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Namma Kalvi 12th Chemistry Unit 1 To 4 Loyola Ec Guide em PDF
Namma Kalvi 12th Chemistry Unit 1 To 4 Loyola Ec Guide em PDF
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EC CHEMISTRY
10
12
VOLUME - I
PREFACE
Welcome to all teachers and students.
Nothing succeeds like success’ Loyola’s EC brings that success.
Loyola Publications has immense pleasure in bringing this EC Guide for Std XII
Chemistry.
This guide is framed in such a way to fulfil the needs of the students going for
Government Public Examination as well as various entrance examinations.
This guide elaborately deals with all the exercise questions given in the text
book.
Moreover additional questions in each category (1, 2, 3 & 5 Marks) for all units
are provided.
Answers for 1 mark questions are provided with suitable explanations and
reasons wherever necessary.
Answer for 2, 3 and 5 mark questions are provided in a simple and lucid manner
so as to make the learning as an enjoyable experience.
After learning this guide thoroughly a student will understand clearly all the
concepts given in the text book.
Surely this guide will be a boon to slow learners.
Utmost care has been taken in bringing this guide without any conceptual and
spelling errors.
A team of well experienced and dedicated teachers worked tirelessly in making
this endeavour a successful one.
Your valuable suggestions and comments are expected to improve this guide
in the coming years.
Loyola Publications wishes you all good luck.
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Contents
1 Metallurgy 5
2 p-Block Elements-I 29
3 p-Block Elements - II 56
Metallurgy
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PART - I - TEXT BOOK EVALUATION
I. Choose the correct answer
1. Bauxite has the composition
a) Al2O3 b) Al2O3.nH2O c) Fe2O3.2H2O d) None of these
Ans : b) Al2O3.nH2O
2. Roasting of sulphide ore gives the gas (A). (A) is a colourless gas. Aqueous solution of (A)
is acidic. The gas (A) is
a) CO2 b) SO3 c) SO2 d) H2S Ans : c) SO2
3. Which one of the following reaction represents calcination?
a) 2Zn + O2 2ZnO b) 2ZnS + 3O2 2ZnO + 2SO2
c) MgCO3 MgO + CO2 d) Both (a) and (c)
Ans : c) MgCO3 MgO + CO2
4. The metal oxide which cannot be reduced to metal by carbon is
a) PbO b) Al2O3 c) ZnO d) FeO Ans : b) Al2O3
5. Which of the metal is extracted by Hall - Heroult process?
a) Al b) Ni c) Cu d) Zn Ans : a) Al
6. Which of the following statements, about the advantage of roasting of sulphide ore before
reduction is not true?
a) G 0f of sulphide is greater than those for CS2 and H2S
b) G 0r is negative for roasting of sulphide ore to oxide
c) Roasting of the sulphide to its oxide is thermodynamically feasible.
d) Carbon and hydrogen are suitable reducing agents for metal sulphides.
Ans : d) Carbon and hydrogen are suitable reducing agents for metal sulphides.
7. Match items in column I - I with the items of column - II and assign the correct code.
Column I Column II
A Cyanide process i Ultrapure Ge A B C D
B Froth floatation process ii Dressing of ZnS a) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
C Electrolytic reduction iii Extraction of Al b) (iii) (iv) (v) (i)
D Zone refining iv Extraction of Au c) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
v Purification of Ni d) (ii) (iii) (i) (v)
Ans :c) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
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ZrI4 Zr (pure) + 2I2 This method is known as
a) Liquation b) Van Arkel process c) Zone refining d) Mond’s process
Ans : b) Van Arkel process
19. Which of the following is used for concentrating ore in metallurgy?
a) Leaching b) Roasting c) Froth floatation d) Both (a) and (c)
Ans : d) Both (a) and (c)
20. The incorrect statement among the following is
a) Nickel is refined by Mond’s process
b) Titanium is refined by Van Arkel’s process
c) Zinc blende is concentrated by froth floatation
d) In the metallurgy of gold, the metal is leached with dilute sodium chloride solution
Ans : d) In the metallurgy of gold, the metal is leached with dilute sodium chloride solution
21. In the electrolytic refining of copper, which one of the following is used as anode?
a) Pure copper b) Impure copper c) Carbon rod d) Platinum electrode
Ans : b) Impure copper
22. Which of the following plot gives Ellingham diagram
a) S VsT b) G 0 VsT c) G 0 Vs1/T d) G 0 VsT2
Ans : b) G0 VsT
23. In the Ellingham diagram, for the formation of carbon monoxide
S0 G0
a) is negative
b) T is positive
T
G0 T G0
c) T is negative
d) Initially 0 is positive, after 700 C
0
T is negative
G
G0
Ans : c) T is negative
24. Which of the following reduction is not thermodynamically feasible?
a) Cr2O3 + 2Al Al2O3 + 2Cr b) Al2O3 + 2Cr Cr2O3 + 2Al
c) 3TiO2 + 4Al 2Al2O3 + 3Ti d) none of these
Ans : b) Al2O3 + 2Cr Cr2O3 + 2Al
25. Which of the following is not true with respect to Ellingham diagram?
a) Free energy changes follow a straight line. Deviation occurs when there is a phase change.
b) The graph for the formation of CO2 is a straight line almost parallel to free energy axis.
c) Negative slope of CO shows that it becomes more stable with increase in temperature.
d) Positive slope of metal oxides shows that their stabilities decrease with increase in
temperature.
Ans : b) The graph for the formation of CO2 is a straight line almost parallel to free energy axis.
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7. Explain zone refining process with an example using the Ellingham diagram given below.
Zone refining :
The principle is fractional crystallisation.
When an impure metal is melted and allowed to solidify, the impurities will prefer to remain
in the melten region. ie; impurities are more soluble in the melt than in the solid state metal.
In this process the impure metal is taken in the form of a rod. One end of the rod is heated
using a mobile induction heater, melting the metal on that portion of the rod.
When the heater is slowly moved to the other end pure metal crystallises while impurities
will move on to the adjacent molten zone formed due to the movement of the heater.
As the heater moves further away, the molten zone containing impurities also moves along
with it.
This process is repeated several times by moving the heater in the same direction again and
again to achieve the desired purity level.
This process is carried out in an inert gas atmosphere to prevent the oxidation of metals.
Germanium, Silicon and gallium which are used as semiconductor are refined by this process.
8. (A) Predict the conditions under which
i) Aluminium might be expected to reduce magnesia.
ii) Magnesium could alumina.
B) Carbon monoxide is more effective reducing agent than carbon below 983K but, above
this temperature, the reverse is true - Explain.
c) It is possible to reduce Fe2O3 by coke at a temperature around 1200K
A) i) Ellingham diagram for the formation of Al2O3 and MgO intersects around 1600K. Above
this temperature aluminium line lies below the magnesium line. Hence we can use
aluminium to reduce magnesia above 1600K.
ii) In Ellingham diagram below 1600K magnesium line lies below aluminium line. Hence below
1600K magnesium can reduce alumina.
B) The two lines for C CO2 and C CO cross at about 983K. Below this temperature the
reaction to form CO2 is energetically more favourable hence CO is more effective reducing
agent than carbon below 983K. But above 983K the formation of CO is preferred, hence
carbon is more effective reducing agent than CO above this temperature.
C) In Ellingham diagram above 1000K carbon line lies below the iron line. Hence it is possible
to reduce Fe2O3 by coke at a temperature around 1200K.
9. Give uses of zinc.
Metallic zinc is used in galvanisation to protect iron and steel structures from rusting and
corrosion.
Zinc is used to produce die - castings in the automobile, electrical and hardware industries.
Zinc oxide is used in the manufacture of paints, rubber, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, plastics,
inks, batteries, textiles and electrical equipment.
Zinc sulphide is used in making luminous paints, fluorescent lights and x - ray screens.
Brass an alloy of zinc which is highly resistant to corrosion is used in water valves and
communication equipment.
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However above 1000K carbon line lies below the iron line. Hence at this condition FeO is
less stable than CO and the reduction is thermodynamically feasible. So coke can be used as
a reducing agent above this temperature.
Following free energy calculation also confirm that the reduction is thermodynamically
favoured.
From the Ellingham diagram at 1500K
2Fe(s) + O2(g) 2FeO(g) G1 = 350 KJmol-1 ............1
2C(s) + O2(g) 2CO(g) G2 = 480 KJmol-1 ............2
Reverse the reaction 1
2FeO(s) 2Fe(s) + O2(g) G 1 = 350 KJmol-1 ............3
Couple the reactions 2 and 3
2FeO(s) + 2C(s) 2Fe(s) + 2CO(g) G 3 = 130 KJmol-1 ............4
G 3
The standard free energy change for the reduction of one mole of FeO is = - 65 KJmol-1
2
16. Give the limitations of Ellingham diagram.
Ellingham diagram is constructed based only on thermodynamic considerations.
It gives information about the thermodynamic feasibility of a reaction.
It does not tell anything about the rate of the reaction.
More over it does not give any idea about the possibility of other reactions that might be
taking place.
The interpreparation of G is based on the assumption that the reactants are in equilibrium
with the product which is not always true.
17. Write a short note on electrochemical principles of metallurgy.
Reduction of oxides of active metals such as sodium, potassium etc. by carbon is
thermodynamically not feasible.
Such metals are extracted from their ores by using electrochemical methods.
In this method the metal salts are taken in fused form or in solution form.
The metal ion present can be reduced by treating the solution with suitable reducing agent
or by electrolysis.
Gibbs free energy change for the electrolysis is
0 0
G = - nFE
n = number of electrons involved in the reduction
F = Faraday = 96500 coulombs
E0 = electrode potential of the redox couple.
If E0 is positive, G 0 is negative and the reduction is spontaneous.
Hence a redox reaction is planned in such a way that the e.m.f of the net redox reaction is
positive.
A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution.
eg : Cu2+(aq) + Zn(s) Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq)
Zinc is more reactive than copper and displaces copper from its salt solution.
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19. Assertion (A) : Zinc blende can be concentrated by froth floatation method.
Reason (R) : Metallic ore particles are preferentially wetted by water and settle at the bottom.
i) A and R are correct, R explains A.
ii) A is correct, R is wrong
iii) A is wrong, R is correct
iv) A and R are correct but R does not explain A.
Ans : ii) A is correct, R is wrong
Correct (R) : Metallic particles are preferentially wetted by oil and rise to the surface.
20. Assertion (A) : Cr2O3 is reduced into chromium by aluminothermite process.
Reason (R) : Aluminium acts as the reducing agent.
i) A and R are correct, R explains A.
ii) A is correct, R is wrong
iii) A is wrong, R is correct
iv) A and R are correct but R does not explain A.
Ans : i) A and R are correct, R explains A.
V. Choose the correct statement
21. a) Metals having more chemical reactivity occur as native elements.
b) Removal of gangue from ores is called refining.
c) Tin stone ore is concentrated by gravity separation.
d) Silver glance is a carbonate ore.
Ans : c) Tin stone ore is concentrated by gravity separation.
22. a) In froth floatation sodium ethyl xanthate acts as a collector.
b) In leaching the ore is converted into insoluble salt or complex and the gangue remains in
the solution.
c) Ammonia leaching is suitable for gold and silver.
d) Bauxite ore is subjected to acid leaching .
