SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

NAME: Monique Eloise B. Gualiza COURSE & SEC: BSMT -E

TRIGGER:

Psoriasis- Upon physical assessment of your patient, you noticed red patches of skin covered with
thick silvery scales. Patient claimed that this part of the skin is itchy. To add, patient also complained
swollen and stiff joints

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

1 List the general functions of each membrane type—cutaneous, mucous, serous, and
synovial—and give the location of each in the body.
 Synovial membranes surround joints where they provide a smooth surface and
secrete lubricating fluid. They also line small sacs of connective tissue called bursae
and the tube-like tendon sheaths. Both of these structures cushion organs moving
against each other during muscle activity.
 Cutaneous (the skin): epidermis (stratified squamous epithelium) underlain by the
dermis (dense connective tissue); protects body surface.
 Mucous: epithelial sheet underlain by a lamina propria (areolar connective tissue);
lines body cavities open to the exterior.
 Serous: simple squamous epithelium resting on a scant connective tissue layer;
lines the ventral body cavity.
2 Compare the structure (tissue makeup) of the major membrane types.

Epithelial membranes are made up of cells and small amount of intercellular

matrix. These tissues lie above the basement membrane. These cells are
arranged in layers which can be either single or multi layer.
Connective tissue membranes are composed of cells and a huge amount of
intercellular matrix. Here, cells are present in scattered form in the matrix
and does not show any arrangement

3 List several important functions of the integumentary system, and explain how these functions
are accomplished.

Protects deeper tissues from

Mechanical damage (bumps) -Physical barrier contains keratin, which toughens cells;
fat cells to cushion blows; and both pressure and pain receptors, which alert the
nervous system to possible damage.
 Chemical damage (acids and bases)- Has relatively impermeable keratinized cells;
contains pain receptors, which alert the nervous system to possible damage.

Microbe damage- Has an unbroken surface and "acid mantle" (skin secretions are acidic
and thus inhibit microbes, such as bacteria). Phagocytes ingest foreign substances and
pathogens, preventing them from penetrating into deeper body tissues

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation-Melanin produced by melanocytes offers protection from

UV damage.

Thermal (heat or cold) damage- Contains heat/cold/pain receptors

Desiccation (drying out)- Contains a water-resistant glycolipid and keratin

Aids in body heat loss or heat retention-(controlled by the nervous system) Heat
retention: By not allowing blood to flush into skin capillary beds

Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid- Contained in perspiration produced by sweat
glands.

Synthesizes vitamin D- Modified cholesterol molecules in skin converted to

vitamin D in the presence of sunlight.

4 Label the following skin structures: epidermis, dermis (papillary and reticular layers), hair and
hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and sweat gland.
5 Name the layers of the epidermis, and describe the characteristics of each.

The epidermis is composed of up to five layers, or strata. These are the stratum basale,
spinosum, granulosum,lucidum, and corneum. In stratum corneum, cells are dead, flat
membranous sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in extracellular space make skin water
resistant. In stratum granulosum. Cells are flattened,organelles are deteriorating; cytoplasm
full of granules.Stratum spinosum. Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made
of pre-keratin. In stratum basale. Stem cells are dividing; some newly formed cells become
part of the more superficial layers. Stratum lucidum is not present in all skin regions. It occurs
only where the skin is hairless and extra thick, that is, on the palms of the hands and soles of
the feet.

6 Name the factors that determine skin color, and describe the function of melanin.

Three factors contribute to skin color melanin(yellow, reddish brown or black), carotene
(orange-yellow pigment ), and hemoglobin (pigment in red blood cells). The melanin
forms a pigment umbrella over the superficial, or "sunny," side of their nuclei and shields their
genetic material (DNA) from the damaging effects of UV radiation in sunlight. People who
produce a lot melanin have brown-toned skin, whereas people with less melanin are light
skinned.

7 Describe the distribution and function of the epidermal derivatives—sebaceous glands, sweat
glands, hair, and nails.

The sebaceous glands, or oil glands, are found all over the skin, except on
the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. The product of the sebaceous
glands, sebum, is a lubricant that keeps the skin soft and moist and prevents the hair from
becoming brittle. Sebum also contains chemicals that kill bacteria, so it is important in
preventing bacterial infection of the skin.

Sweat glands are widely distributed in the skin. There are two types of sweat
glands, eccrine and apocrine .The eccrine glands numerous and are found all
over the body. They produce sweat, a clear secretion that is primarily plus
some salts (sodium chloride), vitamin C, traces of metabolic wastes. The
eccrine sweat glands are an important and efficient part of the body's heat-
regulating equipment. Meanwhile, apocrine glands are largely confined to the
axillary or armpits and genitals. Their function is not yet known, but they
are activated by nerve fibers during pain and stress and during sexual
arousal.
8 Differentiate first-, second-, third-, and fourth-degree burns.

First-degree burns affect only the epidermis, or outer layer of skin. The
burn site is red, painful, dry, and with no blisters. Mild sunburn is an
example. Meanwhile second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part
of the dermis layer of skin. The burn site appears red, blistered, and may
be swollen and painful. Third-degree burns destroy the epidermis and
dermis and may go into the subcutaneous tissue. The burn site may appear
white or charred. Fourth degree burns also damage the underlying bones,
muscles, and tendons. There is no sensation in the area since the nerve
endings are destroyed.
9 Explain the importance of the rule of nines.

The rule of nines assesses the percentage of burn and is used to help guide treatment
decisions including fluid resuscitation and becomes part of the guidelines to determine
transfer to a burn unit.
10 Summarize the characteristics of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant
melanoma.

Basal cell carcinoma is relatively slow-growing and is the least malignant and most common
skin cancer.. They proliferate, invading the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The cancerous
lesions occur most often on sun-exposed often appear as areas of the face and shiny, dome-
shaped nodules that later develop a central ulcer with a "pearly" beaded edge. Squamous cell
carcinoma is a rapid-growing variety of skin cancer that appears most often on the scalp, ears,
back of the hands, and lower lip, but can appear anywhere skin. The lesions appear as scaly,
reddened papules (small, rounded swellings) that gradually form shallow ulcers with firm, raised
borders. Malignant melanoma is a cancer of melanocytes that arises from accumulated DNA
damage in a skin cell and usually appears as a brown to black patch. It accounts for only about
5 percent of skin cancers, but it is often deadly.

11 List several examples of integumentary system aging

 Drying skin
 Lanugo
 Appearance of acne, scales , dermatitis
 Eye-bags formation
 Hair loss
 Sagging jowls
 Male pattern baldness