which is
to 11%) compared to diesel fuel. The measured CO emissions the main production area. Waste cooking oil is also a good
of B5 and B100 fuels were found to be 9 and 32% lower than choice for biodiesel production as it is not an edible oil. Also,
those of the diesel fuel, respectively as reported by Buyukkaya rapeseed oil is also one of the most known biodiesel resources
[17]. In a research, engine performance and emission charac- all around the world. Rapeseed farming is increased in Turkey
teristics of marine fish-oil biodiesel produced from the dis- especially for the purpose of biodiesel production. All biodiesels
were used in single cylinder diesel engine, as pure form. Exhaust
carded parts of marine fish have been investigated as reported emissions from usage of biodiesel were experimentally investi-
by Lin et al. [18]. It was found that as compared with ASTM No. gated and compared with those of diesel fuel.
2D diesel, both marine fish-oil and waste cooking-oil biodie-
sels appears to have a lower gross heating value, cetane index,
TEST MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
exhaust gas temperature, equivalence ratio, black smoke opac- Fuel production processes and engine tests were per-
ity, elemental carbon content, and CO emission and a higher formed at Fuel and Engine Test Laboratories at University of
fuel consumption rate and elemental oxygen content. Batman. Biodiesels were produced from waste fish oil
Most of studies report slight increases in NOx emissions (FOB), hazelnut oil (HOB), rapeseed oil (ROB), and waste
when using biodiesel as indicated by Lapuerta et al. [19]. The cooking oil (WCOB) by transesterification reaction according
majority of studies have found sharp reductions in particulate to the production method that clarified in our latest study by
emissions with biodiesel as compared to diesel fuel. Besides, Ilkılıç et al. [11]. Biodiesel were used as pure forms in a

2 Month 2014 Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep
Figure 1. A schematic diagram of the engine setup. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com.]

Table 4. Technical properties of the gas analyzing device.

Parameter Measuring range Precision

HC (ppm) 0–20,000 1
CO2 (%) 0–20 0.1
CO (%) 0–15 0.001
O2 (%) 0–21.7 0.01
NOx (ppm) 0–5000 1
Smoke opacity (%) 0–100 1

diesel engine. Petroleum based diesel (D2) were also used in

the same engine and same testing conditions for making
comparisons. The important fuel properties of test fuels are
presented in Table 1. Also, chemical structure and fatty acid
composition of tested biodiesels are presented in Table 2.
Tests were carried out on a single cylinder, four strokes,
and air cooling diesel engine. Technical specifications of the
test engine are given in Table 3. A BT-140 model hydraulic
dynamometer was used for loading the test engine. The sche-
matic diagram of the experimental setup is shown in Figure 1.
The CAPELEC CAP 3200 brand exhaust gas analyzer was
used to measure emissions of the test fuels. The technical
specifications of the device are presented in Table 4.
Tests were started firstly with diesel fuel and until the
engine reached to the operating temperature. Tests were per-
formed at full open accelerator position. It was loaded with
the hydraulic dynamometer to adjust the specified engine
speeds. When a certain speed was reached, the engine was
no more loaded and the data’s were recorded. The engine
was loaded, at fully open accelerator position, till four vari-
ous speeds in the range of 1000 rpm to 2500 rpm with a
period of 500 rpm, were obtained. The fuel consumption
was measured with a burette with 50 and 100 mL volumes
and a stopwatch. The mass flow rate (kg/h) was calculated
from volumetric flow rate and fuel density.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Performance Results
The variations of torque of the engine operation, according
to the engine speed, for diesel fuel and biodiesels obtained
Figure 2. Variation of engine torque with engine speed for
diesel and different biodiesels. [3] [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonli-
nelibrary.com.]