Ans : a) In froth floatation sodium ethyl xanthate acts as a collector.
23. a) Calcination is the process in which concentrated ore is strongly heated in the presence of
air.
b) Flux is a chemical substance that forms an easily fusible slag with gangue.
c) In aluminothermite process the ignition mixture used is magnesium peroxide and
barium.
d) Any metal can reduce the oxides of other metals that are located below it in Ellingham
diagram.
Ans : b) Flux is a chemical substance that forms an easily fusible slag with gangue.
24. a) In electro refining pure metal is taken as anode and impure metal is taken as cathode.
b) Distillation is employed for high boiling non volatile metals.
c) Zone refining is based on the principle of fractional crystallisation.
d) Mond’s process is used for refining titanium.
Ans : c) Zone refining is based on the principle of fractional crystallisation.
VI. Choose incorrect statement
25. i) In cyanide leaching gold is converted into an insoluble cyanide complex.
ii) In ammonia leaching nickel forms a soluble complex.
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57. In Ellingham diagram as temperature increases, generally G value for the formation of
the metal oxide become
a) Less positive b) More positive c) Less negative d) More negative
Ans : c)Less negative
58. If the e.m.f of the net redox reaction is positive, its G is
a) Positive b) Negative c) Zero d) One
Ans : b) Negative
59. Which of the following metal is refined by distillation?
a) Tin b) Lead c) Zinc d) Bismuth
Ans : c) Zinc
60. Which of the following is not refined by zone refining?
a) Germanium b) Zirconium c) Silicon d) Gallium
Ans : b) Zirconium
61. Which of the following is refined by Mond process?
a) Silicon b) Copper c) Nickel d) Zinc
Ans : c) Nickel
62. Which of the following is refined by Van Arkel method?
a) Gallium b) Titanium c) Germanium d) Silicon
Ans : b) Titanium
63. Which of the following metal is used in galvanisation?
a) Copper b) Aluminium c) Zinc d) Gold
Ans : c) Zinc
64. Which is used in making luminous paints, fluroescent lights and x - ray screens?
a) Brass b) Zinc sulphide c) Cast iron d) Gold nano particles
Ans : b) Zinc sulphide
65. Which is used for increasing the efficiency of solar cells?
a) Brass b) Zinc sulphide c) Cast iron d) Gold nano particles
Ans : d) Gold nano particles
VII. Two Mark Questions
1. What is a mineral?
A naturally occuring substance obtained by minig, which contains the metal in free state or
in the form of compounds like oxides, sulphides etc ; is called a mineral.
2. What is an ore?
A mineral which contains high percentage of metal, from which it can be extracted conveniently
and economically is called as an ore.
3. What is concentration of ores?
The removal of non metallic impurities, rocky materials and siliceous matter (called as
gangue) from the ores is known as concentration of ores.
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4. What is leaching?
The process of dissolving metal present in an ore in a suitable solvent to form a soluble
metal salt or complex leaving the gangue undissolved is called leaching.
5. What is ammonia leaching?
Crushed ore containing nickel, copper and cobalt is treated with aqueous ammonia under
suitable pressure.
Ammonia selectively leaches these metals by forming their soluble complexes namely
[Ni(NH3)6]2+, [Cu(NH3)4]2+and [Co(NH3)5H2O]3+. from the ore.
The gangue left behind are iron (III) oxides/hydroxides and alumino silicate.
6. What is acid leaching?
Sulphide ores ZnS, PbS can be leached with hot aqueous sulphuric acid.
In this process the insoluble sulphide is converted into soluble sulphate and elemental sul-
phur.
2ZnS(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) + O2(g) 2ZnSO4(aq) + 2S(s) + 2H2O
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11. Write about the extraction of metal by the process of reduction by hydrogen.
This method can be applied to the oxides of the metals (Fe, Pb,Cu) which are less
electropositive than hydrogen.
Ag2O(S) + H2(g) 2Ag(S) + H2O(l)
Nickel oxide is reduced to nickel by a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide (water gas)
2NiO(S) +CO(g) + H2(g) 2Ni(S) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
12. Write about the extraction of metal by the process of reduction by metal.
In this process a metal oxide is reduced to metal by some active metals. like sodium,
potassium and calcium.
Rb2O3 + 3Mg 2Rb + 3MgO
TiO2 + 2Mg Ti + 2MgO
1250K Th + 2CaO
ThO2 + 2Ca
Alumino thermite process is also an example of reduction by metal.
13. Write about alumino thermite process.
In this method a metal oxide is reduced to metal by aluminium.
It is an exothermic process where heat is liberated.
Cr2O3 is mixed with aluminium powder in a fire clay crudable.
Ignition mixture is magnesium and barium peroxide.
BaO2+ Mg BaO + MgO
Temperature = 24000C Heat liberated = 852KJmol-1 This heat helps the reduction of Cr2O3
by Al.
2Cr + Al O
Cr2O3 + 2Al 2 3
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Crude metal is heated to form fusible liquid and allowed to flow on a sloping surface.
Impure metal is placed on sloping health of a reverberatory furnace.
Impure metal is heated just above the melting point of the metal in the absence of air.
The molten pure metal flows down.
Impurities are left behind.
Molten metal is collected and solidified.
18. Write the applications or uses of copper.
Copper is the first metal used by humans and extended use of its alloy bronze resulted in a
new era, ‘Bronze age’.
Used for making coins and ornaments along with gold and other metals.
Copper and its alloys are used for making wires, water pipes and other electrical parts.
19. Write the applications or uses of gold.
Gold is one of the expensive and precious metals.
Used for coinage and has been used as standard for monetary systems in some countries.
Extensively used in jewellery in its alloy form with copper.
Used in electroplating to cover other metals with a thin layer of gold in watches, artificial
limb joints, cheap jewellery, dental fillings and electrical connectors.
Gold nanoparticles are used for increasing the efficiency of solar cells.
Used as catalyst.
VIII. Three Mark Questions
1. Write about gravity separation or hydrulic wash?
Ore with high specific gravity is separated from gangue with low specific gravity by simply
washing with running water.
Finely powdered ore is treated with rapidly flowing current of water.
Lighter gangue particles are washed away by the running water.
This method is used for concentrating native ore such as gold and oxide ores such as haematite,
tin stone.
2. What is cyanide leaching?
Crushed ore of gold is leached with aerated dilute solution of sodium cyanide.
Gold is converted into a soluble cyanide complex.
The gangue alumino silicate remains insoluble.
4A u (s) + 8CN (aq) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) 4[Au(CN)2] (aq) + 4OH (aq)
Gold can be recovered by reacting the deoxygenated leached solution with Zinc.
Gold is reduced to its elemental state (zero oxidation state.)
This process is called cementation.
Zn(s) + 2[Au(CN)2] (aq) [Zn(CN)4]2 (aq) + 2Au(s)
The impurities iron oxide and titanium oxide are left behind.
Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O(l) 2Na [Al(OH)4](aq)
The hot solution is decanted, cooled and diluted.
This solution is neutralised by passing CO2 gas to form hydrated Al2O3 precipitate.
2Na[Al(OH)4](aq) + CO2(g) Al2O3.XH2O(s) + 2NaHCO3(aq)
The precipitate is filtered off and heated around 1670K to get pure Alumina Al 2O3.
4. Write about magnetic sparation.
This method is applicable to ferromagnetic ores.
It is based on the difference in the magnetic properties
of the ore and the impurities.
Non magnetic tin stone can be separated from the
magnetic impurities wolframite.
Similarly magnetic ores chromite, pyrolusite can be
removed from non magnetic siliceous impurities.
Crushed ore is poured on to an electromagnetic
separator with a belt moving over two rollers of which
one is magnetic.
Magnetic part of the ore is attracted towards the
magnet and falls as a heap close to the magnetic region.
Non magnetic part falls away from it.
5. Write about calcination.
Calcination is the process in which the concentrated ore is strongly heated in the absence of air.
During this process water of crystallisation present in the hydrated oxide escapes as moisture.
Any organic matter present also get expelled leaving the ore porous.
This method can also be carried out with a limited supply of air.
During calcination of carbonate ore carbondioxide is liberated.
PbCO3
PbO + CO2
CaCO3
CaO + CO2
Al2O3. 2H2O
Al2O3(s) + 2H2O(g)
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Alloys of aluminium with copper, manganese, magnesium, silicon are light weight and strong
hence used in design of aeroplanes and other forms of transport.
Due to its high resistance to corrosion, it is used in the design of chemical reactors, medical
equipments, refrigeration units and gas pipelines.
It is a good electrical conductor and cheap, hence used in electrical over head cables with
steel core for strength.
11. Write the applications or uses of Zinc.
It is used in galvanisation of iron and steel to protect them from rusting and corrosion.
To produce die - castings in automobile, electrical and hardware industries.
Zinc oxide is used in the manufacture of paints, rubber, cosmetics, pharmacenticals, plastics,
inks, batteries, textiles and electrical equipment.
Zinc sulphide is used in making luminous paints, fluroescent lights and x - ray screens.
An alloy of zinc known as brass is used in water valves and communication equipments
due to its high resistance to corrosion.
12. Write the applications or uses of iron.
Iron is one the most useful metals and its alloys are used everywhere including bridges,
electricity pylons, bicycle chains, cutting tools and rifle barrels.
Cast iron is used to make pipes, valves and pumb stoves etc.
Magnets can be made of iron and its alloys and compounds.
Important alloy of iron is stainless steel which is very resistant to corrosion.
It is used in architecture, bearings, cutlery, surgical instruments and jewellery.
Nickel steel is used for making cables, automobiles, and aeroplane parts.
Chrome steels are used for manufacturing cutting tools and crushing machines.
IX. Five Mark Questions.
1. Explain froth floatation method.
This is used to concentrate sulphide ores such as galena (PbS) Zinc blende (ZnS) etc.
Metallic ore particles preferentially wetted by oil can be separated from gangue.
Crushed ore is mixed with water and a frothing agent like pine oil or eucalyptus oil.
A small amount of sodium ethyl xanthate is added as a collector.
A froth is formed by blowing air through the mixture.
The collector molecules attach to the ore particles and make them water repellent.
As a result ore particles wetted by the oil rise to the surface along with the froth.
The froth is skimmed off and dried to recover the concentrated ore.
Gangue particles preferentially wetted by water settle at the bottom.
If the sulphide ore contains other metal sulphides as impurities, they are selectively prevented
from coming to the froth by using depressing agents like sodium cyanide, sodium carbonate
etc.
Sodium cyanide depresses the floatation property of the impurity ZnS present in galena
(PbS) by forming a layer of zinc complex Na2[Zn(CN)4] on the surface of ZnS.
