Aizel E.

Palmaria
12 – STEM D

CONCEPTUAL/THEOROTICAL 1. IPO Model

FRAMEWORK
2. IV-DV Model
Framework
3. PC Model
 skeleton
 It is a basic structure or frame of 4. –P Model

reference which is designed to

5. POM
support or enclose something
IPO MODEL (INPUT-PROCESS-
Theory
OUTPUT)

 conceptual idea that is used to

 Largely used when the research
describe, explain, predict, or
attempts to isolate the factor or major
understand a certain phenomenon
variables that causes the problem,
 describes relationships (cause-effect)
subject, or phenomenon under
among variables
investigation
Conceptual Framework
IV-DV MODEL (INDEPENDENT
 based on theories or parts of theory VARIABLE-DEPENDENT VARIABLE)
combined with other parts of another
 Used in experiment-based studies
theory, or on the intellectual
 Questions raised are higher order and
synthesis of the various readings of
classified as situation-relating
the researcher
 Guides the researcher by giving clear PC MODEL (PREDICTOR-
directions to the research CRITERION)

Paradigm of the study  Used when relating and assessing the

influence between two or more
 Diagrammatic presentation of the
variables
study
 Studies that focus on relationships,
 Result of a clear understanding of the
associations, differences, and
conceptual or theoretical framework
impacts will benefit from this model

-P MODEL
Common Paradigms:
Aizel E. Palmaria
12 – STEM D

 Used in research studies that propose  The researcher’s own definition of

a program or any intervention
measure
 Fits the situation producing level of
questioning
POM (PROPOSED ORIGINAL
MODEL)
 Used when the researcher presents an
original paradigm.
 The requirement to be met is that it
must be scientific.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
 This section facilitates understanding
of the study by defining terms or
variables according to their
contextual use.
Types of Definition of Terms
1. CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
 A universal definition of a term
understood by people, a general
statement of properties or qualities
common to a number of examples.
Sources: Dictionary, Related Literature,
Authoritative Sources
terms as used in the study. It is
concrete and measurable, based on
observable characteristics of what is
being defined within the context of
the phenomenon being investigated.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
1. Null Hypothesis (Ho) o
 expressed as a negative statement
 subjected to testing in which the
decision is to either accept or reject
it
 statistical hypothesis
2. Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
 states the actual expected
relationships between variables
 expressed affirmatively
 scientific or research hypothesis
RESEARCH DESIGN
 Blueprint of the research paper
 Detailed explanation of the overall
procedures to be conducted in the
study

Types of Research Design

2. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
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12 – STEM D
A. Non-experimental Research -
Researcher has less control over the subject
and setting where it is conducted
 Basic Library Research
 Applied Research
B. Experimental Research - Researcher
controls and manipulates the independent
variables and randomly assigns the subject
to different conditions or situation
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
SAMPLING
 procedure by which some members
of a given population are selected as
representatives of the entire
population
POPULATION
 the larger group from which
individuals are selected to
participate in a study
SAMPLE
 the representatives selected for a
study whose characteristics
exemplify the larger group from
which they were selected
A. Probability Sampling
 Every element in the target
population has equal probability of
being chosen in the sample for the

 survey being conducted.
 Scientific, operationally convenient
and simple in theory.
 Results may be generalized.
Types:
1. Simple Random Sampling - method of
probability sampling in which every unit has
an equal non zero chance of being selected
for the sample
Slovin’s Formula:
n = N / (1 + Ne2)
n = sample; N = population;
e = margin of error
2. Systematic Random Sampling / Quasi-
Random Sampling - method of probability
sampling in which the defined target
population is ordered and the 1st unit of
sample is selected at random and rest of the
sample is selected according to position
using a skip interval (every Kth item)
K=N/n
K = Skip interval; N = population size
n = sample size
Aizel E. Palmaria
12 – STEM D
3. Stratified Random Sampling - method
of probability sampling in which the
population is divided into different
subgroups called strata (year, level, sex, age,
etc.) and samples are selected from each of
them.
4. Multistage Random Sampling
First stage – preparation of large sized
sampling units
Second stage – another list prepared from
them
5. Cluster Sampling - process of randomly
selecting intact groups, not individuals,
within the defined population sharing similar
characteristics
6. Area Sampling - pieces of geographical
areas such as districts, housing blocks or
townships are selected
B. Non-Probability Sampling
 Every element in the sampling frame
does not have equal probability of
being chosen in the sample.
 Operationally convenient and simple
in theory.
Results may not be generalized.
Types:
1. Convenience Sampling - the process of
including whoever happens to be available
at the time…called “accidental” or
“haphazard” sampling
2. Purposive Sampling - the process
whereby the researcher selects a sample
based on experience or knowledge of the
group to be sampled…called “judgment”
sampling
3. Quota Sampling - the process whereby a
researcher gathers data from individuals
possessing identified characteristics and
quotas
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
 These are prepared tools or devices
by the researcher used to collect data
needed or information, and facilitate
observation and measurement of
variables, consistent with the purpose
of the study.
Type of Research Instruments:
1. Questionnaire – most frequently used
where participants are asked to answer a set
of printed questions.
2. Interview Guide - the researcher conducts
one-on-one dialogue with the subject, asks
or reads questions to elicit answers.
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12 – STEM D

