SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY (CHED
Memorandum Order NO. 20)
● Is an interdisciplinary course that engages
students to confront the realities brought about
by science and technology in society, with all its
socio-political, cultural, economic, and
philosophical underpinnings at play. These
realities pervade the personal, the public, and
the global aspects of life and are integral to
human development.
● Seeks to instill reflective knowledge in students
so that they are able to lice the good life and
display ethical decision-making in both social and
scientific dilemmas.
● Discusses how science has influenced human
and society vice versa
● Examines the interaction between the human
quest to understand the natural world and how
this understanding has fashioned society and its
development.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLLUTION
1. SCIENCE AS AN IDEA
It includes ideas, theories, and all available
systematic explanations and observations
about the natural and physical world
2. SCIENCE AS AN INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY
It encompasses a systematic and practical
study of the natural and physical world.
This process of study involves systematic
operation and experimentation.
3. SCIENCE AS A BODY OF KNOWLEDGE
It is a subject or a discipline, a field of
study, or a body of knowledge that deals
with the process of learning about the
natural and physical world. This is what we
refer to as school science.
4. SCIENCE AS A PERSONAL AND SOCIAL
ACTIVITY
This explains that science is both
knowledge and activities done by human
being s to develop better understanding of
the world around them. It is a man to
improve life and to survive in life. It is
interwoven with people’s lives
SCIENCE
● Came from the Greek word scientia which
means knowledge (combination of non-
material and material culture)
● Defined as the system of knowledge of the
natural world gained through the scientific
method.
● Originally called “philosophy of the natural
world” because it is stemmed from the
ancients Greeks’ desire to know about nature
● Thus, the scientists before were called
“philosophers of nature”
● The first step towards knowledge is the ability
to name and classify the objects fund in nature
TECHNOLOGY
● Came from the Greek words tekhne meaning
“art or craft” or “skill” and logia which means
”a subject or interest” (KNOW-HOW)
● “Practical applications of what we know about
nature” using scientific principles for the
betterment of the human situation.
SOCIETY
● Came from the Latin words societas and socius
which mean friend and companion respectively.
● FOLKWARY - convention
● MORES - “must of society” or special folkways.
Once not followed may be either accused as
sinful or immoral or otherwise may lead to
eviction.
ANCIENT TIMES
● TRANSPORTATION
➢ Significant during the time because
people were trying to go places and
discover new horizons
➢ They travelled to search for food and
find better location for settlements
➢ Travelled to trade their surplus good in
order to exchange goods they lack
➢ Navigation assisted them in the
journey of unfamiliar and strange
areas in the world. It allowed them to
return after they discover new places
or completed trade.
● COMMUNICATION
➢ Essential in the endeavors to discover
and occupy places.
➢ They needed a way to communicate
with the natives of the places they
visited to facilitate trade and prevent
possible conflicts.
➢ Record-keeping was also important to
remember the places they’ve been to
 and document their trades. It is also
vital to record their history and culture
so they could establish great identities
as they tried to relate with other
cultures and civilizations.
The increase of size and number of nations connoted
increased demands for food and other basic necessities.
Thus, the people needed a form of technology that would
enable them to increase food supplies and other survival
needs without them travelling more r working harder.
● WEAPONS AND ARMORS
➢ Important in the discovery of new
places and of the establishment of new
alliances.
➢ The development of weapon and
armors for security and protection was
considered a major achievement.
➢ The primary challenged they faced was
the conservation of life. Survival posed
a great problem. Different illnesses
and diseases, both natural and man-
made, hampered the full potential of a
human being. With these, science and
technology played a major role in the
discovery of cures, if not the
prevention of, illnesses.
➢ Moreover, in order to integrate the
needs of better transportation,
establishment of structures, and
construction of bigger and stronger
infrastructures; the people ventured
into engineering.
➢ Engineering allowed people to build
structures that would address their
needs and wants. There ushered
architecture.
➢ Architecture is perceived as the mere
style, but during ancient times it is
seen as the elaboration of the
technological advancements of
particular civilizations and the identity
or mark of a nation.
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
❖ Sumeria - located in the southernmost tip of
ancient Mesopotamia.
❖ Sumerian – known for their high degree of
cooperation and desire for great things.
❖ They are not contented with the basic things in
life. In results their desires pushed them to
develop things related to science and
technology.
● CUNEIFORM
❖ The development of the
first hand writing system. It
utilizes word pictures and
triangular symbols carved
on clay using wedge
instruments.
❖ This let the Sumerians to
keep record of great
historical values of their
everyday living.
▪ URUK CITY
▪ Considered as the first true
city in the world
▪ Built with mud or clay from
river and is mixed with
reeds producing sun baked
bricks.
▪ Features brick houses that
protected them from harsh
weather and a wall around
the city that protected
them from wild animals and
neighboring raiders.
▪ THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR
▪ AKA the mountain of god.
Built it the same manner as
the city of Uruk.
▪ Served as the sacred place
for their chief god, where
only their priests are
allowed to enter.
▪ IRRIGATIONS AND DIKES
▪ Considered one of the
world’s most beneficial
engineering works
▪ Sumerians created irrigation
canals and dikes to bring
water to farmlands and
control flooding.
▪ Enabled them to enjoy year-
long farming and increased
food production.
▪ SAILBOATS
 ▪ Sumerians needed a mode of
transportation that do not
require much human
resource.
▪ WHEEL
▪ First wheels were not for
transportation but is for farm
work and food processes.
▪ Farmers used wheels to mill
grains with less effort and
time.
▪ THE PLOW
▪ Invented to dig the earth in a
faster pace.
▪ With this, farmers were able
to cultivate larger parcels of
land faster, enabling mass
production of food with
lesser time and effort.
▪ ROADS
▪ Sumerians developed the
first roads.
▪ They used sun-baked bricks
that they laid down on the
ground. Later on, they
poured bitumen a black
sticky substance similar to
asphalt to smoothen the
roads.
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
❖ Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
❖ Babylonians – great builders, engineers, and
architects
● HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON
▪ Said to be made up of layer
upon layers of gardens.
▪ According to legends, The
great Babylonian King
Nebuchadnezzar II built the
gardens for his wife, Queen
Amytis.
▪ The location is unknown
and there is no enough
physical and archeological
evidence that this mythical
place existed. It said to be
the result of the king’s
creative imagination.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
❖ Located in North Africa
● PAPER OF PAPYRUS
▪ Clay tablets were first used
before, but safe-keeping and
transporting them were a
major problem. They are
fragile, heavy, and delicate to
handle.
▪ Papyrus is a plant abundant
along the Nile river of Egypt.
● INK
▪ Egyptians invented ink by
combining soot with
different chemicals to
produce different ink colors.
● HIEROGLYPHICS
▪ Egyptian system of writing
▪ Believed to be provided by
the Egyptian gods.
● COSMETICS
▪ The functions of cosmetics
in Egypt were for both
medical and aesthetic
reasons.
▪ Kohl was worn around the
eye to prevent and even
cure eye diseases. It is
created by mixing soot or
malachite with mineral
galena.
▪ They believed that persons
wearing make-up are
protected from evil and
that beauty is a sign of
holiness.
● WIG
▪ During Egyptian times, wigs
were worn for health and
wellness instead of aesthetic
purposes.
▪ It was used to protect shave
heads of the wealthy
Egyptians from the rays of
the sun.
▪ It was considered to be
cleaner than natural hair
because of the prevention of
the accumulation of lice.
▪
● WATER CLOCK / CLEPSYDRA
 ▪ Utilizes gravity that affects
the flow of water from one
vessel to the other.
▪ The amount of water
remaining in the device
determines how much time
has lapsed.
GREEK CIVILIZATION
❖ Greece - an archipelago in the southeastern part
of Europe. Known as the birthplace of western
philosophy
● ALARM CLOCK
▪ Plato – believed to have used
alarm clocks to start when to
start his lecture.
▪ Used four water vessels
vertically line up.
● WATER MILL
▪ Commonly used in
agricultural processes like
milling of grains.
▪ Large wheel with small
buckets of water attached
to it and is accessed to
rivers or flowing bodies of
water.
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
❖ Perceived to be the strongest political and
society in the west.
❖ Considered to be the cradle of politics and
governance during that period.
● NEWSPAPER
▪ Gazette - the first
newspapers; contained
announcements of the
Roman Empire to the
people.
▪ Were engraved in metal or
stone tablets and then
publicly displayed.
● BOUNDS OF BOOKS OR CODEX
▪ Julius Caesar started the
tradition of stacking up
papyrus to form pages of
the book.
▪ Later on, they provide
covers. The earlier covers
were made up of wax but
were later replaced on by
animal skin which proved to
be stronger and longer-
lasting.
● ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
▪ One of the most visual
contributions of the Ancient
Empire.
▪ Considered as a
continuation of Greek
Architecture.
▪ Still regarded as pioneering
since the Romans were able
to adapt new building and
engineering technology.
● ROMAN NUMERALS
▪ Made by the Romans to
address their need for a
standard counting method
that would meet their
increasing communication
and trade concerns.
CHINESE CIVILIZATION
❖ Considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia
● SILK
▪One of the things that
connected the Far East
China to the World.
▪ Bridged the gap between
the western world and the
middle kingdom.
● TEA PRODUCTION
▪ Tea- a beverage made by
pouring hot water over
crushed or shredded dried
tea leaves.
● GREAT WALL OF CHINA
▪ The only man-made
structure that can be seen
from outer space.
▪ The largest and the most
extensive infrastructure
China has built.
▪ Made to keep away from
foreign invaders and to
control China borders.
● GUNPOWDER
▪ Developed by a Chinese
alchemist who aimed to
achieve immorality.
MEDIEVAL / MIDDLE AGES
 ❖ The start of middle ages was marred by massive
invasions and migrations. Wars were prevalent
during this time.
❖ A.K.A. “Age of Exploration”
● PRINTING PRESS
▪ Invented by Johann Gutenberg by
utilizing wooden machines that
extracted juice from fruits, attached
them to a metal impression of letters
and is then pressed firmly.
● MICROSCOPE
▪ To develop proper medicines for
illnesses, experts needed a device that
would magnify things invisible to the
eye.
▪ Zacharias Janssen developed the first
compound microscope.
● TELESCOPE
▪ Ship captains needed to see far and
wide for them to navigate.
▪ Telescope – an optical instrument that
helps in the observation of remote
objects.
● WAR WEAPONS
▪ Since war was wide spreading, a need
for offensive and defensive
instruments was developed---thus, the
birth of cross bows and long bows that
would attack enemy at long ranges. In
close range hand-to-hand combat
soldiers needed something to protect
them----body armors.
MODERN TIMES
❖ Development of Industries or Industrialization
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
● PASTEURIZATION
▪ Louis Pasteur invented pasteurization.
▪ It is the process of heating dairy
products to kill harmful bacteria that
allow them to spoil faster.
● PETROLEUM REFINERY
▪ Samuel M. Kier was able to invent
kerosene by refining petroleum.
▪ Kerosene a.k.a. “illuminating oil” for it
was used at first to provide lighting to
homes.
● TELEPHONE
▪ Invented by Alexander Graham Bell
● CALCULATOR
▪ (Computing devices must also be easy
to carry since they be utilized on a day-
to-day basis.)
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS (under the modern period)
● SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE
▪ Made by H20 Technologies headed by
Dominic N. Chung and Lamberto
Armada, together with their chief
designer Victor “Atoy” Llave.
▪ A tricycle that could not only cross
floods but also rivers and lakes.
● SALT LAMP
▪ Aisa Mijeno invented a lighting system
that utilizes salt water.
▪ Sustainable Alternative Lighting lamp
(SALt lamp)
▪ Safer as it poses no risk of fire and
emits no toxic gases.
▪ (two tablespoon of salt and a glass of
tap water)
● MEDICAL INCUBATOR
▪ Dr. Fe del Mundo – a Filipino
pediatrician and the first Asian
woman admitted in Harvard Medical
School who created an incubator from
indigenous and cheap materials. Also
contributed on the immunization and
treatment of jaundice and the BRAT
diet for curing diarrhea.
▪ Made by placing a native laundry
basket inside a bigger one. Hot water
bottles were inserted between t
▪ (DOST-ITDI).
● EJEEPNEY
▪ Utilizes electricity instead of the more
expensive diesel. It is environment
friendly since it does not emit any
smoke and noise.
❖ There are instances when advancement in
science and technology changed people’s
perceptions and beliefs----much happen in the
Intellectual revolution.
❖ How society was transformed by science and
technology.
● COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
▪ Claudius Ptolemy stated that planets
as well as the sun, and the moon
moved in a circular motion around the
Earth. He believed that the earth is the
center---geocentrism.
▪ Nicolas Copernicus a polish
mathematician and astronomer who
challenged the Ptolemaic model. He
suggested that the center of the solar
system is the sun and not the Earth---
heliocentrism. This was then accepted
by the people in a period called the
birth of modern astronomy.

● DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
▪ Considered to be one of the most
controversial intellectual revolutions of
its time.
▪ Charles Darwin, an English naturalist,
biologist, geologist, publish his book,
On the Origin of Species where he
introduced the theory of evolution.
▪ Theory of Evolution- population
passes through a process of natural
selection in which only the fittest
would survive. He stated that the
organism have the ability to adapt to
their environment and would gradually
change into something that would be
more competitive to survive---
evolution.
▪ Created an argument for people
perceived it to be contradicting to the
church’s teaching such that the source
of life is a powerful creator.
● FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
▪ Psychology was considered more of an
art rather than a science.
▪ Sigmund Freud changed people’s
perception with his theory of
psychoanalysis.
▪ Psychoanalysis is the study that
explains human behavior. He explained
here that there are many conscious
and unconscious factors that can
influence behavior and emotions.
▪ He argued that personality is a product
of 3 conflicting elements: id, ego, and
superego.
❖ Spanish government developed health and
education systems that were enjoyed by the
principalia class.
❖ American occupation modernized all aspects of
the Philippines. They established Bureau of
Science---for nurturing development in the field
of science and technology.
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
❖ After achieving independence for the colonizers,
under different administrations, Philippines
continued to pursue programs in science and
technology.
❖ Ferdinand Marcos the president who ushered in
advancements in science and technology.
He established:
PAG-ASA (Philippine
Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services
Administration)
NAST (National Academy of
Science and Technology) was
(National Science and
Technology Authority)
Originally established in 1958
(National Science Development
Board) now (the Department of
Science and Technology
Internal influences