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UNIT
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2 p-Block Elements - I
c) basic
d) amphoteric
Ans : c. basic
2. Boric acid is an acid because its molecule (NEET)
a) contains replaceable H+ ion
b) gives up a proton
c) B4H10
d) none of these
Ans : b. B3H6
4. Which of the following metals has the largest abundance in the earth’s crust?
a) Aluminium
b) Calcium
b) Magnesium
d) Sodium
Ans : a. Aluminium
5. In diborane, the number of electrons that accounts for banana bonds is
a) six
b) two
c) four
d) three Ans : c. four
6. The element that does not show catenation among the following p-block elements is
a) Carbon
b) Silicon
c) Lead
d) Germanium
Ans : c. Lead
7. Carbon atoms in fullerene with formula C60 have
a) sp3 hybridised
b) sp hybridised
c) sp2 hybridised
Ans : d. (SiO4)4–
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a) SiO2
b)
Si O
R
R
c) R
O Si O d) Si O O R Ans : b. Si O
R R R
11. Which of these is not a monomer for a high molecular mass silicone polymer?
a) Me3SiCl
b) PhSiCl3
c) MeSiCl3
d) Me2SiCl2 Ans : a. Me3SiCl
a) Graphite
b) Graphene
c) Fullerene
d) Dry ice Ans : d. Dry ice
13. The geometry at which carbon atom in diamond are bonded to each other is
a) Tetrahedral
b) Hexagonal
c) Octahedral
d) None of these Ans : a. Tetrahedral
b) Mg2SiO4 is an orthosilicate
15. AlF3 is soluble in HF only in the presence of KF. It is due to the formation of (NEET)
a) K3[AlF3H3]
b) K3[AlF6]
c) AlH3
d) K[AlF3H] Ans : b. K3[AlF6]
16. Match items in Column-I with the items of Column-II and assign the correct code.
Column-I Column-II
A Borazole 1. B(OH)3
B Boric acid 2. B3N3H6
C Quartz 3. Na2[B4O5(OH4)] 8H2O
D Borax 4. SiO2
a) 2 1 4 3
b) 1 2 4 3
c) 1 2 3 4
d) none of these Ans : a. 2 1 4 3
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a) Diamond b) Graphite
a) Metal borides
b) Metal oxides
c) Metal carbonates
d) Metal carbide Ans : a. Metal borides
Stability of +1 oxidation state increases down the group due to inert pair effect.
II. Answer the following questions
1. Write a short note on anamalous properties of the first element of p-block.
The following factors are responsible for the anamalous properties of the first elements of
p-block.
1. Small size of the first member
2. High ionisation enthalpy and high electronegativity.
3. Flux in metallurgy.
4. Good preservative.
iii) The self bond must be as strong as its bond with other elements.
+ .. – .. –
C
.. O:
.. :C O
.. C O+
Structure of CO2:
Structure is linear.
Equal bond distance for both C–O bonds.
There are two C–O sigma bonds.
In addition there is 3C - 4e bond covering all the three atoms.
. .– + + . .–
:O
.. C O : :O
.. C O:
.. :O C O:
..
6. Mixed with paints and enamels to make them resistant towards high temperature,
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In diborane two BH2 units are linked by two bridged hydrogens. Therefore it has eight
B–H bonds.
Diborane has only 12 valence electrons and are not sufficient to form normal covalent
bonds.
The four terminal B–H bonds are normal covalent bonds. (2C - 2e bond) (Totally 8e–s)
The remaining four electrons have to be used for the bridged bonds. ie two 3 centred
B–H–B bonds utilise two electrons each.
Hence these bonds are 3C - 2e bonds.
The bridging hydrogen atoms are in a plane.
In diborane, boron is sp3 hybridised.
Three sp3 hybridised orbitals contain single
electron and the fourth orbital is empty.
Two half filled sp3 hybridised orbitals of each
boron overlap with two hydrogens to form
four terminal 2C - 2e bonds.
One empty and one half filled sp3 hybridised
orbital on each boron is left. Structure of diborane
Empty sp3 hybridised orbital of one boron, overlaps with half filled sp3 hybridised orbital
of the other boron and 1s orbital of hydrogen to form two bridged 3C – 2e B–H–B bonds.
11. Write a short note on hydroboration.
33 Unit - 2
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a. B(OH)3 + NH3
d. B2H6 + CH3OH
e. BF3 + 9H2O
f. HCOOH + H2SO4
g. SiCl4 + NH3
h. SiCl4 + C2H5OH
i. B + NaOH
Red hot
j. H2B4O7
Ans:
a. B(OH) + NH 800 - 1200 K BN + 3H2O
3 3
D Boron nitride
d. B2H6 + 6CH3OH
2B(OCH3)3 + 6H2
Methyl borate
e. 4BF3 + 3H2O
H3BO3 + 3HBF4
Hydro fluoroboric acid
f. HCOOH + H2SO4
CO + H2O + H2SO4
Unit - 2 34
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330 K
g. 2SiCl4 + NH3
Cl3 Si – NH – SiCl3
Ether Chlorosilazane
h. SiCl4 + 4C2H5OH
Si(OC2H5)4 + 2Cl2
Tetra ethoxy silane
i. 2B + 6NaOH
2Na3BO3 + 3H2
Sodium borate
Red hot
j. H2B4O7 2B2O3 + H2O
Boron trioxide
When boric acid or borate salt is heated with ethyl alcohol in presence of conc. sulphuric
acid, an ester trialkyl borate is formed.
The vapour of this ester burns with a green edged flame.
This is ethyl borate test to identify borate radical.
Conc.
H3BO3 + 3C2H5OH B(OC2H5)3 + 3H2O
H2SO4
Ethyl borate
(Green edged flame)
Zeolites are three dimensional crystalline solids containing aluminium, silicon and
oxygen in their regular three dimensional frame work.
They are hydrated sodium alumino silicates.
General formula is NaO.(Al2O3).x(SiO2).y(H2O) where x = 2 to 10; y = 2 to 6
Zeolites have porous structure in which the monovalent sodium ions and water molecules
are loosely held.
Si and Al atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated with each other through shared oxygen
atoms.
Zeolites are similar to Clay minerals but they differ in their crystalline structure.
Zeolites have a three dimensional crystalline structure looks like a honey comb consisting
of a network of interconnected tunnels and cages.
Water molecules move freely in and out of these pores but the zeolite frame work remains
rigid.
Another special aspect of this structure is that the pore / channel sizes are nearly uniform,
allowing the crystal to act as a molecular sieve.
Zeolites are used in the removal of permanent hardness of water.
17. How will you convert boric acid to boron nitride?
Fusion of urea with boric acid in an atmosphere of ammonia at 800 - 1200 K gives
boron nitride.
800 - 1200 K
B(OH)3 + NH3 BN + 3H2O
D
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18. A hydride of 2nd period alkali metal (A) on reaction with compound of Boron (B) to give a
19. A double salt which contains fourth period alkali metal (A) on heating at 500 K gives
(B). Aqueous solution of (B) gives white precipitate with BaCl2 and gives a red colour
compound with alizarin. Identify (A) and (B).
A double salt which contains fourth period alkali metal (A) is Potash alum
K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
(A) on heating at 500 K gives K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3 (B) which is burnt alum.
500 K
K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3 + 24H2O
(A) (B)
c) ns2 np1–6
d) (n–1)s2 np1–6
Ans : c. ns2 np1–6
2. p-block element consists of the groups
a) 1 & 2
b) 3 - 12
c) 13 - 17
d) 13 - 18 Ans : d. 13 - 18
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Loyola www.nammakalvi.org EC – 12th CHEMISTRY
3.
Group 18 elements are inert because of their
a) unstable incompletely filled orbitals b) stable completely filled orbitals
c) half filled orbitals d) stable nucleus
Ans : b. stable completely filled orbitals
4. As we go down the group ionisation energy
a) decreases
b) increases
c) becomes constant
d) becomes zero
Ans : a. decreases
5. As we go down the group metallic character
a) decreases
b) increases
c) becomes constant
d) becomes zero
Ans : b. increases
6. As ionisation energy decreases, the metallic character of elements
a) decreases
b) increases
c) becomes constant
d) becomes zero
Ans : b. increases
7. In p-block, metals are placed in
a) Flourine
b) Chlorine
c) Bromine
d) Iodine
Ans : a. Flourine
13. The element with maximum electron affinity is
a) Flourine
b) Chlorine
c) Bromine
d) Iodine
Ans : b. Chlorine
14. The most reactive element among halogens is
a) Flourine
b) Chlorine
c) Bromine
d) Iodine Ans : a. Flourine
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a) Flourine
b) Chlorine
c) Bromine
d) Iodine Ans : a. Flourine
16. The important property shown by p-block elements is
a) complex formation
b) coloured ion formation
17. In 13th group Tl+1 ion is more stable than Tl3+ ion due to
a) high electronegatively
b) inert pair effect
a) Isotopes
b) Isobars
c) Isomers
d) Allotropes
Ans : d. Allotropes
19. The formula of Borax is
i) Na2B4O7.10H2O
ii) Na2[B4O5(OH)4].8H2O iii) Na2[B4O5(OH)4].2H2O
a) (i) only
b) (i) & (ii) only
i) Lewis acids
ii) Electron rich
a) Na2B4O7
b) Na2B4O7.10H2O
c) Ca2B6O11
d) NaBO2
Ans : c. Ca2B6O11
22. Which is used as moderator in nuclear reactors?
a) boron nitride
b) boron
c) borax
d) boric acid
Ans : b. boron
23. The compound used in eye drops and antiseptics is
a) boron nitride
b) boric acid
c) borax
d) boron tri oxide
Ans : c. borax
25. Boric acid on heating at 413 K gives
c) boric anhydride
d) borax
Ans : b. tetra boric acid
26. In ethyl borate test the colour of the flame obtained is
a) red
b) yellow
c) blue
d) green
Ans : d. green
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a) para magnetic
b) dia magnetic
c) ferro magnetic
d) ferri magnetic
Ans : b. dia magnetic
28. In organic benzene is
a) diborane
b) borazole
c) borax
d) boric acid
Ans : b. borazole
29. The formula of InOrganic benzene is
a) B3N3
b) B3N3H3
c) B3N3H6
d) B6N6H6
Ans : c. B3N3H6
30. In solutions potash alum exhibits the properties of
a) K+ ion
b) Al3+ ion
c) SO42- ion
d) all the above
Ans : d. all the above
31. The most stable form of carbon is
a) graphite
b) diamond
c) fullerene
d) carbon nano tubes
Ans : a. graphite
32. The formula of buckminster fullerene is
a) C32
b) C50
c) C60
d) C70
Ans : c. C60
33. The number of six membered and five membered rings fused together respectively in
buckminster fullerene is
a) 12 & 20
b) 20 & 12
c) 10 & 22
d) 22 & 10
Ans : b. 20 & 12
34. Water gas is a mixture of
a) CO2 + H2
b) CO + H2O
c) CO + H2
d) CO + N2
Ans : c. CO + H2
35. Producer gas is a mixture of
a) CO2 + H2
b) CO + H2O
c) CO + H2
d) CO + N2
Ans : d. CO + N2
36. In the presence of light carbon monoxide reacts with chlorine to form a poisonous gas
called
a) mustard gas
b) phosgene
c) phosphine
d) carbylamine
Ans : b. phosgene
a) Silicones
b) Boranes
c) Hydrocarbons
d) Carbonyls
Ans : c. Hydrocarbons
38. In metal carbonyls the oxidation state of metals is
a) 0 b) +1
c) +2
d) +3
Ans : a. 0
39. The structure of CO molecule is
a) trigonal
b) tetrahedral
c) linear
d) square planar
Ans : c. linear
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Loyola EC – 12th CHEMISTRY
a) trigonal
b) tetrahedral
c) linear
d) square planar
Ans : c. linear
41. The critical temperature of CO2 is
a) acidic
b) basic
c) amphoteric
d) neutral Ans : a. acidic
43. Which among the following is important for photo synthesis?
a) O2 b) N2 c) CO d) CO2
Ans : d. CO2
44. The water repellant property of silicones is due to the presence of
a) –OH group
b) –Si group
c) –R group
d) –Cl group Ans : c. –R group
45. The percentage of silicate minerals and silica present in earth’s crust is
a) 75 b) 85 c) 95 d) 100 Ans : c. 95
46. The basic unit present in silicates is
a) SiO2 b) [SiO3]–
c) [SiO4]2–
d) [SiO4]4–
Ans : d. [SiO4]4–
47. Talc is an example of
a) Ino silicates
b) Phyllo silicates
c) Tecto silicates
d) Chain silicates
Ans : b. Phyllo silicates
48. Quartz is an example of
a) Ino silicates
b) Phyllo silicates
c) Tecto silicates
d) Chain silicates
Ans : c. Tecto silicates
49. The formula of Spodumene is
a) Sc2Si2O7
b) Li Al(SiO3)2
c) [Be3 Al2(SiO3)6]
d) Be2SiO4
Ans : b. Li Al(SiO3)2
50. The silicate which is used in the removal of permanent hardness of water is
a) Feldspar
b) Quartz
c) Zeolites
d) Talc Ans : c. Zeolites
II. Pick the odd man out
1.