from different feedstocks are presented in Figure 2. Maximum
torque values were obtained at 2000 rpm of engine speed, for
all of test fuels. The highest average torque values were
obtained for diesel fuel. Average torque values of D2, FOB,
HOB, ROB, and WCOB fuels were calculated as 17.84, 15.94,
14.76, 15.5, and 14.25 Nm, respectively. When compared with
that of diesel, the average torque reductions for biodiesel were
10.65%, 17.26%, 13.11%, and 20.12% for FOB, HOB, ROB, and
WCOB, respectively. Namely, torque values were considerably
decreased for all test fuel, compared to diesel fuel. These
reductions in torque for biodiesel can be mainly attributed to
lower calorific values of biodiesel. Another reason for torque
decrease, for biodiesel, is considered to be higher density and
viscosity of biodiesel. Utlu and Kocak [26] also found that the
respective decrease of torque and power values of WCOME
are due to higher viscosity and density and lower heating
value (8.8%).
The variation of power versus engine speed for diesel
fuel and biodiesel obtained from different feedstock are

Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep Month 2014 3
Figure 3. Variation of engine power with engine speed for
diesel and different biodiesels. [Color figure can be viewed
in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlineli-
brary.com.]
Figure 4. Variation of Bsfc with engine speed for diesel and
different biodiesels. [Color figure can be viewed in the online
issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.]
indicated in Figure 3. Power values of all test fuels were
increased as engine speed increased and almost linear incre-
ments were obtained. The higher engine power values were
always obtained for D2. Average power values of D2, FOB,
HOB, ROB, and WCOB fuels were calculated as 6.81, 6.17,
5.41, 5.48, and 5.64 kW’s, respectively. In comparison to that
of diesel, the average power reductions for biodiesels were
9.32%, 20.58%, 19.44%, and 17.17% for FOB, HOB, ROB, and
WCOB fuels, respectively. Main reasons for power decreases
of biodiesels are considered to be the poor atomization due
to higher viscosity, and lower heating values of biodiesels.
The same range between power loss and the decreased heat-
ing value was reported by Y€ ucesu and I_lkılıç [27]. The
authors found that the torque and power reduced by 3–6%
for pure biodiesel compared to diesel, and they claimed that
the heating value of biodiesel was less 5% than that of diesel.
Also they contributed to the difficulties in fuel atomization as
the reason of the loss of power value.
The brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) variation of
the test engine using diesel fuel and biodiesels from different
feedstock with engine speed are presented in Figure 4. For
all of test fuels, bsfc values were decreased with the increase
in engine speed. The main reason for these decreases was
considered to be the power increments rates of the engine.
At lower engine speed, the power obtained was lower for all
test fuels. Also, at the lower speeds of the engine, swirl and
4 Month 2014 Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep
Figure 5. Variation of exhaust gas temperature with engine
speed for diesel and different biodiesels. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonli-
nelibrary.com.]
Figure 6. Variation of NOx emissions with engine speed for
diesel and various biodiesels. [Color figure can be viewed in
the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.
com.]
turbulence those occurred in the engine cylinder are not suf-
ficient to maintain a homogenous air-fuel mixture. Therefore,
locally rich fuel-air mixture zones occurred and resulting in
an incomplete combustion. As a result, specific fuel con-
sumption increases.
When test fuels were compared, the lowest average bsfc
values were obtained for D2 fuel while the highest ones were
obtained for ROB. The average bsfc values for biodiesels were
higher than that of diesel by amounts of 2.36%, 5.19%, 9.92%,
and 7.90%, for FOB, HOB, ROB, and WCOB fuels, respec-
tively. The main reason for these increases is considered to be
the lower heating values of biodiesels. Most of researches (up
to 87.1%) agreed that the fuel consumption of an engine fueled
with biodiesel becomes higher because it is needed to com-
pensate the loss of heating value of biodiesel as reported by
Xue et al. [28] and references therein.
