CHEMISTRY

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

Study the change in E.m.f of a Daniel cell

RAHUL SEHRAWAT

XII-A
S.NO Content Page No
1 Certificate 2
2 Acknowledgement 3
3 Introduction 4
4 principle 5-7
5 Aim / Objective 8-10
6 Materials required 11
7 Procedure 12-14
8 Observation 15-16
9 Conclusion 17
10 Bibliography 18
This is to certify that RAHUL SEHRAWAT, A student of Class XII- A
has successfully completed the research on the topic “Study the change in
E.M.F. of a Daniel cell Due to various factors such as Change in
concentration, temperature And Area of electrodes.”

Under the guidance of MRS. TEENA SINGH during the year 2018 -2019 in
the partial fulfillment of CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL EXAMINATION.

Teacher’s signature Principal’s signature

Date School Rubber Stamp

I wish to express my deep gratitude and
sincere thanks to the principal, Dr.
Sheetal Mann, Modern Convent School for
her encouragement and for all the
facilities that she provided for this
project work. I sincerely appreciate
this magnanimity by taking me into her
fold for which I shall remain indebted
to her. I extend my hearty thanks to
Mrs. Teena Singh, my chemistry teacher
who guided me to the successful
completion of this project. I take this
opportunity to express my deep sense of
gratitude for her invaluable guidance,
constant encouragement, immense
motivation which has sustained my
efforts at all stages of my project
work.
Study the change in E.m.f of a Daniel cell Due to various
factors such as Change in concentration, temperature
And Area of electrodes.
 ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS:
An electrochemical cell is a device by which electric current
energy is generated at the cost of chemical energy due to
chemical action taking place in the cell. They are of two types,
1. Primary cells
2. Secondary cells
PRIMARY CELLS: It is a cell in which electrical energy is
produced due to chemical energy. The chemical reaction in the
cell is irreversible
E.g: Daniel cell, Voltaic cell, Leclanche cell
SECONDARY CELLS: It is a cell in which the electrical energy
is first stored up as a chemical energy and when the outside
circuit is closed to draw the current from the cell the stored
chemical energy is reconverted into electrical energy. The
chemical reactions are irreversible in this cell.
The secondary cells are also called storage cell or
accumulators.
E.g: Lead acid accumulator, Edison cell

Here we are going to discuss about the change in emf of the

Daniel cell which is a primary cell, with respect to
concentration and temperature.
 E.M.F [ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE]
Electromotive force, also called emf, is the voltage developed by any
source of electrical energy such as battery or dynamo.
EMF of cell means, when current flows through two points a
potential difference generated by a cell draws no current is called
EMF.
Inside a source of EMF that is open-circuited, the conservative
electrostatic field created by separation of charge exactly cancels
the forces producing the EMF. Thus, the emf has the same value
but opposite sign as the integral of the electric field aligned with
an internal path between two terminals A and B of a source of emf
in open circuit condition.
DANIEL CELL:
The Daniel cell is a typed electrochemical cell invented in 1836
by John Frederic Daniel. A British chemist and meteorologist
and cons sled of a copper pot tilled with a copper sulfate
solution. In which was immersed an unglazed earthenware
container filled with sulfuric acid and a zinc electrode. He was
searching for a way to eliminate the hydrogen bubble problem
found in the voltaic pile and his solution was to use a second
electrolyte to consume the hydrogen produced by the first Zinc
sulfate may be substituted for the sulfuric acid. The Daniel cell
was a great improvement over the existing technology used in
the early days of battery development A later variant of the
Daniel cell called the gravity cell or crowfoot was invented in
the 1860s by a Frenchman named Callaud and became a
popular choice for electrical telegraphy.
The Daniel cell is also the historical basis for the contemporary
definition of the volt which is the unit of electromotive force in
the International System of Units. The definitions of electrical
units that were proposed at the 1881 International Conference
of Electricians were designed so that the electromotive force of
the Daniel cell would be about 1.0 volts. With contemporary
definitions. the standard potential of the Daniel cell at 25'C is
actually 110 V
In the Daniel cell copper and zinc electrodes are immersed in a
solution of copper(II) sulfate and zinc sulfate respectively. At
the anode. Zinc is oxidized per the following half reaction.
Zn(s) • 2n2•(aq) • 2e- (Standard electrode potential
--0. 7618 V I At the unlock. copper is reduced per
the following react on. Cu2•1aq) • 2e-
Cuts.(Standard electrode potential .0,340 V I
The total reaction being
Zn9s) • Cu2•(aq) * Zn2. (ag) • Cu(s)..( Open circuit
voltage 1.1018 V )
Salt Bridge:
It consists of a tube filled with semi-solid paste
obtained by adding gelative or agar to the
solution of strong electrolyte such as NS.
NH4NO3 KNO3 etc. which does not change
chemically during that process. Function of salt
bridge.
• To complete the electrical circuit by allowing
the solution to Low from one solution to another-
Without mixing the two solutions.
• To maintain electrical neutrality of solution in
two half cells.
FEATURES OF DANIEL CELL:
• Zinc rod at which oxidation occurs is called the anode
while the copper rod at which the reduction takes place is
called cathode.
• The half-cell reaction occurring at anode is called
oxidation -half cell reaction while the occurring at cathode
is called reduction.
• The two half-cell reactions always take place
simultaneously i.e.... Half-cell reaction cannot take place
immediately.
• Since electrons are produced at zinc electrode. It is
rich in electrons and pulls these electrons into the
external circuit and hence acts as negative pole. The
copper electrode on the other hand is deficient in
electrons and thus pulls the electrons from the external
circuit and act as positive pole.
• The electrons flow from negative pole to positive pole
in the external circuit. However, conventionally the
current is said to flow in opposite direction i.e. from
positive pole to negative pole in the external circuit.

• The concentration of copper sulphate solution

decreases with passage of time as the cell operates.
Consequently the current fall with passage of time.
TWO BEAKERS U TUBE

COPPER ROD ZINC ROD

COPPER SULPHATE

DIAGRAM:
Procedure :
1. Take two and pour the required chemicals in
respective beaker and mark them for
identification.
2. Take two square to slide in and connecting
wire to their screw.
3. Connect negative of the voltmeter to the
anode and it’s positive to cathode.
4. Take filter paper long enough to dip into both
the solution. Dip the paper on KNo3 solution and
put it as a salt bridge.
5. Put on the electrode voltmeter set up. Note
the reading quickly and the put of the electrode
voltmeter set up.
6. For measuring variation with temperature,
with change in area of electrode use the different
size of electrode and then do step 5 again.
7. For measuring variation with temperature
heat the solution and then do step 5 again.
 8. For measuring variations with change in
concentration of electrolyte .Use the electrolytes
of different molarity and then do step 5 again
 Variation with Concentration:
 Fixed Temperature = 28 oC
Molarity Molarity Voltmeter Reading
of of (V)
CuSO4(M) CuSO4(M)
Variation in Temperature:
 Constant Molarity =
.

Temperature Temperature Voltage

of CuSO4 (co) of ZnSO4 (co) (V)

Variation in Area:
 No changes in change in EMF.
1) Decrease in concentration, increase in EMF
of the cell.
2) Increase in Temperature, increase in EMF.
3) Change in area does not have any change in
EMF.
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineerin
g/daniell-cell
 www.wikipedia.com
 Ncert books
 Pradeep’s chemistry part 2