W.r.t. their metallic character pick the odd man out.
a) Ge
b) Ga
c) B d) As
Unit - 2 40
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c) Colemanite
d) Bauxite
c) Fullerene
d) Graphene
Reason (R) : Atomic radius of boron is small and its nuclear charge is high.
Reason (R) : In Graphite, successive carbon sheets are held together by weak Vander
Waals force.
Ans : (iv). Both A and R are corrrect but R does not explain A
4. Assertion (A) : Silicones are used for making water proofing clothes.
Reason (R) : In silicones the organic side groups which surrounds silicon make the
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Correction:
ii) Halogens gain one electron to give a stable halide ion.
iii) In diamond each carbon atom is tetrahedrally surrounded by four other carbon atoms.
Correction:
i) Boron is a metalloid.
iv) Carbon monoxide burns in air with a green edged flame forming carbon di oxide.
a) (i) & (ii)
b) (ii) & (iv)
iv) Carbon monoxide burns in air with a blue flame forming carbon di oxide.
4. i) Silicates which contain discrete [SiO4]4– units are called neso silicates.
iv) Silicates which contain [Si2O7]6– ions are called Soro silicates.
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2.
Group No. General outer electronic Answer
configuration
i 13 a ns2np4 ns2np1
ii 14 b ns2np6 ns2np2
iii 15 c ns2np5 ns2np3
iv 16 d ns2np2 ns2np4
v 17 e ns2np1 ns2np5
vi 18 f ns2np3 ns2np6
3.
Compound Uses Answer
i Boron Eye drops Moderator
ii Amorphous boron Pyrex glass Rocket fuel igniter
iii Boric acid Moderator Eye drops
iv Boric oxide Rocket fuel igniter Pyrex glass
4.
Type of Silicate Example Answer
i Ortho silicates Quartz Phenacite
ii Pyro silicates Asbestos Thortveitite
iii Cyclic silicates Mica Beryl
iv Chain silicates Thortveitite Spodumene
v Amphiboles Spodumene Asbestos
vi Sheet silicates Phenacite Mica
vii Tecto silicates Beryl Quartz
VII. Two Mark questions
1. What are ‘p’-block elements? Write their general outer electronic configuration.
The elements in which their last electron enters the ‘p’ orbital are called ‘p’-block elements.
They are placed in 13 - 18 groups.
General outer electronic configuration is ns2np1–6
2. How are the p-block elements classified.
Based on the outer electronic configuration they are classified as 13 - 18 group elements.
Based on the nature of the elements they are classified as non metals, metalloids and
metals.
3. Why group 18 elements are called inert gases? Write the general electronic configuraton of
group 18 elements. (in Book - Page No.27 - Evaluate yourself)
These elements are gases.
Their outer electronic configuration is ns2np6 which is stable completely filled
configuration.
Unit - 2 44
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At room temperature pure diborane does not react with air or oxygen.
Bur impure diborane reacts with air or oxygen to give B2O3 along with large amount of
heat.
B2H6 + 3O2 B2O3 + 3H2O DH = –2165 KJ mol–1
11. How does diborane react with methyl alcohol?
When treated with metal hydrides, diborane forms metal boro hydrides.
Ether
B2H6 + 2LiH 2LiBH4
Diglyme
B2H6 + 2NaH 2NaBH4
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Loyola EC – 12th CHEMISTRY
When treated with excess ammonia at low temperature diborane gives diborane di
ammonate.
–153 K
3B2H6 + 6NH3 3B2H6 . 2NH3
14. How is inorganic benzene prepared?
BF3 is an electron deficient compound and accepts electron pairs to form coordinate covalent
bonds. Hence BF3 acts as a Lewis acid.
BF3 + NH3 F3B NH3
BF3 + H2O F3B OH2
16. Convert BF3 into hydro fluoro boric acid.
On hydrolysis BF3 gives boric acid, which is converted into hydro fluoro boric acid.
4BF3 + 3H2O H3BO3 + 3HBF4
Hydro fluoro boric acid
17. Write about McAfee process of manufacturing AlCl3.
2. AlCl3 is used for the manufacture of petrol by cracking the mineral oils.
2. Now a days the name alum is used for all the double salts with the formula
Example: K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
Potash alum
K2SO4.Cr2(SO4)3.24H2O Chrome alum
21. Aqueous solution of carbon di oxide is acidic. Why?
Aqueous solution of carbon di oxide is slightly acidic as it forms carbonic acid which
dissociates to give H+ ions.
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3–
Carbonic acid
22. How is silicon tetra choride prepared?
SiCl4 is prepared by passing dry chlorine over an intimate mixture of silica and carbon
heating to 1675 K in a procelain tube.
SiO2 + 2C + 2Cl2 SiCl4 + 2CO
SiCl4 is prepared commercially by the reaction of silicon with hydrogen chloride gas
above 600 K.
Si + 4HCl SiCl4 + 2H2
23. What happens when silicon tetra chlroide is hydrolysed?
In moist air SiCl4 is hydrolysed with water to give silica and hydro chloric acid.
SiCl4 + 4H2O 4HCl + Si(OH)4
Ortho silicic acid (hypothetical)
Si(OH)4 SiO2 + 2H2O
24. What is the action of alcohol on SiCl4?
ii) As a starting material in the synthesis of silica gel, silicic esters, a binder for ceramic
materials.
VIII. Three Mark questions
1. How is borax prepared from colemanite?
When colemanite ore solution is boiled with sodium carbonate solution borax is obtained.
D
2Ca2B6O11 + 3Na2CO3 + H2O 3Na2B4O7 + 3CaCO3 + Ca(OH)2
2. Write the uses of boron.
1.
5B
10 absorbs neutrons, hence it is used as a moderator in nuclear reactors.
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4. Boric acid and borax are used in eye drops, antiseptics, washing powders.
Unit - 2 48
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2. Used as an antiseptic.
Alum is used
i) for the puridication of water.
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iii) a mixture of CO & H2 is called as water gas and a mixture of CO & N2 is called as
The affinity of Boron-10 for neutrons is the bases of this technique BNCT for treating
patients suffering from brain tumours.
It is based on the nuclear reaction which occurs when Boron-10 is irradiated with low-
energy thermal neutrons to give high linear energy a-particles and a Li particle.
Boron compounds are injected into a brain tumour patient and the compounds collect
preferentially in the tumour.
The tumour area is then irradiated with thermal neutrons and results in the release of an
alpha particle.
This a-particle damages the tissue in the tumour each time a Boron-10 nucleus captures
a neutron.
In this way damage can be limited preferentially to the tumour, leaving the normal brain
tissue less affected.
BNCT has been studied as a treatment for several other tumours of the head and neck,
the breast, the prostate, the bladder and the liver.
IX. Five Mark questions
1. How is higher boranes obtained from diborane.
At high temperatures diborane forms higher boranes liberating hydrogen.
388 K
5B2H6 2B5H11 + 4H2
U-tube
198 - 373 K
2B2H6 B4H10 + H2
373 K
5B2H6 B10H14 + 8H2
Sealed tube
473 - 523 K
5B2H6 2B5H9 + 6H2
523 K
10B2H6 2B5H9 + 2B5H10 + 11H2
Unit - 2 50
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They are obtained by blending silicones with organic resins such as acrylic esters.
ii) Cyclic Silicones:
These are obtained by the hydrolysis of R2SiCl2.
iii)
Cross linked Silicones:
These are obtained by the hydrolysis of RSiCl3.
Preparation:
Vapours of RCl or ArCl are passed over silicon at 570 K with copper catalyst gives R2SiCl2
(dialkyl dichloro silanes) or Ar2SiCl2 (diaryl dichloro silanes)
Cu / 570 K
2RCl + Si R2SiCl2
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Loyola www.nammakalvi.org EC – 12th CHEMISTRY
Hydrolysis of R2SiCl2 gives a straight chain polymer which grows from both sides.
R R
2H2O
Cl Si Cl HO Si OH
–2HCl
R R
R R R R R
HO Si OH + HO Si OH HO Si O Si OH + HO Si OH
–H2O
R R R R R
R R R
etc., HO Si O Si O Si OH
–H2O
R R R
Hydrolysis of mono alkyl trichloro silanes RSiCl3 gives a very complex cross linked
polymer.
Linear silicones can be converted into cyclic or ring silicones when water molecules are
removed from the terminal –OH groups.
O R
Me Me Me O Me
Si Si R Si O Si O
Me Si O Si Me
O O Me Me O O R
O O
O Si O Si O Si O
Me Si O Si Me Si
R R O
Me Me Me Me
No.of
oxygens
Linkage of
Type Unit shared Example
Units
between
units
Ortho silicates Discrete
Phenacite
1. (or) Neso [SiO4 ]4– 0
Be2SiO4
silicates
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a) Chain silicates
n units of
(or) Pyroxenes Spodumene
[(SiO3)n ]2n– [SiO4]4– 2
LiAl(SiO3)2
4. linearly
Unit - 2 54
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*******
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3 p- Block Elements - II
d) Tollen's reagent
Ans : a) Nessler's reagent
c) d – orbitals available
d) ability to form pπ -pπ bonds with itself
3. An element belongs to group 15 and 3rd period of the periodic table, its electronic
configuration would be
4. Solid (A) reacts with strong aqueous NaOH liberating a foul smelling gas(B) which
spontaneously burn in air giving smoky rings. A and B are respectively
a) P4(red) and PH3
b) P4 (white) and PH3
c) S8 and H2S
d) P4(white) and H2S
c) Ferrous nitrate
d) Ferric nitrate
d) POCl3
Ans : a) H3PO3
d) H3PO4
Ans : a) H3PO3
d) 5
Ans : b) 2
Unit - 3 56
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d) none of these
Ans : a) 6N
Normality = M × basicity
=2×3=6
10. Assertion : bond dissociation energy of fluorine is greater than chlorine gas
a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
a) Cl2 b) F2
c) Br2 d) l2
Ans : b) F2
a) XeOF4
b) XeO3
c) XeF2
d) NeF2
Ans : d) NeF2
a) Ar
b) Ne
c) He
d) Kr
Ans : c) He
a) XeOF4
b) XeO2F2
c) XeO3
d) XeO2
Ans : c) XeO3
_ _ _ _ _
a) S4O62
b) S2O62
c) SO42
d) SO32
Ans : c) SO42
a) HI
b) HF
c) HBr
d) HCl
Ans : a) HI
molecules? (NEET)
a) Br2 > I2 > F2 > Cl2
b) F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
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d) Cu (NO3)2 and NO
As a result higher oxidation state is less stable and lower oxidation state is more stable.
