every Bee tree it meets with, Bears being, as you well know, expert atthis operation. You also know that they are good climbers, and may have been told, orat least may now be told, that the Black Bear now and then houses itselfin the hollow trunks of the larger trees for Questions 1-10 are based on the following passage.) John James Audubon (1785-1851) is known primarily for his bird studies, but as this passage from Omithological Biography shows, he wrote about the behavior of other animals as well. 3 jack Bear The Black Bear (Ursus americanus), however clumsy in appearance, is active, vigilant, and persevering; possesses great strength, courage, and address; and undergoes with little injury the greatest fatigues and hardships in avoiding the pursuit of the hunter. Like the Deer, it changes its haunts with the seasons, and for the same reason, namely, the desire of obtaining suitable food, or of retiring to the more inaccessible parts, where it can pass the time in security, unobserved by man, 10. the most dangerous of its enemies. During the spring ‘months it searches for food in the low rich alluvial lands that border the rivers, or by the margins of such inland lakes as, on account of their small size, are called by us ponds. There it procures abundance of succulent roots, 15 and ofthe tender juicy stems of plants,on which itchiefly feeds at that season. During the summer heat, it enters the gloomy swamps, passes much of ts time wallowing in the mud, like a hog, and contents itself with crayfish, roots, and nettles, now and then, when hard pressed 20 by hunger, seizing on a young pig, or perhaps a sow, or even acalf.As soon as the different kinds of berries which grow on the mountain begin to ripen, the Bears betake themselves to the high grounds, followed by their cubs. In such retired parts of the country where there are no 25 hilly grounds, it pays visits to the maize fields, which it ravages for a while. After this, the various species of nuts, acorns, grapes, and other forest fruits, that form what in the western country is called mast, attract its attention. The Bears then seen rambling singly through 30. the woods to gather this harvest, not forgetting to rob ‘weeks together, when it is said to suck its paws. You are probably not aware of a habit in which itindulges, and which, being curious, must be interesting to you. Atone season, the Black Bear may be seen examining the lower part of the trunk of a tree for several minutes, with much attention, at the same time looking around, ‘and snuffing the air, to assure itself that no enemy is neat. It then raises itself on its hind legs, approaches the trunk, embraces it with its forelegs, and scratches the bark with its teeth and claws for several minutes in continuance. ts jaws clash against each other, until ‘a mass of foam runs down both sides of the mouth. After this it continues its rambles. In various portions of our country, many of our woodsmen and hunters who have seen the Bear performing the singular oper- ation just described, imagine that it does so for the purpose of leaving behind an indication ofits size and power. They measure the height at which the scratches are made, and in this manner, can, in fact, form an estimate of the magnitude of the individual. My own opinion, however, is different. It seems to me that the Bear scratches on the trees, not for the purpose of showing its size or its strength, but merely for that of sharpening its teeth and claws, to enable it better to encounter arival ofits own species during the amatory season. The Wild Boar of Europe clashes its tusks and scrapes the earth with its feet, and the Deer rubs its antlers against the lower part of the stems of young trees or bushes, for the same purpose.©D Asused in ine 3, address" refers to A. B. G D. habitat. anxiety. skill. direction. ©D whats the most likely reason that Audubon wrote about the black bear? A He wanted to provide more information about another animal to his readers. He was fascinated by mammals. He wanted to prove he had interests other than birds. He wanted to show the commonalities in behavioral patterns of bears and birds. ©D wich of the following quotes from the text provides evidence to support the idea that certain dissimilar forest mammals share some of the same traits? > poe Lines 5-6 ("Like ... seasons") Line 14 ("it procures... roots") Lines 18-20 (‘contents itself... pig”) Lines 30-32 (‘not forgetting ... operation”) © Huntsmen and woodsmen claim that the bear scratches tree bark with ts teeth and claws to A. B. 2 sharpen its teeth. mark the tree for winter hibernation. ward off potential predators by showing its size. mark the tree so that other animals can't harvest its nuts and acorns. ©D whats the main rhetorical effect of the author's descrip- tion of how black bears behave in swamps, lines 16-212 A. B. ce To show that the bear is an exceptional