CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
“The excellence of the marble is responsible for its shade and appearance
it is white if the mineral is made solely elsewhere of calcite (100% CaCO3). Marble
is used for improvement , enrichment; mineralan solid, has an honourablelook, and
subsequently an extraordinary concern Marble Residue Powder is a motorized waste
created beginning cutting of marble mineral. The result is that the mass of marble
waste which is 20% of complete marble dust has come to as high as a large number
of quantitys . Marble as a structure item especially in spots and milestones has been
creature utilize for quite while”.

“In any case the use of compelled as mineral squares in divider or bends
or as covering pieces dividers, housetops or floors, separation its wastage at
excavation or at the evaluating industry all things considered unattended for use in
the structure business itself as protective material or plasticizer in mortar or concrete.
One of this legitimate methods for decrease of the waste mineral mass calls for using
them in structure manufacturing itself. Marble powder isn't accessible in every one of
the spots. Regardless of this reality, solid generation is one of the worries worldwide
that sway the earth with real effect being a worldwide temperature alteration because
of CO2 discharge amid creation of concrete. Squander Marble residue can be utilize
to improve the mechanical and physical property of the ordinary strengthen.
Presently a-days of expense of material is expanding so in the event that we utilize
the waste material in the generation of the solid so we decline the cost. On the off
chance that the waste is arranged on soils, the porosity and porousness of topsoil will
be decreased, the fine marble dust diminishes the fruitfulness of the dirt by

1
expanding its alkalinity. By and by, enormous measure of marble mineral are
produced in normal rock preparing vegetation with a significant effect on the earth
and people. In India, marble dust is settled by sedimentation of afterward
desertedgone which grades ecological stain, notwithstanding shaping residue in
summer and compromisemutually agribusiness and general welfare. Accordingly,
use of the marble dust in various mechanical areas mainly the improvement,
agribusinesswineglass and paper ventures would secure life. In this manner the reuse
of waste material has been underscored.Waste can be utilized to pass on new things
or can be utilized as admixtures with the target that standard assets are utilized
significantly more reasonably and the earth is shielded from waste stores”.

“Solid structures break somewhat, due to shrinkage and strain. It is most

appropriate for structure as it is sturdy, heat proof and addition more quality after
some time. Presently a-days, to get high quality solid we use admixture to make it
financial and productive. As we probably am aware the solid is an adaptable
development material. Right off the bat, it was presented as a defensive front of steel
individuals, after that it was improved and now days it is devoured as an auxiliary
part and to change its properties steel is given and it gives more noteworthy
solidarity to concrete. It was seen that when contrasted with Steel the typical cement
have numerous shortcoming like as low estimation of solidarity to weight proportion.
In order to lessen this shortcoming brought about the advancement of high quality
cement (HSC). By and by, with over the top usage of admixtures and extensively
passed on utilization of development in solid innovation it is definitely not hard to
achieve chamber quality 50 MPa in 12 to 18 hours and near 70 MPa or above at 28
days”.

The examination the utilization of steel strands is finished prompting the

steel fiber strengthened cement (SFRC). The explanation behind this is to upgrade
the part elasticity and flexural quality of standard cement to be utilized in RCC
works alongside improved compressive quality and split rigidity giving included
points of interest. FRC, especially steel fibre strengthened cement (SFRC) performs
better in flexural stacking. The utilization of arbitrarily dispersed discrete filaments
improves the physical properties of the network and furthermore builds the

2
malleability of the solid because of high elasticity of lattice up to post breaking
range, subsequently helps in lessening the regular fortification to improve flexibility
and rigidity of solid part.

1.2 PLAIN CONCRETE

Plain concrete are build through the blends of bond, sand and coarse total
with no fortification. Plain bond concrete is the significant part of a structure which
is laid superficially to dodge direct contact of support of cement with soil and water.

1.3 MARBLE POWDER CONCRETE

The use of waste marble fine particles (dust) was proposed in incomplete
trade of bond, for the creation of mortar and solid blend. Specifically, tests were
directed on the mortars and solid blend restored for various occasions so as to decide
their functionality, flexural just as compressive quality.

Marble powder can be utilized as an admixture in cement , with the goal

that quality of the solid can be expanded . It is a strong waste material produced from
the marble handling and can be utilized either as a filler material in bond or fine
totals while planning concrete.

1.4 NEED FOR STUDY

 Leaving waste materials to nature explicitly can realize ecological issue.

Consequently, reuse of waste materials has been accentuated.

 To Produce concrete valuable material with the objective of diminishing

the strong waste transfer issue.

 To discover the level of marble dust supplanted in solid that makes the
quality of the solid most extreme.

 To think about the impact of incomplete supplanting of cement with

marble fine particles of contrast to compressive and elasticity of high
quality solid blend.

3
1.5 SCOPE

 The steel filaments builds the elasticity and Marble dust powder expands
the pressure quality for cement.

 Utilization of waste items in development ventures as mostly substitution

in cement.

 To decrease the ecological issues substitution of concrete as marble

residue and assume a significant job.

1.6 OBJECTIVES

 To examine the impact of Fractional substitution of concrete by MDP on

M80 grade.
 To think about the impact of HE steel fiber on (0%, 0.5%, 1% and 1.25%)
advanced MDP concrete.
 To examine the shear conduct of FRC beam with ideal MDP concrete.

4
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL

In this section writing study are gathered and examined. Avoiding the
condition the development material of bond can be supplant by waste material of
marble dust furthermore the superior solid steel fiber can be included different rate
and blends.

