11/7/2019

DISPOSAL

Open dumping

Landfills
Barging in to sea

Land filling: Disposal of residual solid wastes in the

surface soils of the earth.

Why Landfill
Unmanaged and uncontrolled, solid wastes openly
dumped on the land:
• Generate liquid and gaseous emissions (leachate and
landfill gas) that can pollute the environment

• Represent a breeding ground for disease-bearing

animals and microorganisms

• Other risks to the public health and safety and to the

environment

1
 11/7/2019

Sanitary Landfill
• Controlled disposal of waste on the land.
Sanitary Landfill
• LINER SYSTEM
• Controls the exposure of the environment and humans to
the detrimental effects of solid wastes placed on the land. • CAP SYSTEM
• Disposal is accomplished in a way such that contact • GAS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
between wastes and the environment is significantly • Gas collection, treatment, flaring etc.
reduced, and wastes are concentrated in a well defined • LEACHATE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
area. • Leachate collection and treatment system
• Good control of landfill gas and leachate, and limited • MONITORING SYSTEMS:
access of vectors (e.g., rodents, flies, etc.) to the wastes • Water: Ground water monitoring system
• Air: Air monitoring system

Temporary Environmental
Holding area monitoring facilities

Leachate
Equipment
workshop treatment
Stock piled Completed facility
cover fill
Inspection/ material Gas
Screening
flaring
facility
facility
Weighing Active
Future filling
scale Surface
fill area area water
collection
Access facility
road Office

Typical Layout of a Landfill

2
 11/7/2019

Landfill operation Landfill-Bottom

Source:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Landfill_Hawaii.jpg#

Anchor Trench
Landfill Composite Liner

3
 11/7/2019

Cell liner
Collection
drain

Refuse

Leachate
Filter fabric Drainage layer mound
(optional) Low permeability liner Clay liner
Native material
1.50 mm thick HDPE
geomembrane

Leachate Collection System

LINER SYSTEMS
Liner system
• The liner system will comprise of the following layers below the waste:
• 0.30m thick drainage layer comprising coarse sand and gravel
• 0.2m thick protective layer of sandy silt
• 1.50 mm thick HDPE geomembrane
• 1.0.m thick clay layer/amended soil layer

4
 11/7/2019

Leachate Collection and Removal

Leachate Storage

5
 11/7/2019

Dump truck
Leachate treatment plant

Landfill Cell

Source:
http://earthsci.org/education/teacher/basicgeol/solid_wast
e/solid_waste.html

6
 11/7/2019

Landfill Cell
Vertical Piping System

Gas Collection Wells Landfill Gas Collection System

7
 11/7/2019

Final Cover POSTCLOSURE CARE

Activities associated with the long-term monitoring

and maintenance of the landfill
(typically 30-50 years).

MSW rules 2016 recommends at least fifteen

years

Types of Landfills Landfilling Methods

• Landfills for Comingled MSW • Excavated Cell/Trench Method
• Area Method
• Landfill for Shredded Solid Waste • Canyon/Depression Method

• Landfill of Individual Constituents

• Monofills

8
 11/7/2019

Excavated Cell/Trench Method Area Method

Ideal where the terrain is unsuitable for the excavation of cells or trenches, e.g.,
high G/W level.
Cover material must be hauled in by truck or earthmoving equipment from
Ideal for areas where an adequate depth of cover material is available at the site adjacent land or from borrow-pit areas.
and where the water table is not near the surface
Excavated cells: 1000 ft by 1000 ft; side slope 1.5:1 to 2:1
Trench: 200~1000 ft by 15~50 ft; 3~10 ft in depth

Canyon/Depression Method Landfilling Siting Considerations

• Haul Distance
• Location Restrictions
• Available Land Area
• Site Access
• Soil Condition and Topography
• Climatic Conditions
Use canyons, ravins, dry borrow pits, and quarries • Surface Water Hydrology
Cover material must be available to cover the individual lifts and to provide a
final cover over the entire landfill when the final height is reached. • Geological and Hydrogeological Conditions
• Local Environmental Conditions
• Ultimate Use of Completed Landfills

9
 11/7/2019

Goals Involved with Site Selection

• Minimum risk to public health
• Minimum impact on the environment
• Maximum level of service to facility users
• Minimum cost to facility users
No. Priority Group
1 Public health and safety
2 Natural environment
3 Social environment
4 Cultural environment
5 Economical cost
Decision Making
• Systematic and analytical using the info. available
• Minimize the most significant risks by prudent siting and
residual risks by design, operation, monitoring, mitigation,
and contingency systems
Assessment Features • Involve tradeoffs between important requirements
Hydrology/hydrogeology, traffic
safety/traffic service and operations • Has different set of priorities
Biophysical, agriculture
Population impact, community • A ‘layered’ approach for site assessment is recommended.
facilities, dust/odor, noise, visual
impact, land use compatibility
Heritage features, archaeology
Rupees

Layered Approach

Define study area

Identify priority areas and

Screening level external opportunities
Public
consultation
and
Undertake specific detailed
refinement
assessments on candidate sites
throughout

Detailed level
Select preferred site and
carry out preliminary design

39

10
 11/7/2019

Decomposition in Landfills Aerobic Decomposition

• Physical: breakdown or movement of the refuse components by
physical degradation and by the rinsing and flushing action of water • Requires oxygen; thus occurs on initial placement of the refuse; rapid
movement compared with anaerobic decomposition

• Chemical: hydrolysis, dissolution/precipitation, sorption/desorption, and Degradable waste + oxygen  CO2 + H2O + biomass
ion exchange of refuse components; generally results in altered + heat + partially degraded materials + NH3
characteristics and greater mobility of refuse components  more
chemically uniform. CHzObNc + 1/4(4a-2b-3c)O2  CO2 +1/2(a-3c)H2O + cNH3