predator To explain why humans might want to hunt bears ‘To impress the reader with how varied a bear's, dietis To create an image of a bear placidly foraging for food © wich choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A B. a DB. Lines 16-17 ("During ... swamps") Lines 17-18 ("passes ... mud") Lines 19-20 ("now and... hunger") Lines 20-21 ("seizing on ...calf") ©D According to Audubon, how are the claws of the black bear like the tusks ofthe wild boar? Both are parts of the body that warn other animals: that they are predators, Both animals use these parts of their bodies to forage for crayfish and roots. Both animals use these body parts to defend themselves from human predators. Both are parts of the body that the animal sharpens to better compete for a mate. ©D Tre fact that Audubon calls man the bear's*most danger- ous" enemy (line 10) indicates that he A a D. is a hunter himself. has some sympathy for hunted bears. does not believe that bears are dangerous. thinks bears are more dangerous than people. ©D wich choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A 8. c D. Lines 5-6 (‘Like the Deer ... seasons") Lines 6-8 (‘for the same ... food”) Line 8 (‘retiring ... parts") Lines 9-10 (‘man, ... enemies”) © The author indicates that he believes that the reader A B. c D. knows absolutely nothing about bears. already has some knowledge of bears. needs help overcoming a fear of bears. believes bears can climb trees as well as apes.Questions 11-21 are based on the following passage. Thomas Jefferson wrote in 1787 to his nephew, Peter Carr, a student at the College of William and Mary. Paris, August 10, 1787 Dear Peter, | have received your two letters of December 30 and April 18 and am very happy to find by Line them, as well as by letters from Mr. Wythe,* that you have 5 been so fortunate as to attract his notice and good will: | am sure you will find this to have been one of the more fortunate events of your life, as | have ever been sensible it was of mine. | enclose you a sketch of the sciences to which | would wish you to apply in such order as Mr. Wythe shall advise: | mention also the books in them worth your reading, which submit to his correction. Many of these are among your father’s books, which you should have brought to you. As I do not recollect those of them not in his library, you must write to me for them, making out a catalogue of such as you think you shalll have occasion for in 18 months from the date of your letter, and consulting Mr. Wythe on the subject. To this sketch | will add a few particular observations. 1. Italian. | fear the learning of this language will 20 confound your French and Spanish. Being all of them degenerated dialects of the Latin, they are apt to mix in conversation. | have never seen a person speaking the three languages who did not mix them. itis a delightful language, but late events having rendered the Spanish 25 more useful, lay it aside to prosecute that 2. Spanish. Bestow great attention on this, and endeavor to acquire an accurate knowledge of it. Our future connections with Spain and Spanish America will render that language a valuable acquisition. The ancient history of a great part of America too is written in that language. | send you a dictionary. 3. Moral philosophy. | think it lost time to attend lectures in this branch. He who made us would have been a pitiful bungler if he had made the rules of our moral conduct a matter of science. For one man of science, there are thousands who are not. What would have become of them? Man was destined for society. His morality therefore was to be formed to this object. He was endowed with a sense of right and wrong merely relative to this. This sense is as much a part of his nature as the sense of hearing, seeing, feeling; it is the true foundation of morality. ...The moral sense, or conscience, is as much a part of man as his leg orarm. itis given to all human beings in a stronger or weaker degree, as force of members is given them 5 in a greater or less degree... . State a moral case to a ploughman and a professor. The former will decide it as well, and often better than the latter, because he has not been led astray by artificial rules. *George Wythe, a well-respected scholar, the first American law professor, and one of the signatories ofthe Declaration of Independence, became an important teacher and mentor to ‘Thomas Jefferson, GD whats the best description of Mr. Wythe and his relation- ship to the Jefferson family? A. Teacher B. Cousin C. Family friend D. Public servant ® whats the purpose of Jefferson's letter to his nephew? A. Toadvise him about his education B. To advise him about leading a moral life C.Tomake sure he will learn a second language D. To keep in touch with his family while abroad @®D what does Jefferson suggest his reader do about studying the Italian language? ‘A. Ignore it to pursue