▪Su
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD rvi
❖ Even before Spaniards came to the Philippines, va
l Development of
early Filipino settlers used herbs and plants as
▪ Cu Science and
medicines.
Technology in
❖ There were already systems of farming and ltu
animal-raising. External influences re the Philippines
❖ Had also developed modes of transportation ▪ Ec
▪ Fo
such as terrestrial or maritime. on
rei
❖ Had a complicated engineering feat by the o
gn
natives of the Cordilleras----Rice Terraces. mi
Co
c
COLONIAL PERIOD lo
Ac
❖ Colonization by the Spaniards provided the ni
tiv
Philippines with modern means of construction. ze
iti of Science and Technology
Influences in the Development
❖ Walls, roads, bridges, and other large rs
es
in the Philippines
infrastructures were built using some of the ▪ Tr
engineering skills and tools. ad
es
GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE wi AND TECHNOLOGY
th
Fo
rei
gn
Co
un
tri
The goal of this is to prepare the whole country and its ● Allocating to Percent of GDP to
people to meet the demands of a technologically driven research
world and capacitate the people to live in the world driven ● Legislating a law supporting human
by science.1. genome projects
4. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, AGRICULTURE, AND
In response to the ASEAN 2015 Agenda, the DOST has FORESTRY
sought the expertise of the National Research Council of ● Protecting and conserving biodiversity
the Philippines (NRCP) to consult various sectors in the by full implementation of existing laws
society to study how the Philippines can prepare itself in ● Use of bio safety and standard model
meeting the ASEAN 2015 Goals. by ASEAN countries
● Promoting indigenous knowledge
NRSP’s 4 CLUSTERS OF POLICIES
systems and indigenous people’s
conservation
1. SOCIAL SCIENCES, HUMANITIES, EDUCATION,
● Formulation of common food and
INTERNATIONAL POLICIES, AND GOVERNANCE
safety standards
● Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education
EXISTING PROGRAMS OF THE DOST
w/o adding to the curriculum
● Emphasizing teaching in mother tongue
1. Providing funds for basic research and patents
● Developing school infrastructure and providing
related to science and technology
for ICT broadband
2. Establishing more branches of the Philippine
● Local food security
Science High School System.
● Manila Science HS (1963) - Intramuros,
2. PHYSICS, ENGINEERING, AND INDUSTRIAL
oldest science high school
RESEARCH, EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCES AND
● Quezon City Science HS (1967)
MATHEMATICS
● Philippine Science Hs- RA 3661
● Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and
● Central Visayan Institute Foundation-
employment opportunities
DLP; Research center of Physics
● Outright grants for peer
3. Creating science and technology parks
monitoring
4. Balik Scientist Program
● R.A. of 9184 (Government
5. Developing Science and Technology parks in
Procurement Reform
academic campuses
Act)
6. The establishment of National Science Complex
● Harnessing science and
and national Engineering Complex within UP
technology as an
Diliman (aimed to develop more science and
independent mover of
technology and engineering manpower
development
resources and produce more researches in this
field.
3. MEDICAL, CHEMICAL, AND PHARMACEUTICAL
PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
SCIENCES
AND ENGINEERING (PAASE) IDENTIFIED
● Ensuring compliance of drug-
SEVERAL CAPACITY-BUILDING PROGRAMS:
manufacturing firms with ASEAN-
harmonized standards by full
1. Establishment of National
implementation if the Food and Drug
centers of excellence
Administration
2. Manpower and institutional
● Creating an education council
development programs:
dedicated to standardization of
Engineering and Science
pharmaceutical services and care
Education Program (ESEP) to
● Empowering food and drug agencies to
produce more PhD graduates
conduct evidence based research as
in science and technology
pool of information
 3.
Establishment of regional Southeast Asian Nations, and other
centers to support specific international agencies.
industries that will lead the
country to different
researches and
developments National Goals
4. Establishment of science and SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
technology business centers International Treaty
5. Strengthen science ▪ P
education at any early stage Legal Frameworks o
through Philippine Science l
High School System i
Social Needs, Issues, and
DEVELOPED PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS IN THE FIELDS OF c
Problems
EDUCATION i
e
Development of Science and Technology in the Philippines s
Science and Mathematics in basic education were
▪ P
continuously improved. The current K-12 Program
r
included STEM as one of its major tracks to encourage LEE—CHUA (2000): 10 OUTSTANDING FILIPINO SCIENTIST o
more students to enroll in science-related fields in college. WHO HAVE MADE SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS IN g
PHILIPPINE SCIENCE r
a
1. Ramon Cabanos Barba – “tissue culture in m
CHED launched its PHILIPPINE-CALIFORNIA ADVANCED s
Philippine mangoes”
RESEARCH INSTITUTES (PICARI) project to allow several ▪ P
2. Josefino Cacas Aquino – “Observing the
higher education institutions in the Philippines and some r
characteristics of Antarctica by satellite
US-based laboratories, research institutes, and universities o
images” j
to work on researches and projects related to science and
3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. – “elected as officer of e
technology. This project is hoped to strengthen the STEM
the famous Institute of Electrical and c
competitiveness of the country.
Electronic Engineering” t
4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz – “sea snail venom” s
THE COUNTRY IS LOOKING FORWARD TO EMBARK
VARIOUS RESEARCH AND PROOJECTS: 5. Fabian Millar Cruz – “herbal medicine”
6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III – “tilapia
1. Use of alternative and safe energy culture”
2. Harnessing mineral resources 7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. – “meconium
3. Finding cure for various diseases and illness drug testing”
4. Climate change and global warming 8. Lilian Formalejo Paena – “plant
5. Increasing of food production biotechnology”
6. Preservation of natural resources 9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz – “outstanding
7. Coping with natural disasters and calamities educator and graph theorist”
8. Infrastructure development 10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan- “research in
communications technology”
OTHER KNOWN FILIPINO SCIENTISTS:
The PHILIPPINE CONGRESS has also created
LAWS RELATED TO SCIENCE AND 1. Caesar A. Saloma – “renowned physicist”
TECHNOLOGY. These serve as legal 2. Edgardo Gomez- “Famous scientist in marine
frameworks for science and technology in science”
the country. These laws or policies are in 3. William Padolina – “president of National
line with the international treaties such as Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)- Ph
United Nations (UN), United Nations 4. Angel Alcala – “marine science”
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES-LOS BANOS
Organizations (UNESCO), Association of
 A science paradise for agriculture, forestry, plant and 5. Gather and Analyze
animal science, and veterinary science. 6. Formulate conclusions