Due to the absence of d – orbitals fluorine does not show positive oxidtion states.
Since Flourine exhibits only – 1 oxidation state the oxidation number of fluorine in
a) OF2 is –1
O. N of Cl is +3
b) O2F2 is –1
d) I2O4
c) Cl2O3 2x + 4 (–2) = 0
2x + 3(–2) = 0 2x – 8 = 0
2x – 6 = 0 2x = + 8
2x = + 6 x=+4
x=+3 O. N of I is +4
Unit - 3 58
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Each halogen combines with other halogens to form a series of compounds called inter
halogen compounds.
(ex) ClF, BrF3, IF5, IF7
Helium has lowest boiling point hence used in cryogenics (Low temperature science)
Helium is much less denser than air and hence used for filling air balloons.
9. Give the balanced equation for the reaction between chlorine with cold NaOH and hot NaOH
Chlorine reacts with cold NaOH to give sodium hypochlorite
permanganate.
2KMnO4 + 16HCl 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O + 5Cl2 ↑
In the manufacture of other chemicals such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid etc.,
as a drying agent.
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High electronegativity
14. Write the molecular formula and structural formula for the following molecules
a) Nitric acid
b) dinitrogen pentoxide
c) phosphoric acid
d) phosphine
..
..
..
O
b) Dinitrogenpentoxide N2O5 +N .. N+
O O
..
..
..
..
.. ..
OH
..
d) Phosphine PH3 P
H H
H
Argon prevents the oxidation of hot filament and prolongs the life in filament bulbs.
Unit - 3 60
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Basic Nature :
Nitric acid rects with a basic oxide to form salt and water.
3 FeO + 10 HNO3 3 Fe (NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O
On heating Phoshorous penta chloride decomposes into phosphorus trichloride and chlorine.
20. Suggest a reason why HF is a weak acid, whereas binary acids of the all other halogens
acid.
Hence the bond between H and F is stronger and the acid HF is weaker.
a) BrF5
b) BrF3
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2. NaNO2 + HCl
3. IO3– + I– + H+
2–
4. I2 + S2O3
5. P4 + NaOH + H2O
6. AgNO3 + PH3
7. Mg + HNO3
8. KClO3
∆
Hotconc
9. Cu + H2SO4
10. Sb + Cl2
13. XeO4–
2+
6 + Mn + H
+
Ni/200 atm
15. Xe + F2 o
400 C
Answer :
2. NaNO2 + HCl
NaCl + HNO2
3. IO3– + 5I– + 6H+
3I2 + 3H2O
–
4. I2 + 2S2O32–
2I + S4O62–
5. P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O
3NaH2PO2 + PH3 ↑
sodium hypophosphite phosphine
6. 6AgNO3 + PH3 + 3H2O
6Ag + 6HNO3 + H3PO3
7. 4Mg + 10HNO3
4Mg(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O
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8. 2KClO3
∆ 2KCl + 3O2 ↑
9. Cu + 2H2SO4 CuSO4 + 2H2O + 2SO2 ↑
(hot, conc)
10. 2Sb + 3Cl2 2SbCl3
11. 2HBr + H2SO4 2H2O + Br2 + SO2
12. XeF6 + 3H2O XeO3 + 6HF
13. 5 XeO4–
2+
6 + 2Mn + 14H
+ 2MnO4– + 5XeO3 + 7H2O
Ni/200 atm
15. Xe + 3F2 o XeF6
400 C
III. Evaluate yourself :
1. Write the products formed in the reaction of nitric acid (both dilute and concentrated)
with zinc.
4Zn + 10HNO3 4Zn(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O
(Dilute) Ammonium nitrate
i NH3 +2 –3
ii N2 +5 0
iii N 2O +4 +1
iv NO +3 +2
v HNO2 0 +3
vi NO2 +1 +4
vii HNO3 –3 +5
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1. Assertion (A) : In P4O10 the terminal coordinate P–O bond length is 143 pm which is less
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a) (i) &(ii)
b) (ii) & (iii)
c) (iii) & (iv)
d) (i) & (iv)
ii) Rhombic sulphur has a characteristic yellow colour and composed of S8 molecule.
iii) When heated slowly above 96oC monoclinic sulphur is converted into Rhombic
sulphur
iv) At around 140oC Rhombic sulphur melts to form mobile pale yellow liquid called
λ sulphur.
a) (i) &(ii)
b) (i) & (iii)
c) (ii) & (iii)
d) (iii) & (iv)
monoclinic sulphur
(iv) At around 140oC the monoclinic sulphur melts to form mobile pale
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a) (i) &(ii)
b) (ii) & (iii)
c) (iii) & (iv)
d) (i) & (iv)
ii) Neon is used in high speed electronic flash bulbs used by photographers.
iii) Helium is used to provide inert atmosphere in electric arc welding of metals .
a) (i) &(ii)
b) (ii) & (iii)
c) (iii) & (iv)
d) (i) & (iv)
photographers.
ii) Interhalogen compounds can be formed only between two halogen atoms.
halogen
(iii) Flourine cannot act as a central atom.
iv) In the conversion of metal oxides to metal ammonia acts as an oxidising agent
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3. i) When reacted with metals, nitric acid, nitric acid liberates hydrogen
ii) Chromium when reacted with nitric acid becomes passive due to the formation of
a) (i) &(ii)
b) (ii) & (iii)
c) (ii) & (iv)
d) (i) & (iv)
(ii) Chromium when reacted with nitric acid becomes passive due to the
ii) In acidic solution ozone exceeds the oxidising power of fluorine and atomic oxygen
iii) Considerable amount of ozone is formed in the upper atmosphere by the action of UV
light
iv) The shape of Ozone molecule is linear
a) (i) &(ii)
b) (ii) & (iii)
c) (iii) & (iv)
d) (i) & (iv)
a) HPO3
b) H3PO3 c) H3PO4
d) H4P2O7
2. w.r.t the reaction with sulphuric acid pick the odd man out
a) Gold
b) Silver
c) Platinum
d) Copper
Ans : d) Copper – copper reacts with sulphuric acid while others do not
a) F2
b) Cl2 c) Br2
d) I2
a) fluorine
b) chlorine
c) bromine
d) iodine
Ans: a) Flourine – Fluorine does not form oxoacids where as other halogens form
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a. O2
b. N2 c. H2 d. CO2
Ans : b. N2
2. Pure nitrogen gas can be obtained by the thermal decomposition of
a. NaNO2
b. NaNO3
c. NaN3 d. HNO3
Ans : c. NaN3
a. NaNO2
b. NaNO3
c. KNO2
d. KNO3
Ans : b. NaNO3
a. NaNO2
b. NaNO3
c. KNO2
d. KNO3
Ans : d. KNO3
a. Li
b. Na c. Ca d. B
Ans : a. Li
a. NO2
b. HNO3
c. NH3 d. N2O Ans : a. NH3
a. liquid oxygen
b. liquid nitrogen c. liquid hydrogen d. liquid ammonia
a. NO2
b. HNO3
c. NH3
d. N2O
Ans : c. NH3
a. Ni
b. Fe c. Co
d. Pt
Ans : b. Fe
a. rotten egg
b. rotten fish
c. pungent
d. garlic
Ans : c. pungent
12. Like water, ammonia is a fairly good ionising solvent, because its dielectric constant is
a. considerably low
b. considerably high
c. equal to zero
d. equal to one Ans : b. considerably high
13. The process used for the manufacture of nitric acid is known as
a. Haber's process
b. Deacon's process
c. contact process
d. Ostwald's process
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a. N2
b. NH4NO3
c. NH4Cl
d. NCl3
Ans : d. NCl3
15. The deep blue colour compound formed when excess of ammonia is added to aqueous
Ans : c. [Cu(NH3)4]2+
a. tetrahedral
b. pyramidal
c. square planar
d. octahedral
Ans : b. pyramidal
17. The bond angle in ammonia is
a. 104o
b. 104o28' c. 107o
d. 180o
Ans : c. 107o
a. colourless
b. brown
c. pale green
d. green
Ans : a. colourless
19. Fuming nitric acid contains oxides of
a. sulphur
b. hydrogen c. nitrogen
d. carbon
Ans : c. nitrogen
20. Nitric acid can act as
a. an acid
b. an oxidising agent
c. nitrating agent
d. all of the above
Ans : d. all the above
21. The formula of hydronitrous acid is
a. H2N2O2
b. H4N2O4 c. HOONO
d. HNO2
Ans : b. H4N2O4
a. White phosphorous
b. Red phosphorous
c. Black phosphorous
d. Scarlet phosphorus
a. kerosene
b. water c. alcohol
d. ether
Ans : b. water
24. White phosphorous becomes yellow phosphorous due to
a. hydrolysis
b. reduction
c. oxidation d. displacement
Ans : c. oxidation
25. In the conversion of yellow phosphorous into phosphine, phosphorous acts as
a. oxidising agent
b. reducing agent
c. catalyst
d. hydrolysing agent Ans : b. reducing agent
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26. In the conversion of phosphorous into orthophosphoric acid, the catalyst used is
a. Cl2
b. Br2 c. I2
d. F2 Ans : c. I2
a. White phosphorous
b. Red phosphorous
c. Black phosphorous
d. Scarlet phosphorous
a. Ca3P2
b. AlP c. P4
d. H3PO3
Ans : d. H3PO3
a. rotten egg
b. rotten fish
c. pungent
d. garlic
a. C2 H2 & CH4
b. C2 H2 & PH3
c. C2 H4 & PH3
d. CH4 & PH3
a. H4P2O6
b. H4P2O7
c. H3PO2
d. H3PO3
Ans : b. H4P2O7
a. Rhombic sulphur
b. Monoclinic sulphur
c. Plastic sulphur
d. Colloidal sulphur
a. NO2
b. NO c. SO2
d. SO3
Ans : c. SO2
a. sp
b. sp2 c. sp3
d. dsp2
Ans : b. sp2
36. The gas liberated when dilute sulphuric acid reacts with metals is
a. SO2
b. SO3 c. H2
d. O2 Ans : c. H2
37. The gas liberated when conc. sulphuric acid reacts with metals is
a. SO2
b. SO3 c. H2
d. O2 Ans : a. SO2
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38. When sulphuric acid reacts with barium chloride solution, the white precipitate formed
is
a. PbSO4
b. BaSO4
c. (CH3COO)2SO4 d. PbCl2
Ans : b. BaSO4
39. The halogen which exists as a liquid is
a. flourine
b. chlorine
c. bromine
d. iodine
Ans : c. bromine
40. The halogen which exists as a solid is
a. flourine
b. chlorine
c. bromine
d. iodine
Ans : d. iodine
41. Chlorine is manufactured by
a. Haber's process
b. Deacon's process
c. Contact process
d. Ostwald's process
a. colourless
b. brown
c. greenish yellow
d. pale green
a. 1 : 3
b. 3 : 1
c. 2 : 3 d. 3 : 2 Ans : b. 3 : 1
44. The halogen acid which forms hydrogen bond is
a. HF
b. HCl c. HBr d. HI
Ans : a. HF
45. Among halogen acids, the strongest bond is present in
a. HF
b. HCl c. HBr d. HI
Ans : a. HF
46. Among halogen acids, the weakest bond is present in
a. HF
b. HCl c. HBr d. HI
Ans : d. HI
47. Among halogen acids, the strongest acid is
a. HF
b. HCl c. HBr d. HI
Ans : d. HI
48. Among halogen acids, the weakest acid is
a. HF
b. HCl c. HBr d. HI
Ans : a. HF
49. The correct order of acid strength is
a. flourine
b. chlorine
c. bromine
d. iodine
Ans : a. flourine
51. The number of bond pair and lone pair of electrons present in the interhalogen compound
BrF3 is
a. 1 & 3
b. 3 & 2 c. 5 & 1 d. 7 & 0
Ans : b. 3 & 2
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a. –2 b. –1 c. +2 d. +1
Ans : c. +2
53. The oxidation number of chlorine in Cl2O7 is
a. +1 b. +4 c. +6 d. +7
Ans : d. +7
a. chlorous acid
b. chloricacid
c. hypochlorous acid d. perchloric acid
a. He & Ne
b. Ar & Kr
c. Kr & Xe d. Xe & Rn
Ans : c. Kr & Xe
a. He b. Ne c. Ar d. Kr
Ans : a. He
a. He b. Ne c. Ar
d. Kr
Ans : a. He
a. He b. Ne c. Ar d. Kr
Ans : b. Ne
a. He b. Ne c. Ar d. Kr
Ans : d. Kr
Pure nitrogen gas is prepared by the thermal decomposition of sodium azide at about 575 K
573 K
2NaN3 2Na + 3N2
Yes, nitrogen reacts only with lithium at room temperature forming lithium nitride.