Spanish instead B. Ignore it to study French instead C. Use tas a building block to studying Spanish D. Useitin conversation with Spanish people @®) which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A. Lines 19-20 ("Ifear. . Spanish”) B, Lines 20-22 ("Being all... conversation”) Lines 22-23 ("I have ... mix them?) D. Lines 23-25 ("tis a... prosecute that.) Cs > \2) ONTINUE@® iniines 42-43, Jefferson compares conscience toa physical limb of the body to show ‘A. that itis natural and present in all human beings. B. _howeasily we take it for granted. . that without it, humans are powerless. D. how mental and physical states are integrated. @ based on the passage, what country does Jefferson t will most closely align with the newly independent colo- nies in the future? A. England B. France Cc. Italy D. Spain © By"ost time” dine 32), Jefferson means ‘A. wasted time. B. the past. C. missing time. D. youth @®D cefferson tells his nephew to lay Italian aside because it is A. adegenerated dialect. B. not necessary since he already knows French. C._notuseful to be multilingual. D. too easy to get it mixed up with Spanish. ©® which of the following best summarizes Jefferson's overall view of morality? ‘A. Morality isa science that can be taught by professors and scholars. B. Moral philosophy is self-taught. G._Asense of morality is part of human nature, D. Humans are moral beings who need rules to guide their behavior. ‘Three Generations of the Jefferson Family Peter Jefferson (b: 1708; d: 1757) - [spouse] Jane Randolph (b: 1721; d: 1778) [ctildren: 10] a NN ‘Thomas (1743 - 1626) - [spouse] Martha Wales (1748 - 1782) Martha (1746 - 1811) - [spouse] Dabney Carr (1743 - 173) [etildren: 6) (others died before reaching adulthood) fo Martha (b: 172; 4: 1836) Mary (b: 1778; d: 1782) EB Based on information in the family tree, Peter may have relied on advice from his uncle Thomas because Peter ‘A. considered Thomas to be a better parental figure than his father was. B. did not receive reliable advice from his own mother. . did nothave a father, and his mother was busy with her 5 other children. D. wanted the best educ: care of his 5 siblings. 1n so he could help take [etildron: 6) Peter (b: 1770; ¢: 1815) EBD which of the following best describes the tone of Jeffer- son's letter to his nephew? A. Invested and warm B. Anxious and worried C. Objective and matter-of-fact D. Distant and preoccupiedQuestions 22-32 are based on the following passage and supplementary materia This excerpt is from the article “New Link in the Food Chain? Marine Plastic Pollution and Seafood Safety; by Nate Seltenrich. It has been reproduced from the journal Environmental Health Perspectives. World plastics production has experienced almost constant growth for more than half a century, rising from approximately 1.9 tons in 1950 to approximately 330 se million tons in 2013. The World Bank estimates that 1.4 billion tons of trash are generated globally each year, 10% of it pla 1e Organization has banned the dumping of plastic waste (and most other garbage) at sea. However, an unknown portion of the plastic produced each year escapes into the envi- 10 ronment—instead of being landfilled, incinerated, or recycled—and at least some oft eventually makes its way tosea. Plastics that reach the ocean will gradually break down into ever-smaller pieces due to sunlight exposure, 15 oxidation, and the physical action of waves, currents, and grazing by fish and birds. So-called microplastics—variably defined in the scientific literature and popular press as smaller than 1 or 5 mm in diameter—are understood to be the most abundant type of plastic in the ocean. The 5 20 Gyres’ authors* found microplastics almost everywhere they sampled, from near-shore environments to the open ocean, in varying concentrations, and they estimated that particles 4.75 mm or smaller—about the size of a lentil—made up roughly 90% of the total plastic pieces they collected. But the degradation of larger pieces of plastic is not the only way microplastics end up in the ocean. Nurdles— the plastic pellets used as a feedstock for producing plastic goods—can spill from ships or land-based sources, 30 and “microbeads” used as scrubbing agents in personal care products such as skin cleansers, toothpastes, and shampoos, can escape water-treat ment facilities and pass into water-sheds with treated water. (In June 2014, Illinois became the first US state to ban the manufacture and 35. sale of products containing microbeads, which have been documented in the Great Lakes and Chicago’s North Shore Channel.) Marine organisms throughout the food chain commonly consume plastics of various sizes. The tiniest 40 mictoplastics are small enough to be mistaken for food by zooplankton, allowing them to enter the food chain at very low trophic levels. Some larger predators are thought to confuse nurdles (which typically measure less than 5 mm in diameter) with fish eggs or other food sources. 