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES-VISAYAS

Verification Theory
The national center for marine science, fisheries, and
- A discipline is science if it can be confirmed or
other related sciences
interpreted in the event of an alternative
hypothesis being accepted.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES-MANILA

The center for excellence Falsification Theory

- As long as an ideology is not proven to be false and
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES-DILIMAN can best explain a phenomenon over alternative
theories.
Established the National Science and Engineering Complex - Karl Popper

Individual SCHOOL SCIENCE

Interests in SCIENCE LABORATORI TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF REVEALING
Science ES
(TEACHERS & Generation gap
LEARNING The changes brought about by technology.
(REAL-LIFE
Family
Natural ENVIRONMENT)
CONTEXT)
Environment FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
-Human condition before common era-
Factors that HUMAN
Influence FLOURISHING
the Development
(TEACHERS of Scientists
& LEARNING
ENVIRONMENT) -Human condition in the common era-
EUDAIMONIA
Notable Comparisons of Then and Now
● Literally “good spirited”
● Described as the pinnacle of happiness 1. Mortality rate
attainable by humans (Aristotle). 2. Average Lifespan
● “The ultimate good” 3. Literacy Rate
4. Gross Domestic Product

4 COMPONENTS OF HUMAN FLOURISHING

1. PHRONESIS 3. WEALTH
2. FRIENDSHIP 4. POWER
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN FLOURISHING
● HEIDEGGER: “Technology is a human activity
that we excel in as a result of achieving science”.
● GOOD and TRUTH: two concepts about science
which ventures its claim on truth.