The exhaust gas temperature (EGT) indicates the effective
use of the heat energy of a fuel. It was observed that the
exhaust gas temperature was reasonably higher for FOB,
HOB, ROB, and WCOB biodiesel when compared to baseline
diesel as depicted in Figure 5. The higher value of engine
exhaust gas temperature indicates that biodiesels have higher
combustion temperature in the cylinder when compared to
diesel fuel. These may be due to more fuel being burnt at
higher loads to meet the power requirement and higher oxy-
gen content of the biodiesel, which improves combustion and
Figure 7. Variation of CO emissions with engine speed for
diesel and different biodiesels. [Color figure can be viewed
in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlineli-
brary.com.]
Figure 8. Variation of HC emissions with engine speed for
diesel and different biodiesels. [Color figure can be viewed
in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlineli-
brary.com.]
thus may increase the exhaust gas temperature. Besides, late
combustion phase which may be extended toward exhaust
stroke is considered to be occurred during the biodiesel opera-
tions and thus resulted in higher EGT. At the same time, due to
the fact that the density and kinematic viscosity of biodiesels
are higher than petroleum diesel fuel, the spray penetration
for biodiesels especially at low engine speed may be long and
this causes a poor atomization rate. Consequently, these fac-
tors may cause to incomplete and prolonged combustion and
resulting in a higher exhaust gas temperature.
Emission Results
The NOx emission variation of the test engine using die-
sel fuel and biodiesels from different feedstocks with engine
speed is presented in Figure 6. For all test fuels experiments,
the NOx emissions were highest at medium speed of the test
engine, 2000 rpm. At the mentioned speed, due to the
increased air movements in the cylinder, more homogenous
charge occurs thus resulting in improved combustion and
consequently in higher combustion temperature so higher
NOx emissions. However, at the highest engine speeds, in
spite of the increased air movements and higher combustion
temperature, NOx emissions decrease again due to the nar-
rowed combustion time. It is accepted generally that higher
oxygen content and cetane number in biodiesel enhances
formation of NOx, as also reported by Lapuerta et al. [19]
Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep
Figure 9. Variation of CO2 with engine speed for diesel and
different biodiesels. [Color figure can be viewed in the online
issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.]
Figure 10. Variation of O2 in the exhaust gases with engine
speed for diesel and different biodiesels. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonli-
nelibrary.com.]
(2008) and references therein. Thus, almost for all biodiesels,
NOx emissions were higher than that of diesel fuel. The
average NOx values for biodiesels were higher than that of
diesel by amounts of 4.76%, 9.77%, 6.25%, and 22.92%, for
FOB, HOB, ROB, and WCOB fuels, respectively.
HC and CO emissions are main products of incomplete
combustion. Variation of CO and HC emissions with engine
speed for biodiesels and diesel fuel were presented in Fig-
ures 7 and 8. Both CO and HC emissions were highest for
petroleum based diesel fuel in all engine operation condi-
tions. Besides, for all the test fuels including diesel fuel, CO
and HC emissions decreased with increased engine speed.
The average CO emission values for biodiesels were lower
than that of diesel by amounts of 22.58%, 14.19%, 29.67%,
and 20.01%, for FOB, HOB, ROB, and WCOB, respectively.
It is clear that the CO reduction for HOB is lower than the
other biodiesel origins. According to this result, it may be
considered that CO emissions decrease as the saturation level
is increased [19]. Besides, the average HC emission values for
biodiesel were lower than that of diesel by amounts of
41.11%, 36.11%, 35.01%, and 29.44%, for FOB, HOB, ROB,
and WCOB fuels, respectively. The HC reduction trend for
WCOB is lower than the other biodiesel origins. This result
may be attributed to the final boiling or distillation points of
waste cooking oil probably due to that it may be considered
as a not a pure oil and may content some impurities. This
Month 2014 5

Figure 11. Variation of smoke opacity with engine speed for
diesel and different biodiesels. [Color figure can be viewed
in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlineli-
brary.com.]
final fraction of the diesel may not be completely vaporized
and burnt, thereby increasing HC emissions. Generally, bio-
diesel that contains high concentrations of oxygen inherently
from oil sources, lead to considerably lower amounts of CO
and HC emissions in the exhaust gasses. The oxygen content
in the biodiesel molecule, which leads to a more complete
and cleaner combustion is considered to be the main reason
for HC reduction and thus CO [29,30]. Besides, the increased
engine speed which caused to increased air movements in
the engine cylinder which lead to more homogeneous air-
fuel charge and thus resulted in an improved combustion
and consequently lowered CO and HC missions.