60 Once plastics have been consumed, laboratory tests show that chemical additives and adsorbed pollutants and metals on their surface can desorb (leach out) and transfer into the guts and tissues of marine organisms. ... Research has shown that harmful and persistent substances can both bioaccumulate (or increase in concentration as exposures persist) and biomagnify (or increase in concentration at higher trophic levels) within ‘organisms as they assume some of the chemical burden of their prey or environment. Yet again, no research has yet demonstrated the bioaccumulation of sorbed pollutants in the environment. Three key questions remain to be determined. To what extent do plastics transfer pollutants and additives to organisms upon ingestion? What contribution are plastics making to the contaminant burden in organisms above ‘and beyond their exposures through water, sediments, and food? And, finally, what proportion of humans’ exposure to plastic ingredients and environmental pollutants occurs through seafood? Researchers are moving carefully in the direction of answers to these questions. ... New laws . . . could require handling plastics more responsibly at the end of their useful life through recycling, proper disposal, and extended producer responsibility. Rolf Halden, director of the Center for Environmental Security at the Biodesign Institute at Arizona State Uni- versity, advocates for another solution: manufacturing more sustainable plastics from the start. "We need to design the next generation of plastics to make them more biodegradable so that they don't have a long half-life, they don’t accumulate in the oceans, and they don’t have the opportunity to collect chemicals long-term’ he says. “There's just no way we can shield people from all expo- sures that could occur. Let's design safer chemicals and make the whole problem moot” “The 5 Gyres institute addresses plastic pollution in the ocean. ©) according to the passage, plastic is ‘A. wasted more than any other material. B. responsible for a massive amount of waste. C. not being produced as much as it once was. D. the single most dangerous material to the planet.©) which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? ‘A. Lines 1-2 ("World ...century”) B. Lines 4-6 ("The World... it plastic”) C. Lines 6-8 ("The International... at sea”) D. Lines 8-10 ("However ... environment”) €D wich best describes the overall tone of the article? ‘A. Neutral and scientific B. Emotional and persuasive C. Personal and human D. Subjective and opinionated © wat solution does Rolf Halden support to decrease the effects of pollution from plastics on humans? ‘A. Passing laws to mandate more rigorous recycling B, Developing plastics that are biodegradable C. Making plastics that are safe to ingest D. Banning the production of new plastic products €B Tris article was most likely writen to offer a theory about why the environment danger. B. inform the public of the problems of plastic in the ocean. C._starta movement to halt all plastic production. D. inspire readers to clean up the oceans personally.©D wich choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A B. c D. Lines 45-48 ("Once plastics ... organisms....") Lines 49-51 ("Research .... biomagnify") Lines 54-56 ("Yet again... environment”) Line 57 ("Three key ... determined”) © which of the following statements could be learned from the diagram on the previous page about how plastics disrupt the food chain? A. Plastics enter the food chain when small fish eat small pieces of plastic. Sunlight breaks down larger pieces of plastic that have been tossed in the ocean. Emptying wastewater directly into the ocean is illegal in many places. People should only eat a limited amount of seafood because it may contain unsafe contaminants. ©) wiry did ttlinois ban the sale of certain personal care products? ‘A. Residues from the products were ending up in the ocean. B, Thecontainers couldn't be recycled. C. The products were determined to be carcinogenic. D. The products contained microbeads that were getting into the water system. €D which of the following words would be most helpful in figuring out the meaning of the word “adsorbed” (line 46)? A. B. G D. ED one of the questions theauthor raises in with A. Absolve Adhere Absorb Sorbet 1es 57-65 deals how much plastic waste from the oceans people might be ingesting, how sea creatures happen to ingest plastic waste in the oceans. what kinds of plastic waste can be found in the ‘oceans. why people are so careless about dumping pla: waste into the oceans. €D wich choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A B. ic D. Lines 57-59 ("To what ...ingestion?”) Lines 59-62 (“What contribution .. .food?”) Lines 62-64 (‘And, finally ... seafood") Line 64-65 (‘Researchers ... questions...”) Y CONTINUE