THE GOOD LIFE

SCIENCE AS METHODS AND RESULTS
SCIENCE- coined as ‘the need to understand the world and
-Scientific Methods-
reality was bound with the need to understand the self and
the good life.
1. Observe
2. Determine the Problem
3. Formulate Hypothesis
(To reject null hypothesis and accept alternative) THEORETCIAL SCIENCE
4. Conduct Experiment
● Aims for the “truth”.
 ● Include logic, biology, physics, and metaphysics.
PRACTICAL SCIENCE
● Aims for the “good”
● Includes ethics and policies.
ARISTOTLE
HAPPINESS: The end goal of life (good life)
PLATO
WORLD OF FORMS : entities are only copies of the ideal
and the models
WORLD OF MATTER : Things are changing and
impermanent
JOHN STUART MILL
THE GREATEST HAPPINESS PRINCIPLE : An action is right
as far as it maximizes the attainment of happiness for the
greatest number of people.
--- --- ---
MATERIALISM
By Democritus and Leucippus: “The world is made up of
and is controlled by tiny indivisible units in the world called
ATOMOS.”
HEDONISM
Led by Epicurus: “The end goal of life is acquiring pleasure
(because life is limited).”
STOICISM
Also by Epicurus: “To generate happiness, one must learn
to distance oneself and be apathetic.“
APATHEIA: to be indifferent.
THEISM
“The ultimate basis of happiness is the communion with
God”
HUMANISM
“Man is the captain of his own ship”
WHEN HUMAN TECHNOLOGY IS HUMANITY CROSS
ROBOTS AND HUMANITY
● ROBOT: a actuated mechanism programmable
in two or more axes with a degree of autonomy
● SERVICE ROBOT: a robot that performs useful
tasks for humans or equipment excluding
industrial automation application.
● PERSONAL DEVICE: a robot used for non-
commercial task.
● PROOFESSIONAL SERVICE ROBOT: a service
robot used for a commercial task, usually
operated by a properly trained operator.
ROLES PLAYED BY ROBOTS
ISAAC ASIMOV’S LAWS OF ROBOTS
LAW 1: A robot may not injure human being or through
inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
LAW 2: A robot must obey the orders given it by human
beings except where such orders would conflict the First
Law.
LAW 3: A robot must protect its own existence as long as
such protection does not conflict the First and Second Law.
ETHICAL DILEMMAS FACED BY ROBOTICS
PARTIAL AUTONOMY: Includes active human-robot
interaction
FULL AUTONOMY: excludes active human-robot
interaction
THE INFORMATION AGE /DIGITAL AGE /NEW MEDIA AGE
“Period starting in the last quarter of the 20th century
when information became effortlessly accessible through
publications and through the management of information
by computers and computer works”
JAMES R. MESSENGER
Proposed the Theory of Information age in 1982.
INFORMATION ANXIETY (RICHARD WURMAN)
The time when information got ahead of us and started to
grow at a rate we were unprepared.
TRUTHS OF THE INFORMATION AGE
1. Information must compete
2. Newer is equated with truer
3. Selection is a viewpoint
 4. The media sells what the culture buys
5. The early word gets the perm
6. You are what you eat so is your brain
7. Anything in great demand will be counterfeited
8. Ideas are seen as controversial
9. Undead information walks ever on
10. Media presence creates the story
11. The medium selects the message
12. The whole truth is a pursuit
COMPUTER
● Amongst one of the most important
contributions of advances in the Information
Age.
● A computer is an electronic device that stores
and processes data.
TYPES OF COMPUTER
1. PERSONAL COMPUTER
● A single-user instrument
● PC’s were first known as micro
computers.
2. DESKTOP COMPUTER
● A PC not designed for portability
3. LAPTOPS
● Portable computers in a battery-
powered package
4. PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANTS (PDA’s)
● Integrated computer usually with no
keyboards
5. SERVER
● Computer improved to provide
network services to other computers
6. MAINFRAMES
● Huge computer systems that can fill an
entire room. (Enterprise Server)
7. WEARABLE COMPUTERS
● Involve materials that are usually
integrated into cell-phones, watches,
and other small objects.
WORLD WIDE WEB
Claude E. Shannon: “Father of Information”
Internet: a worldwide system of interconnected networks
that facilitate data transmissions among innumerable
computers.
Sergey Brin and Larry Page: Built a search engine that
listed results to reflect the popularity.
Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau: world wide web
inventor
NANO WORLD
Scientific researchers have developed new technological
tools that greatly improve different aspects of our lives.
The use of nano scale is one important interdisciplinary
area generated by advancement in science and
technology.
Nanotechnology
the science, engineering, and technologyconducted at the
nanoscale, which is about to 100 nanometers (NNI.2017)
Nanoscale
A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or 10-9 of a meter.
Various types of nanomaterials are according to their
individual shapes and sizes. One should be able to view
and manipulate them so that we can take advantage of
their exceptional characPulation of nanomaterials needs
an adept understanding ofs and dimensions.
Special Types of Microscopes (Nanomaterials)
● Electron microscope
● Atomic force microscopes
● Scanning tunneling microscope
Nanomanufacturing
The scaled-up, reliable, and cost-effective manufacturingof
nanoscale materials, structures, devices, and systems. It
also involvesresearch, improvement, and incorporation of
processes for the constructionof materials.
● Bottom-up fabrication
It manufactures products by building them up
from atomic- and molecular-scale components.
However, this method can be time-consuming.
● Top-down fabrication
 It trims down large pieces of materials into 11. 11. Thailand (National Nanotechnology Center or
nanoscale. This process needs larger amounts of NANOTEC)
materials and discards excess raw materials.
12. 12. Malaysia (National [Malaysial
● Other New Approaches Nanotechnology Initiatives or NNI)
✓ Dip pen litography
✓ Self-Assembly
✓ Chemical Vapor Disposition
Possible Applications of Nanotechnology in the
✓ Nanoimprint litography
Philippines (Dayrit, 2005)
✓ Molecular beam Epitaxy
✓ Roll-to-roll processing 1. ICT and semiconductors
✓ Atomic layer epitaxy
2. Health and medicine

