Android Architecture:

The android is a operating system and is a stack of software components which is

divided into five sections and four main layers that is

 Linux kernel
 Libraries
 Android runtime
Application frame work:

Linux kernel:
The android uses the powerful Linux kernel and it supports wide range of hardware
drivers. The kernel is the heart of the operating system that manages input and output
requests from software. This provides basic system functionalities like process
management, memory management, device management like camera, keypad,
display etc the kernel handles all the things. The Linux is really good at networking
and it is not necessary to interface it to the peripheral hardware. The kernel itself does
not interact directly with the user but rather interacts with the shell and other programs
as well as with the hard ware devices on the system.

Libraries:
The on top of a Linux kennel there is a set of libraries including open source web
browser such as webkit, library libc. These libraries are used to play and record audio
and video. The SQLite is a data base which is useful for storage and sharing of
application data. The SSL libraries are responsible for internet security etc.

Android Runtime:
The android runtime provides a key component called Dalvik Virtual Machine which is
a kind of java virtual machine. It is specially designed and optimized for android. The
Dalvik VM is the process virtual machine in the android operating system. It is a
software that runs apps on android devices.

The Dalvik VM makes use of Linux core features like memory management and
multithreading which is in a java language. The Dalvik VM enables every android
application to run it own process. The Dalvik VM executes the files in the .dex format.

Application frame work:

The application frame work layer provides many higher level services to applications
such as windows manager, view system, package manager, resource manager etc.
The application developers are allowed to make use of these services in their
application.

Applications and Features:

You will find all the android applications at the top layer and you will write your
application and install on this layer. Example of such applications are contacts, books,
browsers, services etc. Each application perform a different role in the over all
applications.
Features:

 Head set layout

 Storage
 Connectivity: GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, Bluetooth, WI-FI, EDGE,3G,NFC, LTE,GPS.
 Messaging: SMS, MMS, C2DM (could to device messaging), GCM (Google could
messaging)
 Multilanguage support
 Multi touch
 Video calling
 Screen capture
 External storage
 Streaming media support
 Optimized graphics

3 IOS OS

Architecture of iOs is a layered architecture. At the uppermost level iOS works as an intermediary between
the underlying hardware and the apps you make. Apps do not communicate to the underlying hardware
directly.

Apps talk with the hardware through a collection of well defined system interfaces. These interfaces make
it simple to write apps that work constantly on devices having various hardware abilities.

Lower layers gives the basic services which all application relies on and higher level layer gives sophisticated
graphics and interface related services.

Apple provides most of its system interfaces in special packages called frameworks. A framework is a
directory that holds a dynamic shared library that is .a files, related resources like as header files, images,
and helper apps required to support that library. Every layer have a set of Framework which the developer
use to construct the applications.

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1. Core OS Layer:

The Core OS layer holds the low level features that most other technologies are built upon.

 Core Bluetooth Framework.

 Accelerate Framework.
 External Accessory Framework.
 Security Services framework.
 Local Authentication framework.

64-Bit support from IOS7 supports the 64 bit app development and enables the application to run faster.

2. Core Services Layer

Some of the Important Frameworks available in the core services layers are detailed:

 Address book framework – Gives programmatic access to a contacts database of user.

 Cloud Kit framework – Gives a medium for moving data between your app and iCloud.

 Core data Framework – Technology for managing the data model of a Model View Controller app.

 Core Foundation framework – Interfaces that gives fundamental data management and service features
for iOS apps.

 Core Location framework – Gives location and heading information to apps.

 Core Motion Framework – Access all motion based data available on a device. Using this core motion
framework Accelerometer based information can be accessed.

 Foundation Framework – Objective C covering too many of the features found in the Core Foundation
framework

 Healthkit framework – New framework for handling health-related information of user

 Homekit framework – New framework for talking with and controlling connected devices in a user’s
home.

 Social framework – Simple interface for accessing the user’s social media accounts.

 StoreKit framework – Gives support for the buying of content and services from inside your iOS apps,
a feature known asIn-App Purchase.

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3. Media Layer: Graphics, Audio and Video technology is enabled using the Media Layer.

Graphics Framework:
 UIKit Graphics – It describes high level support for designing images and also used for animating the
content of your views.

 Core Graphics framework – It is the native drawing engine for iOS apps and gives support for custom
2D vector and image based rendering.

 Core Animation – It is an initial technology that optimizes the animation experience of your apps.

 Core Images – gives advanced support for controling video and motionless images in a nondestructive
way

 OpenGl ES and GLKit – manages advanced 2D and 3D rendering by hardware accelerated interfaces

 Metal – It permits very high performance for your sophisticated graphics rendering and computation
works. It offers very low overhead access to the A7 GPU.

