DIFFERENT RAISING

TECHNIQUES
 Definition
 vertical or steeply-inclined opening that connects
different levels in mine.

 ladder way access to stopes, ore pass or airway in

mine’s ventilation system.

 Raising methods vary from simple manual drill and

blast to mechanical rock excavation with raise
boring machines (RBMs).
 Classification Of Raising Techniques

Raising
Techniques

Blind Two levels

Raising available

Compartm Alimak
Open Longhole Drop Raise
ent Raise Jora hoist
Raising Raising Raising borers
Method climber

based on the availability of access to the intended raise site at the time of its
drivage
 Raising
Techniques

With aid of Without aid of

explosives explosives

Blasthole
Conventional Using climber Raise borers
techniques

Alimak raise Longhole Drilling up

Open raising Jora hoist
climber raising reaming down

Compartment Drilling down

Pneumatic Drop raising
method reaming up

Electrical

Diesel

based on the rock fragmentation mechanism

 Open Raising
 Driving short length raises in competent ground
o Drilling and Blasting(2-3 rounds) : 1.5-2 m.
o Stulls used to create a platform
o Holes drilled for next platform for pulley block and
rope ladder.
o Planks removed, only stulls kept in place.
o Risky. Limited to driving raise upto 10m.
Open Raising
 Compartment Method
 Dividing raise into 2 compartment:
o Man-way
o Install service lines
o Blasted Muck accommodation
o Build by fixing sleepers skin to skin
o Muck drawn from bottom to maintain height level

 Man way covered using inclined bulkhead

Compartment Method
 Alimak Raise Climber
 Alimak Company, Sweden -1957

 Rack and Pinion mechanism bolted to guiderail.

 Guiderail comprises of pipes for air and water
 bolted to hanging wall by expansion bolts

 Features:
 Possible to drive very long raises
 Guiderail curves offers quick communication between
bottom and work platform by special service hoist, Alicab or
Alitrolley.
 Risk of foul gases eliminated
 Men travel inside cage, material on platform
Steps Involved In Alimak Raising
 Longhole Raising

 consists of drilling long-parallel holes in a cylindrical

or burn cut pattern.

 two levels must, for this method.

 Raises inclinations exceeding 50° to vertical.

 To carry out drilling the pneumatic or hydraulic drifters

mounted on the pre-fabricated rigs or vertical
columns and horizontal bar structures are used.
 Longhole Raising
Advantages
 Safety: man not required
to enter into the raise
during its drivage.
 Productivity: Operation is
not cyclic better hence
faster rate of drivage.
 Flexibility and simplicity:
NO elaborate arrangement
to accommodate the
equipment.
Limitations
 can be applied only if raise
site can be accessed from
both the levels.
 Blind raising is not feasible.
Raises upto 40 m lengths
and 45° inclinations can be
driven.
 Disturbed ground with joints,
fissures etc. may result
frequent jamming of drill rods
and bits.
Drilling with blasthole drifters hole length 10-30m & dia. 50-100mm. Long hole raising
 Drop Raising
 advanced version of the long-hole raising: long holes
and larger diameter used.

 method of making a raise connection between two

adjacent levels, nearly 60 m apart, by drilling large
diameter holes from upper level to lower level and
blasting them in stages.

 Central hole(1): 150-165mm

 Corner holes(4): 100mm

 Drop Raising
 Charging done from upper level

 Spherical charges; L:D ≤ 4:1, but not exceeding 6:1.

 Above it 1.8 m length packed with sand , rest of the

hole left unstemmed.

 With each blasting a vertical height of 1.8 m is formed

in the shape of raise.

 Dressing of conical cavity not essential

 fragmented rocks removed by L.H.D. unit working in

the lower level.
 Drop Raising
Advantages Limitation
 No side dressing or roof  requirement to use the same
dressing of the raise is drilling equipment in the
required.
stoping operations too, to
 Safe and fast, a raise justify the investment made.
nearly 57 m long generally
completed within 20 days.

 Reduced cost as better

drill factor, powder factor
and productivity is
achieved.
 Jora Hoist
 2 levels available

 Drilling large dia. hole at center of raise to get through

lower level.

 Cage :
 suspended from upper level using steel rope, hoisted using
winze.
 Flat top surface : working platform for drilling and blasting.
 Can be fixed against raise sides,with jack mounted in the
sides

 Hoist lowered before blasting.

 Jora Hoist
Advantages
 Low cost. Simple technique.
 Less development work
required prior to raising
operation.
 Simple drilling & blasting
used.
 Confirmation of ground
conditions is not required.
 Can efficiently mine through
the hardest of rock types
Limitations
 Requirement of access at
both ends of the intended
raise.
 Necessity of a large
capacity drill to drill the
central large diameter
hole.
 Tedious hoisting operation.
Slow advance rate.
 Method limited to drivage
of only vertical raises.
 Outdated method,Alimak
 Raise Borers
 Applied to drive a raise between two levels.

 Raise up to 910 m length and 30° to vertical (generally

>45°),0.9 m -3.7 m dia. driven.

 Circular configuration obtained without drilling and blasting.

 Machine setup at top and pilot hole of 225-250 mm dia. drilled

down to get through into lower level.

 Large reamer bit is put at bottom of the drill rod and the raise is
reamed to the desired dia. up to the upper level.

 Available for hard and soft ground. Pilot hole information about
the type of strata to be encountered and helps in driving the
raise accurately
 Machines also available for driving pilot hole lower to upward,
then reaming from upper to lower level. Less popular
technique.

 Removal of cuttings done air or by water, deposited around the

hole collar which then removed by hand shovel.

 during pilot hole drilling:

 Rotational speed 35–72 r.p.m
 Pressure on the pilot bit from 30,000 (for 9.8 in. bit) to 125,000
lb. for a 15 in. bit.

 During reaming bit:

 Rotational Speed10–20
 Pressure 20,000 lb. (for 48 in.) to 36,000 lb. (for 60 inches).
Driving vertical raise using raise borers.
 Conclusion
Raising is one of the most important tool for the
extraction purpose whether in coal mines or
metalliferous mines, generally used for the stope
development.

Alimak raise climber method is the best method

adopted, first deployed in India by the Jadugura
uranium mines in the year 1972

Raising has also huge application in other sectors like

civil construction apart from mining.
 References
 Tatiya,R.R.(2005).Excavations in upward direction –
raising.Chapter 13.In,Surface and Underground
Excavations – Methods, Techniques and Equipment
, pp.331-349.ISBN: 90-5809-627-0.

 Mine Portal.Underground Metal Mining Methods.

Available at http://www.mineportal.in/