6Li + N2 2Li3N
The synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen at high pressure and optimum
temperature in presence of iron catalyst is known as Haber's process.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 ∆Hf = – 46.2 KJmol–1
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Nitrogen is used
In the manufacture of ammonia, nitric acid and calcium cyanamide etc.
Liquid nitrogen is used for producing low temperature required in cryosurgery and so
When passed over heated metallic oxides Ammonia reduces metal oxides into metal
3PbO + 2NH3 3Pb + N2 + 3H2O
With excess of chlorine ammonia reacts to give an explosive substance nitrogen trichloride
2NH3 + 6Cl2 2NCl3 + 6HCl
and oxygen.
4HNO3 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2
Due to this reaction, pure nitric acid or its concentrated solution becomes yellow on
standing
Nitric acid replaces hydrogen atom from organic compounds with nitronium ion NO+ .
2 This
is called nitration.
H2SO4
C6H6 + HNO3 C6H5NO2 + H2O
Benzene Nitrobenzene
Salts of nitric acid are used in photography (AgNO3) and gunpowder for fire arms
(NaNO3)
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Ba(NO2)2 + H2SO4 2HNO2 + BaSO4
White phosphorous undergoes spontaneous slow oxidation in air giving a greenish yellow
glow which is visible in the dark. This is known as phosphorescence. The main product of
this slow oxidation is P2O3.
15. How is phosphine prepared?
When phosphorous is treated with conc. nitric acid in the presence of iodine catalyst, it is
oxidised to orthophosphoric acid.
P4 + 20HNO3 4H3PO4 +20NO2 + 4H2O
orthophosphoric acid
Phosphorous is used
in match boxes
Phosphine decomposes into its elements when heated in the absence of air at 317 K
317 K
4PH3 P4 + 6H2
PH3 + 6AgNO3 + 3H2O 6Ag + 6HNO3 + H3PO3
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When a slow stream of chlorine is passed over white phosphorous, PCl3 is obtained.
Oxygen is one of the essential component for the survival of living organisms.
SO2 is prepared in the laboratory by treating a metal or metal sulphite with sulphuric acid
Cu + 2H2SO4 CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
V2O5
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S S
O O O O
manganese dioxide.
4 NaCl + MnO2 + 4H2SO4 Cl2 + MnCl2 + 4NaHSO4 + 2H2O
Chlorine is prepared by the oxidation of hydrochloric acid by an oxidising agent like
potassium permanganate.
2KMnO4 + 16HCl 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O + 5Cl2
400oC
4HCl + O2 Cu Cl 2H2O + 2Cl2 ↑
2 2
Chlorine obtained is dilute and used for the manufacture of bleaching powder.
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Chlorine is a strong oxidising and bleaching agent since it produces nascent oxygen.
HOCl HCl +[O]
Colouring matter + Nascent oxygen → Colourless oxidation product.
The bleaching of chlorine is permanent
Bleaching powder is prepared by passing chlorine gas through dry slaked lime (calcium
hydroxide)
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 CaOCl2 + H2O
34. Write the uses of chlorine
Chlorine is used
In the purification of drinking water.
Hydrochloric acid is prepared by the action of sodium chloride and conc. sulphuric acid
NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4. + HCl
NaHSO4 + NaCl Na2SO4. + HCl
Dry hydrochloric acid is obtained by passing the gas through conc. sulphuric acid
36. How is xenon trioxide prepared?
50oC
2XeF6 + SiO2 2XeOF4 + SiF4
2XeOF4 + SiO2 2XeO2F2 + SiF4
2XeO2F2 + SiO2 2XeO3 + SiF4
(or)
XeF6 + 3H2O XeO3 + 6HF
When XeF6 reacts with 2.5 M NaOH, sodium per xenate is obtained.
2XeF6+ 16NaOH Na4XeO6 + Xe + O2 + 12NaF + 8H2O
Sodium per xenate oxidises manganese (II) ion into permanganate ion even in the absence of
a catalyst
5XeO64– + 2Mn2+ + 14H+ 2MnO–4 + 5XeO3 + 7H2O
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The shape must be tetrahedral but in one of the tetrahedral position a lone pair of electron
107o
H
H
H
Red phosphorous reacts with oxygen on heating to give phosphorous trioxide and
phosphorous pentoxide.
P4 + 3O2 P4O6
P4 + 5O2 P4O10
3. How is pure phosphine prepared?
∆
4H3PO3 3H3PO4 + PH3 ↑
A pure sample of phosphine is prepared by heating phosphonium iodide with caustic
soda solution.
∆
PH4I + NaOH PH3 ↑ + NaI + H2O
4. What happens when phosphine is heated with air?
When phosphine is heated with air or oxygen, it undergoes combustion to give meta
phosphoric acid.
∆
4PH3 + 8O2 P4O10 ↑ + 6H2O
Phosphorous pentoxide
∆
P4O10 + 6H2O 4HPO3 + 4H2O
metaphosphosphoric acid
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In a ship during distress, a container with calcium carbide and calcium phosphide mixture
These burning gases with lot of smoke serves as a signal to the approaching ships.
94o H
H
H
5H2O2 + 2MnO4– 6H+ 5O2 + 8H2O + 2Mn2+
Although negligible amounts of ozone occurs at sea level, it is formed in the upper
At a potential of 20,000 V about 10% of oxygen is converted into ozone, it gives a mixture
oxygen.
O2 2 (O)
Atomic oxygen
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O2 + (O) O3
ozone
Ozone molecule has a bent shape and symmetrical with delocalised bonding between the
oxygen atoms.
+ +
O O
– –
O O O O
9. Write about the reducing property of sulphur dioxide
SO2 + 2H2O + Cl2 H2SO4 + 2HCl
In presence of water, sulphur dioxide bleaches coloured wool, silk, sponges and straw
S + O2 SO2
4FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
SO2 is oxidised to SO3 by air in presence of V2O5 or platinised absestos
V2O5
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
SO3 is absorbed in conc H2SO4 and oleum is produced
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Nascent oxygen
Sulphuric acid oxidises carbon into carbondioxide
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 ↑
Hot conc. Sulphuric acid reacts with metals to give sulphates and sulphur dioxide
Dilute solution of sulphuric acid / Sulphates react with barium chloride or lead acetate
When brine solution (NaCl) is electrolysed, Na+ and Cl– ions are formed.
Na+ ions react with OH– ions of water forming sodium hydroxide.
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Aqua regia is a mixture of three parts of conc. hydrochloric acid and one part of conc.
nitric acid.
This is used for dissolving gold, platinum etc.
–
Au + 4H+ + NO–3 + 4Cl AuCl–4 + NO + 2H2O
17. HF acid is a weaker acid at low concentration, but becomes stronger as the concentration
increases why?
0.1 M Solution HF is 10% ionesed, hence it is a weak acid.
HF + H2O H3O+ + F
– –
HF + F HF2
At high concentration, the equilibrium involves the removal of flouride ions and increases
the hydrogen ion concentration, HF becomes stronger acid as the concentration increases.
It can be formed only between two halogens and not more than two halogens.
Flourine can't act as a central atom because it is the smallest among halogens and highly
electronegative.
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This mixture is preheated and passed into the catalyst chamber where they come in
The metallic gauze brings about the rapid catalytic oxidation of ammonia resulting in the
formation of NO.
NO is the oxidised to NO2
Primary reaction :
Secondary reaction :
Teritary reaction :
With dilute acid the secondary products decompose to give final products.
3HNO2 HNO3 + 2NO + H2O
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With concentrated acid the secondary products react to give the final products.