Distinct features of Nanoscale 3. Energy

1. Scale at which much biology occurs. 4. Food and agriculture

2. Scale at which quantum effects dominate 5. Environment

properties of materials.
Nanotech Roadmap for the Philippines (funded by PCAS-
3. Nanoscale materials have far larger surface areas TRD-DOST)
than similar masses of larger-scale materials.
1. ICT and semiconductors
Government Funding for Nanotechnology in Different
Countries 2. Health and biomedical

1. U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative 3. Energy

2. European Commission 4. Environment

3. Japan (Nanotechnology Research Institute, 5. Agriculture and food

under the National Institute for Advanced
6. Health and environmental risk
Industrial Science and Technology, AIST)
7. Nano-metrology
4. Taiwan (Taiwan National Science and Technology
Program for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology) 8. Education and public awareness

5. India (Nanotechnology Research and Education Benefits and Concerns of using Nanotechnology
Foundation)
Nanotechnology has various applications in different
6. China (National Center for Nanoscience and sectors of the Society and environment.
Technology)
1. Nanotechnology is not a single technology; it
7. Israel (Israel National Nanotechnology Initiative) may become pervasive.

8. Australia (Australian Office of Nanotechnology) 2. Nanotechnology seeks to develop new materials

with specific properties.
9. Canada (National Institute for Nanotechnology
or NINT) 3. Nanotechnology may introduce new efficiencies
and paradigms which may make some natural
10. South Korea (Korea National Nanotechnology
resources and current practices uncompetitive
Initiative)
or obsolete.
4. It may be complicated to detect its presence
unless one has the specialist tools of
nanotechnology
BIODIVERSITY
WHAT IS BIODIVESRITY
Biological Diversity, also known as Biodiversity, is the
term given to the variety life on earth and the natural
patterns it forms. This diversity is often understood in
terms of the variety of plants, animals and
microorganisms.
The United Nations (UN) declared 2010 to be the
International Year of Biodiversity, the International
Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures and
International Year of Youth.
About 1.75 million species are identified, mostly
small creatures as insects. Some scientists believe
that there are actually about 13 million species,
though estimates range from three to 100 million.
On December 20, 2006, the UN General Assembly
declared 2010 as the International Year of
Biodiversity. It designated the secretariat of the
Convention on Biological Diversity as the event’s
focal point. The assembly also invited the secretariat
to work with other UN bodies, environmental
agreements, and organizations to bring greater
international attention to the continued loss of
biodiversity
The international Year of Biodiversity focuses on
boosting awareness of biodiversity’s importance by
promoting actions to foster biodiversity worldwide.
Various partners have committed to actively
participating in or organizing activities and projects
for this year-long event.
NUTRITIONAL IMPACT OF BIODIVERSITY
According to the World Health Organization,
biodiversity is a vital element of human being’s
nutrition because of its influence to food production
for human beings.
Nutrition and biodiversity are linked at many leves:
the ecosystem, with food production as an ecosystem
service; the species in the ecosystem; and the genetic
diversity within species. Nutritional composition
between foods and among varietes/cultivars/breeds
of the same food can differ dramatically, affecting
micronutrient availability in the diet.
Changes in biodiversity
This could have erratic effects not only to the animals but
also to the human beings. Therefore, if our ecosystems
are not taken care of, biodiversity will encounter changes
that will greatly impact the human beings.
THREATS OF BIODIVERSITY
1. Habitat Loss or Destruction
The use of large land portions for the purpose of
economic gains is a major factor for the destruction
of animal habitats.
2. Alteration in Ecosystem Composition
Alterations and sudden changes, either within
species, groups, or within the environment can
be a critical factor.
3. Over-Exploitation
Over-hunting, Over-collecting, or Over-fishing.
The changing consumption pattern of humans is
cited as a key reason for unsustainable
exploitation.
4. Pollution and Contamination
These cause irreversible damages to species and
varieties.
5. Global Climate Change
Species and populations may be lost
permanently of they are not provided with
enough time to adapt to changing climate
conditions
Consequences of Biodiversity Loss
⦿ Intact ecosystems function best since the
organisms composing them are specialized to
function in that ecosystem to capture, transfer,
 utilize and, ultimately, lose both energy and 1. Identification of the desired trait from another
nutrients. The particular species making up an organism
ecosystem determine its productivity, affect
nutrient cycles and soil contents, and influence 2. Insertion of the trait
environmental conditions such as water cycles,
3. After successful insertion, the modified
weather patterns, climate and other nonbiotic
organism should be able to grow and replicate
aspects. It is apparent that humankind is willing
to sustain a great deal of biodiversity loss if
GMOs in Food and Agricultural Industries
there are concomitant benefits to society; we
hope they are net benefits. In my cases, the 1. Pest Resistance
benefits seem to accrue to few individuals only, Genetically modified plants to resist certain
with net societal loss. However, it is extremely pests.
difficult to estimate the future cists of losses in
2. Virus resistance
biodiversity or of environmental damage (Rain
Genetically modified plants to resist certain
Conservation Fund, 2017).
viruses.
⦿ The basic concept about biodiversity loss was 3. Herbicide tolerance
from Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. Genetically modified plants to tolerate herbicide.

⦿ As stated by Tilman, “The Earth will retain its 4. Fortification

most striking feature its biodiversity, only if
humans have the prescience to do so. This will
occur, it seems, only if we realize the extent to 5.
which we use biodiversity” (Rainforest
Conservation Fund, 2017).
6.
Genetically modified plants to tolerate herbicide.
Cosmetic preservation
Genetically modified plants resist natural
discoloration.
Increase growth rate
A genetically modified organism that has higher
yield in growth than normal species.