The most important factor of global warming problem of
the world is the increase of CO2 emissions which lead to
greenhouse effect in the atmosphere. CO2 emission is an
emission product related to the entire combustion of the
fuel. High post-combustion temperature and existence of
enough oxygen for a more complete combustion increases
the amount of CO2 in the exhaust gases. The CO2 emissions
of the diesel engine fueled with the various types of biodie-
sel and diesel fuels are shown in Figure 9. At lower engine
speed CO2 emissions resulting from biodiesels were lower
than that of diesel fuel. However, at medium engine speeds
there were no significant differences between CO2 emissions
from diesel fuel and biodiesels. The total CO2 emissions
from biodiesels were lower than that of diesel fuel. The aver-
age CO2 emission values for biodiesels were lower than that
of diesel by amounts of 21.58%, 20.70%, 8.72%, and 11.01%,
for FOB, HOB, ROB, and WCOB fuels, respectively.
Figure 10 shows the O2 emissions of the diesel fuel and
other types of biodiesel operation at different engine speeds.
When compared with diesel fuel, biodiesel contains about
11% higher oxygen than diesel fuel. The higher oxygen
amount of biodiesel helps to improve combustion of fuels
and more complete combustion lapuerta et al. [19] and refer-
ences therein. The surplus oxygen in the biodiesel can be
seen in the exhaust gases. Hence, burning of the biodiesel
produced more residual oxygen than the burning of the die-
sel fuel. Therefore, the O2 emissions resulted from biodiesel
from various types of vegetable oil were observed lower
than that of diesel fuel.
Smoke opacity levels of diesel fuel and biodiesels applica-
tions in the diesel engine for different engine speeds have
been presented in Figure 11. Smoke levels for all test fuels
were decreased with increase of engine speed. It can be
attributed to the increased air jets, swirl and turbulence
movements which increase more homogeneous charge and
thus resulting in more complete combustion. The highest
6 Month 2014 Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep
smoke opacity levels were ever obtained for diesel fuel. The
average smoke emission values for biodiesels were lower
than that of diesel by amounts of 1.12%, 0.85%, 0.47%, and
0.61%, for FOB, HOB, ROB, and WCOB fuels, respectively.
The oxygen inherently contained in the biodiesel blends
which remove any possible local oxygen deficiency is con-
sidered to have helped in decreasing smoke level. The low-
est ones were obtained for FOB fuel in all operation
conditions. Among biodiesels the highest smoke opacity lev-
els were obtained for ROB and WCOB. The higher viscosity
of both these fuels is considered to be the main reason for
higher smoke opacity in comparison to FOB and HOB. The
higher viscosity and bigger size fuel molecules contained in
the fuels is considered to result in poor atomization.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, biodiesels were produced from different
feedstock such as fish oil, hazelnut oil, rapeseed oil, and
waste cooking oil. Biodiesels were used in a diesel engine
with the purpose of investigation of engine performance and
exhaust emission parameters. The results of this report are
summarized as follows:
 1 When compared with that of diesel, the average torque
reductions for biodiesels were 10.65%, 17.26%, 13.11%,
and 20.12% for FOB, HOB, ROB, and WCOB fuels,
respectively. Namely, torque values were considerably
decreased for all biodiesels, according to diesel fuel.