HNO2 + HNO3 2NO2 + H2O
Hence over all reaction is
Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
iii) 2NO + N 2 O 4
→ 2N 2 O 3
Dinitrogen trioxide (or) Nitrogen sesqui oxide
iv) 2Pb(NO 3 )2
→ 4NO 2 + 2PbO + O 2
Nitrogen dioxide
v) 2NO 2
→ N2O4
vi) 2HNO + P O → N 2 O 5 + 2HPO 3
3 2 5
Nitrogen pentoxide
O
➢ In P4O6, four phosphorous atoms lie at the corners of a O
tetrahedron and six oxygen atoms along the edges. P P
➢ The P - O bond distance is 165.6 pm which is shorter than the
O
P
single bond distance of P-O bond (184 pm) O O
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O O
➢ This may be due to lateral overlap of filled 143 p
m
O
p - Orbitals of an oxygen atom with empty P P
O O O
P
d - Orbital on phosphorous. O O
O
6. Write the structure of oxoacids of phosphorous.
Name Formula Structure
H
H P
OH
Hypophosphorous acid H3PO2
O
O O
HO OH
OH
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O O
HO OH
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O O
Dithionous acid H2S2O4
HO S S OH
O O
Disulphuric acid or
H2S2O7 HO S O S OH
phrosulphuric acid
O O
Peroxomono
H2SO5 HO S O OH
sulphuric acid
O O
Peroxodisulphuric acid,
H2S2O8 HO S O O S OH
Marshall’s acid
O O
O O
O O
O O
O O
☼☼☼☼☼
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3. 2
Among the transition metals of 3d series, the one that has highest negative M M standard
electrode potential is
a) Ti b) Cu c) Mn d) Zn Ans : a) Ti
4. Which one of the following ions has the same number of unpaired electrons as present
in V3+?
a) Ti3+ b) Fe3+ c) Ni2+ d) Cr3+ Ans : c) Ni2+
5. The magnetic moment of Mn2+ ion is
a) 5.92BM b) 2.80BM c) 8.95BM d) 3.90BM Ans : a) 5.92BM
6. Which of the following compounds is colourless?
a) Fe3+ b) Ti4+ c) Co2+ d) Ni2+ Ans : b) Ti4+
7. The catalytic behaviour of transition metals and their compounds is ascribed mainly due to
a) their magnetic behaviour b) their unfilled d orbitals
c) their ability to adopt variable oxidation states d) their chemical reactivity
Ans : c) their ability to adopt variable oxidation states
8. The correct order of increasing oxidizing power in the series
a) VO2+ < Cr2O72 < MnO4 b) Cr2O72 < VO2+< MnO4
c) Cr2O72 < MnO4 < VO2+ d) MnO4 < Cr2O72 < VO2+
Ans : a) VO2+ < Cr2O72 < MnO4
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By lossing electrons from (n-1) d orbital and ns orbital as the energy difference between
them is very small.
At the begining of the series, +3 oxidation state is stable but towards the end +2 oxidation
state is stable.
Mn shows maximum oxidation state +7.
Cu shows +1 and +2 oxidation state.
3. What are inner transition elements?
The elements which in their elemental or ionic form have partly filled f orbitals are called f
block elements.
As the f orbitals lie inner to the penultimate shell, therefore these elements having partially
filled f orbitals, are also called inner transition elements.
4. Justify the position of lanthanides and actinides in the periodic table.
The actual position of lanthanides in the periodic table is at group number 3 and period
number 6.
In the sixth period after lanthanum, the electrons, are preferentially filled in inner 4f subshell.
14 elements from cerium to lutetium followed by lanthanum. They are grouped together.
General electronic configuration [xe]4f 1 14, 5d 0 1, 6s2.
Common oxidation state of lanthanoides is +3.
All these elements have similar chemical and physical properties.
5. What are actinides? Give three examples.
The fourteen elements following actinium is from thorium to lawrentium are called actinoids.
Examples : Thorium, uranium, Neptunium.
6. Why Gd3+ is colourless?
Electronic configuration of Gd is [Xe]4f 7 5d1 6s2.
Electronic configuration of Gd3+ is [xe]4f7 5do 6so. Hence no electrons are there in outer d
orbital. Due to this it is colourless.
7. Explain why compounds of Cu2+ are coloured but those Zn2+ are colourless.
Cu2+ has outer electronic configuration 3d9. It consists of one unpaired electrons. Due to d-d
tranistion Cu2+ is coloured.
Zn2+ has outer electronic configuration 3d10. It has no unpaired electron. d - d transitoin not
possible. Hence Zn2+ is colourless.
8. Describe preparation of potassium dichromate.
Potassium dichromate is prepared form chromite - Iron ore, or Chromate ore.
i) Conservation of chromite iron ore into sodium chromate.
900 1000o C
4FeCr2 O 4 + 8Na 2 CO 3 + 7H 2 O 8Na 2 CrO 4 + 2Fe 2 O 3 + 8CO 2
Sodium chromate
ii) Conservation of sodium chromate to sodium dichromate :
2Na2CrO4 + H2SO4 Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 + H2O
Sodium dichromate
iii) Conservation of sodium dichromate to potassium dichromate :
Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl
Potassium dichromate (orange red)
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9. What is lanthanide contraction and what are the effects of lanthanide contraction?
As we move across 4f series, the atomic and ionic radii of lanthanoids show gradual decrease
with increase in atomic number. This decrease in ionic size is called lanthanide contraction.
Consequences :
From Ce3+ to Lu3+, basic character decreases.
Regular decrease in ionic radii.
Second and third transition series resemble each other due to lanthamide contraction.
10. Complete the following.
a. MnO42 + H+ ?
3MnO42 + 4H+ 2MnO4 + MnO2 + 2H2O
acidified
b) C6H5CH3
KMnO4 ?
COOH
(O)
C6H5CH3
H / KMnO4
Benzoic acid
c) MnO4 + Fe2+ ?
2MnO4 + 10Fe2+ + 16H+ 2Mn2+ + 10Fe3+ + 8H2O
d) KMnO4
Redhot ?
2KMnO4
2K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
e) Cr2O72 + I + H+ ?
Cr2O72 + 6I + 14H+ 2Cr3+ + 3I2 + 7H2O
f) Na2Cr2O7 + KCl ?
Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl
11. What are interstitial compounds?
An interstitial compound that is formed when small atoms like hydrogen, boron, carbon or
nitrogen are trapped in the interstitial holes in a metal lattice.
Ex : Tic, ZrH1.92
12. Calculate the number of unpaired electrons in Ti3+, Mn2+ and calculate the spin only
magnetic moment.
Electronic configuration of Ti3+ = [Ar]3d1
It has only one unpaired electron, ie. n = 1
Spin only magnetic moment s = n (n 2) B.M = 1(1 2) = 3
= 1.732 BM.
2+
Electronic configuration of Mn = [Ar] 3d5
It has five unpaired electrons ie. n = 5
Spin only magnetic moment s = n (n 2) = 5(5+ 2) = 35
= 5.92BM
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18. Explain why Cr2+ is strongly reducing while Mn3+ is strongly oxidizing.
E0 value for Cr3+/Cr2+ is negative (-0.41V), where as E0 Value for Mn3+/Mn2+ is positive
(+1.57V). Hence Cr2+ ions can easily undergo oxidation to give Cr3+ ions and therefore, acts
as strong reducing agent. On the otherhand, Mn3+ can easily undergo reduction to give Mn2+
and hence acts as oxidising agent.
19. Compare the ionization enthalpies of first series of the transition elements.
The first ionisation enthalpies in each series generally increases gradually as we move from
left to right though some exceptions are observed in each series.
The first ionisation enthalpies of some elements in the second (4d) series are higher while
some of them have lower values than the elements of 3d series in the same vertical coloumn.
Also, the first ionisation enthalpies of third (5d) series are higher than those of 3d and 4d
series. This is because of weak shielding of nucleus by 4f electrons in the 5d series.
20. Actinoid contraction is greater from element to element than the lanthanoid contraction
why?
This is due to poor shielding by 5f electrons in actinoids as compared to that by 4f electrons
in lanthanoids.
21. Out of Lu(OH)3 and La (OH)3 which is more basic and why?
La(OH)3 is more basic because of larger size of La than Lu.
22. Why europium (II) is more stable than Cerium (II)?
Europium (II) has electronic configuration [xe]4f7 5d0 while cerium (II) has electronic con-
figuration [xe]4f1 5d1. In Eu2+, 4f sub shell is half filled and 5d subshell is empty. Since half
filled and completely filled electronic configurations more stable, Eu2+ is more stable than
Ce2+ in which neither 4f subshell nor 5d subshell is half filled or completely filled.
23. Why do zirconium and Hafnium exhibit similar properties?
This is because Zr and Hf have similar atomic sizes which is due to lanthanoid contraction.
24. Which is stronger reducing agent Cr2+ or Fe2+?
Cr2+ is a stronger reducing agent than Fe2+.
Reason :
E0 (Cr3+/Cr2+) is negative (-0.41V) where as E0(Fe3+/Fe2+) is positive (+0.77V). Thus Cr3+ is
easily oxidised to Cr3+ but Fe2+ cannot be easily oxidised to Fe3+. Hence Cr2+ is a stronger
reducing agent than Fe2+.
25. The E0 M2+/ M value for copper is positive. Suggest a possible reason for this.
E0(M2+/M) for any metal depends upon the sum of the enthalpy changes taking place in the
following steps.
M(s) + H a M(g) ( H a = enthalpy of atomisation)
M + H (i) M 2+ ( H (i) = ionisation enthalpy)
(g) (g)
M2+(s)
+ aq ( H Hyd = hydration enthalpy)
M2+(aq)
Coppes possesses a high enthalpy of atomisation and low enthalpy of hydration. Hence
E0 2 is positive.
Cu /Cu
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26. Predict which of the following will be coloured in aqueous solution Ti2+, V3+, Sc4+, Cu+,Sc3+,
Fe3+, Ni2+, and Co3+.
Only those ions which have incompletely filled d - orbitals are coloured. Those with fully
filled or empty d - orbitals are colourless.
Thus Ti2+,V3+,Fe3+,Ni2+ and Co3+ are coloured. due to d - d transition. and Sc3+,Cu+ are
colourless.
27. Describe the variable oxidation state of 3d series elements.
The first transition series (3d) shows variable oxidation state because electrons from ‘s’ as
well as ‘d’ orbital take part in bond formation Mn (Z = 25) can show +2,+3,+4,+6 and +7
oxidation state.
28. Which metal in the 3d series exhibits +1 oxidation state most frequently why?
Copper has electronic configuration 3d104s1. It can easily lose 4s1 electron to give the stable
3d10 configuration. Hence, it shows +1 oxidation state.
29. Why first ionization enthalpy of chromium is lower than that of zinc?
The chromium (Cr) has configuration 3d54s1. Zinc (Zn) has 3d104s2. The ejection of one electron
from outershell of Cr is easier than zinc because Cr having unfilled orbitals and ionisation
energy of fully filled orbital is more than partially filled orbitals.
30. Transition metals show high melting points. why?
The high melting points of transition metals are attributed to the involvement of greater
number of electrons in the interatomic metallic bonding from (n - 1) d orbitals in addition to
ns electrons.
PART- II - ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
I. Choose the correct answer
1. Transition elements are good conductors because
a) They are metals b) They are all solids
c) They have free electrons in outer energy orbits d) All of these
Ans : d) All of these
2. Transition elements are
a) All metals b) All non metals
c) Metals and non metals d) Gases Ans : a) All metals
3. Transition elements form complexes very readily because of
a) Small cation size b) Vacant - d - orbitals
c) Large ionic charge d) All are correct Ans : d) All are correct
4. The transition metal present in vitamin B12 is
a) Fe b) Co c) Ni d) Na Ans : b) Co
5. Transition elements are frequently used as catalysts, because of
a) Large ionic charge b) Large surface area for the reactions to be absorbed
c) Unpaired d electrons d) Both (b) and (c) are correct
Ans : d) Both (b) and (c) are correct
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30. The correct order of ionic radii of Y3+, La3+, Eu3+, and Lu3+ is (Atomic number Y = 39 ; La
= 57 ; Eu = 60 ; Lu = 71)
a) Y3+ < La3+ < Eu3+ < Lu3+ b) Y3+ < Lu3+ < Eu3+ < La3+
3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
c) Lu < Eu < La < Y d) La3+ < Eu3+ < Lu3+ < y3+
Ans : b) Y3+ < Lu3+ < Eu3+ < La3+
31. Assertion : For chromium, the ground state electronic configuration is 3d54s1 rather than
3d44s2.