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS: SCIENCE, HEALTH GMOs in Non-Food Crops and Microorganisms
AND POLITICS
Flower Production
Genetically Modified Organism
GMOs in flower production are seen in modified
Is the term used for an organism created through color and extended vase life of flowers.
genetic engineering. Paper production
Modified characteristics of trees for higher yield
Is a plant, animal, microorganisms or other organism of paper production.
where genetic makeup has been modified using Pharmaceutical productions
recombinant DNA methods (also called gene splicing), Modified plants to produce pharmaceutical
gene modification, or transgenic technology. products.
Genetic Modification
Bioremediation
Use of modified plants that can assist in the
Laboratory process where genes from DNA of bioremediation of polluted sites.
one species are extracted and are artificially Enzyme and drug production
inserted into the genes of an unrelated plant or Use for modified microorganisms that can
animal produce enzymes for food processing and
medicines.
PROCESS: 1. GMOs in medical field
 It helps in the production of drugs, gene
therapy, and laboratory researches.
Benefits of GMOs
○ Higher efficiency in farming
○ Increase in harvest
○ Control in fertility
○ Increase in food processing
○ Improvement of desirable characteristics
○ Nutritional and pharmaceutical enhancement
○ Reduce the use of fertilizer and pesticides
Potential risks of GMOs
Opponents of GMOs have the following major concerns:
1. Inadequate studies on the effects of GMOs to
humans and the environment.
2. Genetic engineering promotes mutation in
organisms which the long term effect is still
unknown.
3. Human consumption of GMOs might have
following effects: More allergic reactions, gene
mutation, antibiotic resistance, nutritional
value
Potential Environmental Risks Caused by GMOs
1. Risk in gene flow
2. Emergence of new forms of resistance and
secondary pests and weed problems
3. Recombination of virus and bacteria to produce
new pathogens
4. Direct environmental risk
5. Indirect environmental risk
Potential Human Health Risks Caused by GMOs
○ Consumption of GMOs may have adverse
effects since it is not naturally or organically
produced
○ May alter the balance of existing
microorganisms in the human digestive system
○ Production of toxins may be detrimental to
human health
○ Production of allergens may have adverse
effects on human
Potential Human Health Risks Caused by GMOs
Other potential risks that raise major concern:
○ Human Genome Project
○ Mutation of genetically engineered
microorganisms
○ Cloning
Biosafety on GMOs
International organizations developed principles and
treaties that somehow ensure biosafety on GMOs. Some
of these are:
○ The codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex)
○ Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
○ International Trade Agreement on labeling of
GM food and food products
Biosafety on GMOs
International organizations developed principles and
treaties that somehow ensure biosafety on GMOs. Some
of these are:
○ The codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex)
○ Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
○ International Trade Agreement on labeling of
GM food and food products