 2 In comparison to that of diesel, the average power reduc-
tions for biodiesels were 9.32%, 20.58%, 19.44%, and
17.17% for FOB, HOB, ROB, and WCOB fuels, respectively.
Main reasons for torque and power decreases of biodiesels
are considered to be the poor atomization due to higher
viscosity, and lower heating values of biodiesels.
 3 The average bsfc values for biodiesels were higher than
that of diesel by amounts of 2.36%, 5.19%, 9.92%, and
7.90%, for FOB, HOB, ROB, and WCOB fuels, respec-
tively. The main reasons for these increases are consid-
ered to be the lower heating values and higher density of
biodiesels.
 4 It was observed that the exhaust gas temperatures were
reasonably higher for FOB, HOB, ROB, and WCOB bio-
diesels when compared to diesel fuel.
 5 The average NOx values for biodiesels were higher
than that of diesel by amounts of 4.76%, 9.77%, 6.25%,
and 22.92%, for FOB, HOB, ROB, and WCOB fuels,
respectively.
 6 The average CO emission values for biodiesels were
lower than that of diesel by amounts of 22.58%, 14.19%,
29.67%, and 20.01%, for FOB, HOB, ROB, and WCOB
fuels, respectively. Besides, the average HC emission val-
ues for biodiesels were lower than that of diesel by
amounts of 41.11%, 36.11%, 35.01%, and 29.44%, for FOB,
HOB, ROB, and WCOB fuels, respectively.
 7 The highest smoke opacity levels were ever obtained
for diesel fuel while the total CO2 emissions from biodie-
sels were lower than that of diesel fuel.
Consequently biodiesel produced from all tested oils can
be used as alternative fuels in existing diesel engines without
any modification. However, among biodiesels, as it is clear
that the FOB can be considered to be the best one as, when
compared with petroleum diesel fuel, its performance reduc-
tion is lowest with lowest bsfc increase and along with better
emission parameters.
LITERATURE CITED
1. Meher, L.C., Sagar, D.V., & Naik, S.N. (2006). Technical
aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification—a
review, Renewable Sustainable Energy Review, 10, 248–268.
 2. Barnwal, B.K., & Sharma, M.P., (2005). Prospects of bio-
diesel production from vegetable oils in India, Renew-
able Sustainable Energy Review, 9, 363–378.
3. Fukuda, H., Kondo, A., & Noda, H. (2001). Review: Bio-
diesel fuel production by transesterification of oils, Jour-
nal of Bioresource and Bioengineering, 92,5, 405–416.
4. Demirbaş, A. (2009). Progress and recent trends in biodie-
sel fuels, Energy Conversion and Management, 50, 14–34.
5. Behçet, R. (2011). Performance and emission study of
waste anchovy fish biodiesel in a diesel engine, Fuel
Processing Technology, 92, 1187–1194.
6. Aydin, H., & Bayindir, H. (2010). Performance and emis-
sion analysis of cottonseed oil methyl ester in a diesel
engine, Renewable Energy, 35, 588–592.
7. Rashid, U., Anwar, F., & Knothe, G. (2009) Evaluation of
biodiesel obtained from cottonseed oil, Fuel Processing
Technology, 90, 1157–1163.
8. Nurun Nabi, M.D., Mustafizur Rahman, M.D., & Shamim
Akhter, M.D. (2009). Biodiesel from cotton seed oil and
its effect on engine performanceand exhaust emissions,
Applied Thermal Engineering, 29, 2265–2270.
9. Oner, C., & Altun, S. (2009). Biodiesel production from
inedible animal tallow and an experimental investigation
of its use as alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel
engine, Applied Energy, 86, 2114–2120.
10. Gumus, M. (2008). Evaluation of hazelnut kernel oil of
Turkish origin as alternative fuel in diesel engines,
Renewable Energy, 33, 2448–2457.
11. Ilkılıç, C., Aydın, S., Behcet, R., & Aydin, H. (2011). Bio-
diesel from safflower oil and its application in a diesel
engine, Fuel Processing Technology, 92, 356–362.