• Biological: most important process; occurs with naturally present • Produces CO2 as high as 90% and raises temperature as high as 70°C
bacteria • High CO2  Acidic pH (CO2 + H2O  H2CO3)

• Byproducts of MSW decomposition: Decomposed solid wastes, new

biomass, generated gases, contaminants into solution (leachate), and
heat

Nonmethanogenic Anaerobic Decomposition Methanogenic Anaerobic Decomposition

• Involves facultative microorganisms that become  Produces CO2, CH4, and water along with some heat
dominant as the oxygen is depleted.  Slow decomposition rates
• Called ‘acid or acetogenic’ phase 4H2 + CO2  CH4 + 2H2O
CH3COOH  CH4 + CO2
• High concentrations of organic acids, ammonia,
hydrogen, and CO2 are produced.  Consumption of organic acids  pH increase to the range of 7 to 8
 Volatile fatty acids: at high conc. inhibitory and toxic
Degradable wastes  CO2 + H2O +  Near-neutral pH, low volatile fatty acids, and low TDS
Organism growth + Partially degraded
organics  Optimal conditions for methanogenic bacteria
 pH: 6.7 to 7.5 (5 to 9)
• Due to high production of CO2 and organic acids, pH  Temp: 30 to 35°C (mesophilic); ~45°C (thermophilic)
of the leachate ranges from 5.5 to 6.5, which in turn  C:N =16:1
causes the dissolution of other organics and
inorganics.
• A chemically aggressive leachate with high specific
conductance

11
 11/7/2019

Generation of landfill gases

Phase I: Initial adjustment

Phase II: Transition phase

Phase III: Acid Phase
Phase IV: Methane formation
phase
Phase V: Maturation phase

12
 11/7/2019

Gas Production Rate

 Organic portion of municipal wastes
 Readily decomposable: food wastes (t1/2 = 0.5~1.5 yrs)
 Moderately decomposable: paper (t1/2 = 5 ~ 25 yrs), wood grass,
brush, greens, leaves, oils, and paint
 Non-decomposable: plastics, leather, rubber, and rags
 Landfill methane generation
 Lag phase
 Active methane generation phase
 Life of methane gas generation for economic recovery: 5 to 20 years

Passive Control of Landfill Gases

13
 11/7/2019

Active Control of Landfill Gas with

Impermeable Barriers within Landfills
Perimeter Facilities

Typical Landfill Gas Extraction Well

Gas Extraction System: Vertical Piping System

14
 11/7/2019

Equilateral triangular distribution for

Horizontal Gas Extraction Wells
vertical gas extraction wells

15
 11/7/2019

Composition of Leachate

Leachate

How much leachate?

16
 11/7/2019

Proposed Leachate Treatment

Chemical
Equalization Precipitation
Tank Air
Stripping

Leachate
Chemical
Remove heavy metals Remove
Equalize flow and solids ammonia
(optional) (optional)

Reed bed Chemical

SBR

Discharge
Sludge
wasting
Polish the effluent Remove organics, ammonia,
nitrite/nitrate, and toxic
compounds

17
 11/7/2019

Landfill Liner

1 mil = 0.0254 mm

Landfill Cover
Landfill Design:
• Waste generation: 1000 tonnes per day
(current)
• Design life: Active period=16 years closure and
post closure period = 25 years
• Topography: Flat ground
• Sub Soil: Sandy silt up to 20m below ground
surface, underlain by bed rock.
• Average Total Precipitation: 750mm per year

18
 11/7/2019

(a) Current waste generation=1000 tonnes per day

(b) Estimated waste generation after 16 years = 1700 tonnes per day
(c) Total waste generation in 16 years = 0.5 × (1000+1700) × 365 × 16 = 7×
(106) tons
(d) Total waste volume (assumed compacted density 0.85 tonnes/cu.m.) =
7× (106)/0.85 = 8.25 × 106 cu.m.
(e) Volume of Liner & Cover = 12.5 % of 8.25 × 106 = 1.03 × 106 cu.m.
(g) First estimate of landfill volume Ci = (8.25+1.03)× 106= 9.28 × 106 cu.m.
(h) Likely shape of landfill
Rectangular in plan (length: width = 2:1)
Primarily above ground level, partly below ground level.
Area restrictions: Nil
(j) Possible maximum landfill height = 20m
(k) Area required = (9.28 × 106)/20 = 4.15 × 105 sq.m.= 41.5 hectares
(l) Approximate plan dimensions=450m × 900m

Landfill Cell

19
 11/7/2019

Plan View of Landfill

LANDFILL SECTION AND PLAN

(a) Landfill section and plan is evaluated on the
basis of
(i) 4:1 side slope for the above ground portion of
the landfill.
(ii) 2:1 side slope for the below ground portion of
the landfill.
(iii) Material balance for daily cover, liner and
final cover material through evaluation at site.
(iv) Extra space around the waste filling area for
infrastructural facilities.

20
 11/7/2019

LANDFILL PHASES
(a) Active life of landfill = 16 years
(b) Duration of one phase = one year
(c) Number of phases = 16. Each phase extends from base
to final cover.
(d) Volume of one phase = landfill capacity/16
(e) Plan area of phase = (volume of one phase)/landfill
height = 240 × 120 m (approx.)
(f) Number of daily cells = 365
(g) Plan area of one cell/on the basis of 2.0 m lift of each
cell = (volume of one cell)/2.0 =22 × 42 m (approx..)

21