Cornea - clear outer layer at the front of the eye.

The cornea helps your eye to focus light so you can see
clearly.

Iris- a thin, circular structure in the eye that controls the size of pupil regulating the light that reaches the retina.

Pupil - the opening in the center of the iris. It allows light to enter the eye so it can be focused on the retina to
begin the process of sight.

Lens- composed of transparent, flexible tissue and is located directly behind the iris and the pupil. It is the
second part of your eye, after the cornea that helps to focus light and images on your retina. By changing its
shape, the lens changes the focal distance of the eye. It also works together with the cornea to refract, or
bend, light. Convex Lens

Sclera - the white part of the eye that surrounds the cornea. In fact, the sclera forms more than 80 percent of
the surface area of the eyeball, extending from the cornea all the way to the optic nerve , which exits the back
of the eye. Maintains the shape of the eyeball and protects the eye.

Retina - the sensory membrane that lines the inner surface of the back of the eyeball. Made up of 200 million
neurons. It can sense light, and creates impulses that travel through the optic nerve to the brain.

Vitreous Humor- It is a clear, colorless fluid that fills the space between the lens and the retina of your eye.
Vital role. It helps it to hold its ‘spherical’ shape. The vitreous also comes in contact with the retina. The
pressure of the vitreous humour helps to keep the retina in place.

Macula - the small sensitive area in the center of the retina that provides clear central vision. It gives us the
ability to see “20/20” and provides the best color vision.

Fovea- located in the center of the macula and provides the sharpest detail vision. Which is necessary in
humans for activities for which visual detail is of primary importance, such as reading and driving.

Optic Nerve- It is located in the back of the eye. It can transfer visual information from the retina to the vision
centers of the brain via electrical impulses

13 If I speak in the tongues[a] of men or of angels, but do not have love, I

am only a resounding gong or a clanging cymbal. 2 If I have the gift of
prophecy and can fathom all mysteries and all knowledge, and if I have a
faith that can move mountains, but do not have love, I am nothing. 3 If I
give all I possess to the poor and give over my body to hardship that I
may boast,[b] but do not have love, I gain nothing. 4 Love is patient, love is
kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. 5 It does not
dishonor others, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no
record of wrongs. 6 Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the
truth. 7 It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always
perseveres. 8 Love never fails. But where there are prophecies, they will
cease; where there are tongues, they will be stilled; where there is
knowledge, it will pass away.
Drive Train
-deliver power by means of speed
Transmission- to make sure that the right
amount of power goes to your vehicle/wheels
to drive at a given speed.
-keeps the engine turning in time with the
wheels, regardless of what gear the vehicle is
in.
Parts:
=Axle Shafts, Universal joint, Drive shaft
Power Train- both the engine and rotor
Transaxle - single mechanical device which
combines the function of transmissions, axle
and differential into one integrated assembly.
-If you are running an open differential and you
hit a loose patch, the differential will send
power to the wheel that is encountering the
least resistance.
-The only problem occurs when a drive wheel
loses traction, such as on ice or gravel. In this
case, the open differential allows all the torque
to go to the wheel with no traction, driving the
vehicle nowhere. Open differentials are found
on most vehicles in the world, but not
performance or off-road vehicles.
Advantages:
 Cheap
 Reliable
 Provide good highway performance
 Relatively simple design
Disadvantages:
3. Less Tire Wear – Since the limited
slip differential can take power
away from a wheel that is losing
traction and give more power to
other wheels with traction, this
helps prevent too much wear on the
tires.
4. Less Axle Shaft Wear – The axle
shafts won’t have too much stress
and pressure put on them during
turns because they have the ability
to rotate at various speeds. This
means they won’t get worn down as
much.
5. Not Too Expensive – A limited slip
differential will not be a terribly
costly upgrade to make on your
vehicle. Most people spend
between $600 and $1,200 to get
this upgrade, which is not a lot if
you think about it. These
differentials are suitable for regular
vehicles, so you don’t need a high-
performance vehicle to enjoy it.

- can be produce both manual and automatic
versions
Differential- year train with three shafts that
has the properly that the rotational speed of
the shaft Is the average of the speed, or a
fixed multiple that average.
Advantages of Manual
-TRANSMISSION/TRANSAXLE-
=easier to maintain, cheaper in maintenance,
lesser parts, hard to drive on such road
conditions (traffic and uphill), fluctuation of
power, fuel economoy
Disadvantages of Manual
= more complicated on parts, expensive in
maintenance, more parts, easier to drive, less
fuel economy
4 DIFFERENTIALS
-FF
-FR
-RR
 A Open differential sends most of
the power to the wheel with the
least load or strain on it.
 This means that if one wheel loses
traction due to ice or sand, the
differential sends all the power to
the wheel causing the car to swerve
or get stuck on the patch.
 Another place where it can cause a
problem is if you are off-roading.
Limited slip differential- When it senses that a
wheel is spinning, it will automatically transmit
more power to the wheel that has more
traction.
-“PosiTraction” used in place of limited slip,
that originally was used by GM years ago and
has become a generic term associated with a
style of product, much like Kleenex, Band-Aid,
and Q-Tip.
-Ferdinand Porsche developed the limited-slip
differential.
-the limited-slip differential prevent the
differential from sending all torque to the wheel
with the least resistance. This enables the race
car to power through high-speed, high-power
corners. Limited-slip differentials are found on
many performance vehicles and some
ostensibly off-road vehicles.
Disadvantages:
1. Lack of Full Power to Wheels – If
there is a wheel with traction, the
limited slip differential won’t be able
to power it completely. It will always
have to transmit a small amount of
power to the wheel that doesn’t
have traction, even though it has
taken a lot of power away from it.
Therefore, it can’t give transmit
100% power to just one wheel.
2. Traction is Hard to Manage – You
won’t always be able to predict
what the traction is going to do
when you’re on rough terrain with
rocks, mud, and sand on it. While
the limited slip differential will send
some power to the wheels losing
traction, it won’t be a continuous
supply of power. Once other wheels
start to lose traction, the differential
will transmit more of the power over
to them. As a result, the vehicle
could end up being pulled to just
one side.
3. Not all the Same – A limited slip
differential won’t be the same in
every vehicle that has it. Some will
be able to control various elements
differently, such as the durability
levels and the wheels. Therefore,
don’t get used to one kind of limited
slip differential and think it will be
the same in another car that has
one, because it won’t.

-4WD Advantages:

Three jobs of Differential

1.
 transfers power from the engine to
the wheels.
 varies this power so that the wheels
may rotate independently.
 act as the final gear reduction drive
2.
system for the drivetrain.
Gears- spider gears
Differences of Open Differential and LSD
open differential- allow the wheels to vary
speeds to negotiate turns without binding up.
Off-Road Traction – Compared to
an open differential, you will get
better off-road traction with a limited
slip differential. This is due to the
limited slip differential transmitting
power into the wheels which have
traction to them.
Paved Surfaces – As good as
limited slip differentials are off-road,
they are even better on paved
surfaces. The performance will be
excellent as the traction is near
perfect. It should be a smooth
driving experience whenever you’re
on a paved surface.