3. Anecdotal Records and other 2. Fixed-Alternative or Multiple-Choice

documentary materials Items. Respondents are allowed to choose
from 2 to 5 alternatives.
4. Mechanical instruments such as
diagnostic machines, microscope, weighing 3. Projective Questions. Uses vague
scale, and other devices. question or stimulus and attempts to project
a person’s attitudes from the responses.
Types of Questions Asked in Interview
May use word associations or sentence
1. Structured. Interview schedule is used. completion.
Questions are well sequenced, consistent
4. Cafeteria Questions. Respondents are
with the problems raised in the study. It
asked to respond according to their own
allows little flexibility for the respondents’
viewpoint.
reactions or responses to questions.
5. Rank-Order Questions - Respondents
2. Unstructured. The interview guide is
are asked to rank answers from “most” to
used for informal interviews. Questions are
“least” important, reasonable or beneficial.
so framed as to allow the researcher’s
flexibility in questioning the subject when Field Test or Dry-Run
the need arises.
 Trial Version of the study
Types of Questions Asked
Criteria for Evaluating the Instrument
1. Open-ended. Respondents are given
1. Reliability. Refers to the degree of
flexibility to answer questions or specify
consistency or accuracy with which an
indicators other than those listed in the
instrument measures the variables of the
questionnaire.
study.
2. Close-Ended. Respondents answer a
2. Validity. The degree to which an
number of alternative responses.
instrument measures what it intends to
Types of Close-Ended Questions measure.

1. Dichotomous Items. Respondents 3. Efficiency. Refers to the capability of the

choose between two-response alternative. instrument to measure items within the
given time frame.
Aizel E. Palmaria
12 – STEM D
4. Objectivity. The instrument can gather
factual and impartial data
5. Speed. Quick, fast and complete results
are ensured within the time frame allowed to
obtain data.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
 It is the body of knowledge and
techniques used in collecting,
presenting, analyzing, and
interpreting data
Branches of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics
2. Inferential Statistics
Kinds of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics. Statistics intended
to organize and summarize numerical data
from the population and sample.
Uses of Descriptive statistics:
a. Measures and condenses data in frequency
distribution and graphic presentation.
b. Measures of central tendency to describe
the mean, median or mode of the data
gathered.
2. Inferential Statistics. Concerned with
population and the use of sample data to
predict the future occurrences.
Purpose:
a. To estimate population parameter using
sampling error, sampling distribution and
sampling bias.
b. Testing the null hypothesis
Statistical Tools for Data Treatment
1. Percentage (P). Usually being used
to present the profile of respondents or
variables been collected.
2. Ranking. Used to determine the
order of decreasing magnitude of variables.
3. Weighted Mean. To describe /
present the overall average responses /
perceptions of the respondents. (Include the
interval and verbal interpretation)
4. Measures of Central Tendency
5. Standard Deviation - homogeneity
and heterogeneity of variance of variables.
6. T-test - compares the responses of
two respondent groups under investigation
on a certain phenomenon.
7. One-Way Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA)-used to test mean differences
Aizel E. Palmaria
12 – STEM D

among three or more group by comparing

variability between groups to variability
within groups.

8. Correlation Coefficients

9. Multiple Regression Analysis.

Used to correlate more than two variables.