12. Hameed, B.H., Goh, C.S., & Chin, L.H. (2009). Process
optimization for methyl ester production from waste
cooking oil using activated carbon supported potassium
fluoride. Fuel Processing Technology, 90, 1532–1537.
13. Nwafor, O.M.I. (2004). Emission characteristics of diesel
engine operating on rapeseed methyl ester, Renewable
Energy, 29, 119–129.
14. Balat, M., & Balat, H. (2008). A critical review of biodiesel
as a vehicular fuel, Energy Conversion and Management,
49, 2727–2741.
15. Chhetri, A.B., Watts, K.C., & Islam, M.R. (2008). Waste
cooking oil as an alternate feedstock for biodiesel pro-
duction, Energies, 1, 3–18.
16. Chen, Y., Xiao, B., Chang, J., Fu, Y., Lu, P., & Wang, X.
(2009). Synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil
using immobilized lipase in fixed bed reactor, Energy
Conversion and Management, 50, 668–673.
Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep
17. Buyukkaya, E. (2010). Effects of biodiesel on a DI diesel
engine performance, emission and combustion character-
istics Fuel, 89, 3099–3105.
18. Lin, C.Y., & Li, R.J. (2009). Engine performance and emis-
sion characteristics of marine fish-oil biodiesel produced
from the discarded parts of marine fish, Fuel Processing
Technology, 90, 883–888.
19. Lapuerta, M., Armas, O., & Fernandez, J.R. (2008). Effect
of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions, Progress in
Energy and Combustion Science, 34, 198–223.
20. Gui, M.M., Lee, K.T., & Bhatia, S. (2008). Feasibility of
edible oil vs. non-edible oil vs. waste edible oil as biodie-
sel feedstock, Energy, 33, 1646–1653.
21. Refaat, A.A. (2009). Correlation between the chemical
structure of biodiesel and its physical properties, Interna-
tional Journal of Environmetal Science and Technology,
6, 677–694.
22. Balat, M., & Balat, H. (2010). Progress in biodiesel proc-
essing, Applied Energy, 87, 1815–1835.
23. Chhetri, A.B., Tango, M.S., Budge, S.M., Watts, K.C., &
Islam, M.R. (2008). Non-edible plant oils as new sources
for biodiesel production, International Journal of Molecu-
lar Science, 9, 169–180.
24. Pramanik, K. (2003). Properties and use of Jatropha cur-
cas oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition
engine, Renewable Energy, 28, 239–248.
25. Mahanta, P., Mishra, S.C., & Kushwah, Y.S. (2006). An
experimental study of Pongamia pinnata L. oil as a die-
sel substitute, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechani-
cal Engineers Journal of Power Engineering, 220, 803–
808.
26. Utlu, Z., & Koc, ak, M.S. (2008) The effect of biodiesel
fuel obtained from waste frying oil on direct injection
diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions.
Renewable Energy, 33, 1936–41.
27. Yucesu, H.S., & I_lkılıç, C. (2006). Effect of cotton seed
oilmethyl ester on the performance and exhaust emission
of a diesel engine. Energy Source Part A, 28, 389–398.
28. Xue, J., Grift, T.E., & Alan, C. (2011). Hansen, Effect of
biodiesel on engine performances and emissions, Renew-
able and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 1098–1116.
29. Handbook of biodiesel: Emissions reductions with bio-
diesel. (1999). Available on line: http://www.cytocul-
ture.com/Biodiesel%20Handbook.html.
30. Pinto, A.C., Guarieiro, L.L.N., Rezende, M.J.C., Ribeiro,
N.M., Torres, E.A., Lopes, W.A., Pereira, P.A.P., De
Andrade, J.B. (2005). Biodiesel: An overview. J Braz
Chem Soc, 16, 1313–1330.
Month 2014 7