GMOs in Philippine Context
1990s- creation of the National Committee on
Biosafety of the Philippines (NCBP) through the
Executive Order No. 430 of 1990
2002- Department of Agriculture released
Administrative Order No. 8
2004- Philippines was classified by International Service
for acquisition of agri-biotech applications as one of the
14 biotech-mega countries
2006- Philippines became part of the Cartagena Protocol
on Biosafety
2010- Organic Agriculture Act was issued
2012- Mandatory labeling of GM food and food products
December 2015- End to the field testing of GMO Bt
eggplant and Administrative Order No. 8 series of 2002 as
null and void.
March 7, 2016- 5 governments passed a Joint Department
Circular No. 1, series of 2016
GENE THERAPY
What is Gene?
✓ Gene is the basic physical and functional unit of
heredity. Genes are made up of DNA. Some
genes act as instructions to make molecules
called proteins.
✓ Genes carry the information that determines
your traits , which are features or characteristics
that are passed on to you — or inherited — from
your parents. Each cell in the human body
contains about 25,000 to 35,000 genes.
HUMAN GENE THERAPY WAS ACTUALLY FIRST
REALIZED IN 1971 WHEN THE FIRST
RECOMBINATION DNA EXPERIMENTS WERE
PLANNED. IT CAN BE SIMPLY VIEWED AS INSERTION
FOREIGN DNA INTO A PATIENT’S TISSUE THAT HOPE
TO SUCCESSFULLY ERADICATE THE TARGETED
DISEASE.
WHAT IS GENE THERAPY?
• GENE THERAPY IS A POTENTIAL METHOD TO
EITHER TREAT OR CURE GENETIC-RELATED
HUMAN ILLNESSES.
• AN EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE FOR
CORRECTING DEFECTIVE GENES THAT ARE
RESPONSIBLE FOR DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.
APPROACHES TO GENE THERAPY
• REPLACEMENT OF MUTATED GENE THAT
CAUSES DISEASE WITH A HEALTHY COPY OF THE
GENE
• INACTIVATION OF A MUTATED GENE THAT IS
FUNCTIONING IMPROPERLY
• INTRODUCING A NEW GENE INTO THE BODY TO
HELP FIGHT THE DISEASE
TWO TYPES OF GENE THERAPY
SOMATIC GENE THERAPY
• INVOLVES THE MANIPULATION OF GENES IN
CELLS THAT WILL BE HELPFUL TO THE PATIENT
BUT NOT TO THE NEXT GENERATION
GERM-LINE GENE THERAPY
• INVOLVES THE MODIFICATION OF THE GERM
CELLS OR THE ORIGIN CELLS THAT WILL PASS
THE CHAGE ON TO THE NEXT GENERATION
STEM CELL
MOTHER CELLS THAT HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO
BECOME ANY TYPE OF CELL IN THE BODY
EMBRYONIC STEM CELL
DERIVED FROM A FOUR- OR FIVE-DAY-OLD
HUMAN EMBRYO THAT IS IN THE BLASTOCYST
PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT
SOMATIC STEM CELL
 CELLS THAT EXIST THROUGHOUT THE BODY
AFTER EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND ARE
FOUND INSIDE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TISSUE.
CLIMATE CHANGE
❑ COMES FROM THE GREEK WORD KLINEIN
MEANING “TO SLOPE” WHICH EVOLVED TO
KLIMA
❑ CLIMATE REFERS TO THE LONG-TERM WEATHER
PATTERNS EXIST IN A SPECIFIC AREA OF THE
PLANET OVER A SIGNIFICANT PERIOD OF TIME
❑ CLIMATE CHANGE HAPPENS WHEN THE SUN
HAD AN INTERACTION WITH EARTH
EARTH’S MOVEMENT AROUND THE SUN
APHELION
– POINT IN THE ORBIT OF THE EARTH FARTHEST FROM THE
SUN.
PERIHELION
– POINT IN THE ORBIT OF THE EARTH CLOSEST TO THE
SUN.
EARTH’S AXIAL TILT
– THE INCLINATION ANGLE OF EARTH’S ROTATIONAL AXIS
RELATES TO LINE PERPENDICULAR TO ITS ORBITAL PLANE.
PRECESSION
– CHANGE OF ORIENTATION OF THE ROTATIONAL AXIS OF
EARTH.
EQUINOX
– REFERS TO THE TIME THE SUN AT NOON IS DIRECTLY
OVER THE EQUATOR.
SOLSTICE
– HAPPENS WHEN THE SUN AT NOON SITS ABOVE THE
TROPIC OF CANCER OR CAPRICORN.
PRECESSION OF THE EQUINOXES
– REFERS TO THE MOTION OF THE EQUINOXES RELATIVE
TO THE PRECESSION OF THE EARTH’S AXIS OF ROTATION.
ECCENTRICITY
-THE MEASURE OF THE SHAPE’S DEVIATION FROM BEING
A CIRCLE IS CALLED ITS ECCENTRICITY. THE PATH OF THE
EARTH’S ORBIT AROUND THE SUN IS NOT A PERFECT
CIRCLE, BUT AN ELLIPSE.
MILUTIN MILANKOVITCH
❑ A SLOVAK SCIENTIST AND METEOROLOGIST
❑ MADE A STUDY CALLED “MILANKOVITCH
CYCLE” OR MILANKOVITCH PARAMETERS
❑ IN HIS STUDY IT INDICATES THAT ICE AGE CAN
OR CAN’T HAPPEN BECAUSE OF THE CHANGE IN
SOLAR RADIATION
MILANKOVITCH PARAMETERS
❑ SHOWS HOW THE CYCLICAL MOVEMENTS
INFLUENCE THE CLIMATE PATTERNS ON EARTH
❑ THERE ARE THREE CYCLICAL MOVEMENT:
● ECCENTRICITY
THE MEASURE OF THE SHAPE’S DEVIATION
FROM BEING A CIRCLE IS CALLED ITS
ECCENTRICITY. THE PATH OF THE EARTH’S
ORBIT AROUND THE SUN IS NOT A PERFECT
CIRCLE, BUT AN ELLIPSE.
● AXIAL TILT
THE INCLINATION ANGLE OF EARTH’S
ROTATIONAL AXIS RELATES TO LINE
PERPENDICULAR TO ITS ORBITAL PLANE.
● PRECESSION
CHANGE OF ORIENTATION OF THE ROTATIONAL
AXIS OF EARTH.
CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
NATURAL CAUSES
❑ VOLCANIC ERUPTION
EMITS CARBON DIOXIDE, SULFUR DIOXIDE,
VOLCANIC ASHES, OR EVEN BACTERIAS OR
VIRUSES
❑ ORBITAL CHANGE
EARTH’S ORBIT AND THE EARTH-SUN GEOMETRY
WHICH PRODUCES CHANGE IN THE AMOUNT OF
SOLAR ENERGY THAT REACHES EARTH CAN ALSO
CAUSE CLIMATE CHANGE.
HUMAN ACTIVITIES
❑ HAS THE GREATEST CONTRIBUTION ON CLIMATE
CHANGE
❑ BURNING FOSSIL FUELS RELEAESES A LARGE
AMOUNT OF CARBON DIOXIDE
❑ GREENHOUSE GASES AND AEROSOLS
 THE CARBON DIOXIDE THEORY

❑ IT GREATLY AFFECTS THE TEMPERATURE IN THE

SURROUNDINGS

❑ CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORBS INFRARED

RADIATIONS WHICH CAUSES THE TEMPERATURE
TO INCREASE

GLOBAL WARMING

❑ A RISE IN GLOBAL TEMPERATURE WITH THE

HUMAN ACTIVITY AS THE PRIMARY CAUSE

GREENHOUSE GASES

❑ IT IS PART OF THE CARBON THEORY

❑ ABSORBS INFRARED RADIATION THAT TRAPS

HEAT IN TO THE ATMOSPHERE

JOHN TYNDALL

IS A BRITISH ENGINEER WHO MADE DISCOVERIES IN THE

REALMS OF INFRARED RADIATION

THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SOCIETY

❑ RISE IN GLOBAL TEMPERATURE

❑ INCREASE WORLDWIDE DEATHS

❑ ECOSYSTEM WILL BE VULNERABLE

❑ EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL WILL OCCUR MORE

OFTEN

FUTURE ACTIONS

❑ CONSERVE ENERGY

❑ USE RENEWABLE ENERGY