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Audio Framework:

 Media Player Framework – It is a high level framework which gives simple use to a user’s iTunes
library and support for playing playlists.

 AV Foundation – It is an Objective C interface for handling the recording and playback of audio and
video.

 OpenAL – is an industry standard technology for providing audio.

Video Framework

 AV Kit – framework gives a collection of easy to use interfaces for presenting video.

 AV Foundation – gives advanced video playback and recording capability.

 Core Media – framework describes the low level interfaces and data types for operating media.

Cocoa Touch Layer

 EventKit framework – gives view controllers for showing the standard system interfaces for seeing and
altering calendar related events

 GameKit Framework – implements support for Game Center which allows users share their game
related information online

 iAd Framework – allows you deliver banner-based advertisements from your app.

 MapKit Framework – gives a scrollable map that you can include into your user interface of app.

 PushKitFramework – provides registration support for VoIP apps.

 Twitter Framework – supports a UI for generating tweets and support for creating URLs to access the
Twitter service.

 UIKit Framework – gives vital infrastructure for applying graphical, event-driven apps in iOS. Some of
the Important functions of UI Kit framework:

-Multitasking support.

– Basic app management and infrastructure.

– User interface management

– Support for Touch and Motion event.

– Cut, copy and paste support and many more

XHTML MP (eXtensible HyperText Markup

Language Mobile Profile
XHTML Mobile Profile (XHTML MP) is a hypertextual computer language standard designed
specifically for mobile phones and other resource-constrained devices.

It is an XHTML document type defined by the Open Mobile Alliance. XHTML-MP is derived
from XHTML Basic 1.0 by adding XHTML Modules, with later versions of the standard adding more
modules. However, for certain modules, XHTML-MP does not mandate a complete implementation
so an XHTML-MP browser may not be fully conforming on all modules.
The XHTML MP 1.2 DTD is the current recommendation, finalized in March 2008.

XHTML MP (eXtensible HyperText Markup Language Mobile Profile) is the markup

language defined in WAP 2.0. WAP 2.0 is the most recent mobile services
specification created by the WAP Forum (now the Open Mobile Alliance [OMA]). The
specification of WAP CSS (WAP Cascading Style Sheet or WCSS) is also defined in
WAP 2.0. WAP CSS is the companion of XHTML Mobile Profile and they are used
together. With WAP CSS, you can easily change and format the presentation of
XHTML MP pages.

XHTML Mobile Profile is a subset of XHTML, which is the stricter version of HTML.
XHTML Mobile Profile is XHTML Basic (also a subset of XHTML) plus some additional
elements and attributes from the full version of XHTML.

The goal of XHTML Mobile Profile is to bring together the technologies for mobile
Internet browsing and that for the World Wide Web. Before the coming out of XHTML
Mobile Profile, WAP developers make use of WML and WMLScript to create WAP
sites, while web developers use HTML / XHTML and CSS style sheets to build web
sites.

With the announcement of XHTML Mobile Profile, the markup language of the
wireless world and the wired world finally converges. XHTML Mobile Profile and
WAP CSS give wireless Internet application developers more and better
presentation control. The greatest advantage, however, is that the same
technologies can now be used to develop both the web and wireless version of
your Internet site. You can use any web browsers to view your WAP2.0
application during the prototyping and development process.

Document Type Declaration

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD XHTML Mobile 1.0//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/xhtml-mobile10.dtd">

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD XHTML Mobile 1.1//EN"

"http://www.openmobilealliance.org/tech/DTD/xhtml-mobile11.dtd">

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD XHTML Mobile 1.2//EN"

"http://www.openmobilealliance.org/tech/DTD/xhtml-mobile12.dtd">

Here are some other advantages of XHTML MP:

 XHTML MP supports WAP CSS, which enables the separation of content and
presentation in different files. As you all know, mobile devices have very different
characteristics such as screen sizes. The separation of the content and the
 presentation means you can write the content once, and change the style and layout
to suit different mobile devices with various WAP CSS files.

With XHTML MP and WAP CSS, you have more control over the presentation. For
example, you can control borders, backgrounds, margins, padding, etc. You can also
specify the font sizes, font families and font colors. Such features are not available in
WML 1.x.

Here are the major WML features lost in XHTML MP:

1. XHTML MP does not support decks and cards

2. XHTML MP does not support timers
3. XHTML MP does not support events
4. XHTML MP does not support variables
5. XHTML MP does not support client-side scripting
6. XHTML MP does not support programmable softkeys
7. XHTML MP does not support the <u> tag
8. XHTML MP does not support the format attribute for input fields

XHTML MP does not support posting of data with anchor links