Reason : The energy of the Cr atom is lower, when the six valence electrons are in different
atomic orbitals with parallel spins
A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Ans : A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of A.
32. Assertion : The energies of the 5s and 4d orbitals are very close.
Reason : The relative energies of the 4d and 5s orbitals very with the nuclear charge and the
electronic distribution.
A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Ans : B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
33. Assertion : The transition metals more similar to one another than are representative metals
of group I and group 2
Reason : Inner d orbitals are being filled
A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Ans : A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of A.
34. Assertion : All the transition elements are metals and good conductors of heat and electricity.
Reason : The penultimate shell of electrons of all these elements is expanding and they are,
therefore, expected to have physical and chemical properties in common.
A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Ans : A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of A.
32. Assertion : The densities, melting and boiling points of the transition elements are generally
very high
Reason : Zn, Hg and Cd have low melting and boiling points as the d - block is complete.
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A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Ans : B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
36. Match the catalysts given in column I with the processes given in column II
Column I (catalyst)) Column II process
a. Ni in the presence of hydrogen - i) Ziegler natta catalyst
b. CuCl2 - ii) Contact process
c. V 2 O 5 - iii) Vegetable oil to ghee
d. Finely divided iron - iv) Sandmeyer reaction
f. TiCl4 + Al (CH3)3 - v) Haber’s process
- vi) Decomposition of KClO3
Ans : a) (iii) ; b) (iv) ; c) (ii) ; d) (v) ; e) (i)
37. Match the properties given in column I with the metals in colum II
Property Metal
a. An element shows +8 oxidation state - i) Zero
b. 3d series element shows +70.5 - ii) Osmium
c. 3d series element shows high melting point - iii) Manganese
d. oxidation state metal in metal carbonyls - iv) Chromium
Ans : a) (ii) ; b) (iii) ; c) (iv) ; d) (i)
38. Match the statements given in column I with oxidation states given in column II
a. oxidation state of Mn in MnO2 - i) +3
b. Most stable O.S of Mn - ii) +7
c. Most stable O.S Mn in oxides - iii) +2
d. Common O.S of lanthanoids - iv) +4
Ans : a) (iv) ; b) (iii) ; c) (ii) ; d) (i)
39. Match the following
a. Lanthanoides which shows + 4 O.S - i) Pm
b. Lanthanoides which shows +2 O.S - ii) Ce
c. Radio active lanthanide - iii) Gd
d. Lanthanoide has 4f7 electronic configuration - iv) Eu
Ans : a) (ii) ; b) (iv) ; c) (i) ; d) (iii)
40. During the smelting process silica is added to roasted copper are to remove
a) Copper sulphide b) Ferrous sulphide
c) Ferrous oxide d) Ferrous Chloride Ans : c) Ferrous oxide
41. The ore which contains copper and iron both
a) Malachite b) Chalcopyrite c) Chalocite d) Azurite Ans : b) Chalcopyrite
42. According to Ellingham diagram, the oxidation reaction of carbon to carbon monoxide
may be used to reduce which one of the following oxides at lowest temperature?
a) Al2O3 b) Cu2O c) MgO d) ZnO Ans : a) Al2O3
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s n(n 2) B.M
n 5
5 5 2 B.M
35
s 5.91BM
23. Why NiII complexes are thermodynamically more stable than PtII complexes?
The ionisation energy of Ni2+ less than that of Pt2+. Hence Ni2+ complexes are more stable
than Pt2+ complexs.
24. Give the catalytic properties of d block elements.
Transition metals has energetically available d orbitals that can accept electrons from reactant
molecule or metal can form bond with reactant molecule using it’s d electrons.
25. What is Zeigler - Natta Polymerisation
A mixture of TiCl4 and Tri alkyl aluminium is used for polymerisation.
CH 3
Ticl4 / Al C2H5 |
n CH3 - CH = CH2 3
CH CH 2 n
Poly propylene
26. Actinoid atoms are generally coloured? Justify your answer.
The actinoid ions are gnerally coloured. This can be explained interms of unpaired electrons
undergoing f - f Transition.
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27. How many unpaired electrons are present in Mn2+ ion. (Z=25) How does it influences
magnetic behaviour of Mn2+ ion.
Mn2+ : 3d5 has 5 unpaired electorns. It is highly paramagnetic and it is attracted by magnet.
28. Transition metal atoms / ions are usually coloured. Justify.
Transition metal ions have unpaired electrons. They can undergo d - d transition by absorbing
light from visible region and radiating complementary colour.
29. Give the disproportionation of manganese (VI) in acidic medium.
3MnO42 + 4H+ 2MnO4 + MnO2 + 2H2O
30. Oxoanions of a metal show higher oxidation state. Give reason.
Oxo anions of a metal show higher oxidation state due to the ability of oxygen to form
multiple bonds and its high electronegativity.
IX. Three Mark Quesitons
1. In the series Sc (Z = 21) to Zn (Z = 30) the enthalpy of atomisation of Zinc is the lowest
i.e. 126 KJ mol 1. why?
In the series Sc to Zn, all elements have one or mor unpaired electrons except zinc which has
no unpaired electrons, its outer electronic configuration being 3d10 4s2. Lower the number
of unpaired electrons, lower is the metal - metal bonding. Hence, metal - metal boning is
weakest in zinc. Therefore, enthalpy of atomisation is lowest.
2. Explain why Cu+ ion is not stable in aqueous solutions.
Cu2+ (aq) is much more stable than Cu+ (aq). Although, second ionisation enthalpy of cop-
per is large but hyd H for Cu2+ (aq) is much more negative than that for Cu+ (aq) and hence
it more than compensates for second ionisation enthalpy of copper. Therfore, many copper
(I) compounds are unstable in aqueous solution and undergo disproportionation.
3. Write down the electronic configuration of :
(i) Cr3+ (ii) Cu+ (iii) Co2- (iv) Mn2+ (v) Pm3+ (vi) Ce4+ (vii) Lu2+ (viii) Th4+
(i) Cr3+ = [Ar] 3d3 (ii) Cu+ = [Ar] 3d10 (iii) Co2+ = [Ar] 3d7 (iv) Mn2+ = [Ar] 3d5
(v) Pm3+ = [Xe] 484 (vi) Ce4+ = [Xe] (vii) Lu2+ = [Xe] 48145d1
(viii) Tn4+ = [Rn]
4. What are the different oxidation states exhibited by the lanthanoids?
The most common oxidation state of lanthanoids is +3. However, some lanthanoids also
show an oxidation state of +2 and +4. For example, Eu shows an oxidation state of +2 and Ce
shows on oxidation state of +4.
5. Describe the oxidising action of potassium dochromate and write the ionic equations for
its reactions with (i) iodide (ii) iron II solution and (iii) H2S
(i) Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6H 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 3I2
(ii) Cr2O72 + 6Fe2+ + 14H+ 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2O
(iii) Cr2O72 + 8H+ + 3H2S 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 3S
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(ii) This is because of presence of unpaired electrons in most of the transition metal ions.
(iii) n n 2 BM, where n stands for the number of unpaired electrons.
3. (i) Why is copper (z=29) considered as transition element?
(ii) K2 PtCl6 is well - known compound while corresponding Ni compound is not known.
(iii) Why is radius of Fe2+ less than that of Mn2+?
(iv) Why is electronic configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d4 not correct for the groud
state of Cr (Z-24)?
(i) This is because Cu2+ ion has incomplete d - orbital
(ii) This is because Pt4+ is more stable than Ni4+
Energy required to remove 4 electrons is less and that in Ni more.
(iii) This is because effective nuclear charge in Fe2+ is more compared to that in Mn2+
(iv) Correct electronic configuration is 1s 2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 because half - filled
configuration is more stable than others.
4. (i) Which trivalent cation is the largest in lanthanoid series?
(ii) One unpaired electron in atom contributes a magnetic moment of 1.1 B.M. Calculate
the magnetic moment of Cr. (Atomic number = 24)
(iii) In a paramagnet ion, all the bonds formed between Mn and O are covalent. Give
reasons.
(i) La3+ is the largest ion
(ii) As Cr has 6 unpaired electrons, its magnetic moment is 6 × 1.1 = 6.6 B.M.
(iii) Oxidation state of Mn is MnO4 is +7. It is energitacally not possible to lose 7 electrons
to give ionic species. It forms bonds by sharing of elctrons. Hence, covalent bonds are
formed.
5. (i) The electronic configuration of Co2+ and Cu2+ is d7 and d1, respectively. Which of
these ions is expected to be more paramagnetic?
(ii) What is the most stable oxidation state of Mn (z = 25)
(iii) Which of the following ions is paramagnetic? Sc3+ (Z = 21), Cu+ (Z = 29)
(i) Co2+ has 3 unpaired electrons while Cu+ has 1 unpaired electron. Therefore,Co2+ is
more paramagnetic than Cu2+
(ii) +7
(iii) Neither contains unpaired electrons. Therefore, neither of them is paramagnetic.
6. (i) Name the metal with tripositive charge represented by the following electronic
configuration : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3
(ii) Why is K2Cr2O7 generally preferred over Na2Cr2O7 in volumetric analysis though
both are oxidising agents?
(iii) Why does V2O5 act as catalyst?
(i) Cr3+ is represented by the configuration : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3
(ii) Na2Cr2O7 absorbs moisture from the atmosphere.
(iii) It can form unstable intermediates with the reactants which readily change into products.
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(B) On heating compound (C) with Conc. H2SO4 and NaCl, Chlorine gas is liberated and
a compound (D) of manganese along with other products is formed. Identify
compounds (A) to (D) and also explain the reactions involved.
The compounds A,B,C and D are given as under : A = KMnO4, B = K2MnO4, C = MnO2,
D = MnCl2
The reactions are explained as under :
2KMnO4
K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
(A) (B) (C)
MnO2+ 4NaCl + 4H2SO4 2K2MnO4 + 2H2O
MnO2+ 4NaCl + 4H2SO4 MnCl2 + 2NaHSO4+ 2H2O + Cl2
11. When a chromite ore (A) is fused with Sodium Carbonate in free excess of air and the
product is dissolved in water, a yellow solution of compound (B) is obtained. After treatment
of this yellow solution with sulphuric acid, compound (C) can be crystallized from the
solution. When compound (C) is treated with KCl, orange crystals of compound (D)
crystallises out. Identify (A) to (D) and also explain the reactions.
The compounds A,B,C and D are given as under
A = FeCr2O4 B = Na2CrO4 C = Na2Cr2O7 - 2H2O D = K2Cr2O7
The reactions are explained as under :
4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2 CO3 + 7O2 8Na2 CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8CO2
(A) (B)
2NaCrO4 + 2H Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na+ + H2O
+
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