2.2 BRIEF REVIEW OF VARIOUS STUDIES

“Manju Pawar et. al., (2014) An Investigation has been directed on

Intermittent Exploration, The Noteworthiness of Incomplete supplant of Bond with
Waste Marble dust. They found that the impact of utilize marble dust as constituents
of fines in mortar or cement by mostly decreasing amounts of bond has been
contemplated as far as the relative compressive, elastic just as flexural qualities.
Halfway substitution of bond by fluctuating level of marble powder uncovers that
expanded waste marble powder (WMP) proportion result in expanded qualities of the
mortar and cement. Separation the devastate items to the earth legitimately can
causes environmental issues. Subsequently the outcome, The Compressive quality of
Cement are expanded with expansion of waste marble Powder up to12.5 % supplant
by weight of concrete and further any expansion of WMP the compressive quality
abatements. The Elasticity of Cement are expanded with expansion of waste marble
powder up to 12.5 % supplant by weight of concrete and further any expansion of
WMP the Rigidity diminishes. In this way they discovered the ideal rate for
supplanting of MDP with concrete and it is practically 12.5 % bond for both
compressive and rigidity”.

5
 “V.M. Sounthararajan et. al., (2013) An Examination has been
coordinated on causes of the Lime comfortable in MDP for Conveying Excellent
Bond. They find that the MDP up to 10% by weight of bond was inquired about for
cemented strong property. In addition, the effect of different rate substitution of
MDP on the compressive , quality part versatility and flexural strength was surveyed.
It will in general be seen that the effect of find to coarse complete extent and attach
to-signify all out extent influenced the development in quality property. An
outstanding augmentation in the compressive nature of 46.80 MPa at 7 days for 10%
substitution of MDP in security content was noted and besides exhibited an improved
mechanical property appeared differently in relation to controlled bond”

“Corinaldesi V et. al., (2010) Marble as a structure items especially in

illustrious living arrangements and milestones has been being utilized for an
exceptionally prolonged stretch of time. In any case the usage is partial as stone
squares in divider or bends or as covering segments in dividers, housetops or floors,
leaving its wastage at quarry or at the estimating industry all things considered
unattended for use in the structure business itself as filler or plasticizer in mortar or
concrete. The result is that the mass which is 40% of full scale marble quarry has
come to as high as an immense number of tons. This colossal unattended mass of
marble waste including very fine particles is nowadays one of the normal issues the
world over”.

“Hanifi Binic et. al., (2007) expressed that mineral powder solid has
upper compressive excellence that of the comparing lime mineral residue material
having equivalent w/c and blend extent. The outcomes make obvious that the Marble
powder cement would likely have minor water porousness than the lime mineral
cement. As non pozzolanic fines it is at present the limestone and dolomite ones
which are most as often as possible used to expand the substance of fine particles in
self compacting cements. contrast with ordinary plain concrete of an equivalent w/c
extent and a comparable bond, the strong having high mineral packing substance of
appropriate particle estimate conveyance for the most part improves the quality
attributes”.

6
 “Valeria Corinaldesi et. al., (2005) investigated the properties of
marble powder and saw that marble fine particles has incredibly high blame fineness
estimation for around 1. 5 m2/g , with 90% of particles experiencing 50μm¬sieves
and half through 7 μm. He saw that the marble powder has a high unequivocal
surface domain, recommending that its development as a mineral concrete and
mortars, especially in self compacting bond should present more cohesiveness. He in
like manner found that that 10% of sand can be replaced by marble dust gave most
extraordinary compressive superiority at about same usefulness” .

“Demirel and Yazicioglu et. al., (2006) found, notwithstanding marble

powder, silica smolder, fly fiery debris, pumice powder and ground granulated
impact heater slag generally utilized in the development division as a mineral
admixture rather than Concrete, Marble powder can be utilize either to distribute new
material or an admixture so the regular assets are utilized all the more proficiently
and the earth is spared from dumpsites of mineral squander”.

“Vaidevi C (2013) discovered that the use of this waste was proposed in
different rates both as a development to and as opposed to security, for the age of
strong mixes. The examination exhibited the cost of these cementitious material
decays cost of advancement when superseded by different rates of MD. Compressive
test and versatile tests were driven. 10% substitution gives the best result and for
every 10 packs of bond, the development of 10% of marble dust saves 1bag of
cement and 1 sack cost”.

“Baboo Rai (2011)have done their investigation on Effect of Marble

dust powder/granules in Strong mix. Partial substitution of bond and typical fine
sums by varying dimension of marble powder reveals that extended waste marble
powder result in extended usefulness and compressive characteristics of the mortar
and concrete”.

7
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS

3.1GENERAL

The methodology and material used for this study in this chapter.

3.2 METHODOLOGY OF PROJECT

The methodology of this project is shown in figure 3.1.

COLLECTION OF LITERATURE SURVEY

COLLECTION OF MATERIALS

MIX DESIGN

CASTING OF SPECIMENS

CURING

TESTING OF SPECIMENS

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Fig 3.1 Flow Chart of Methodology

8
3.3 MATERIAL USED

The solid utilized for the development of all examples comprises of the
accompanying materials.

3.3.1 Cement

Concrete utilized for the throwing examples OPC 53 Evaluation bond.

According to IS 12269 – 2013. Customary Portland bond is the most significant kind
of concrete. The OPC was arranged into 53 grade contingent on the quality of the
concrete at 28 days when tried according to IS 4031-1988.But the genuine quality
gotten by these bond at the plant are a lot higher indicated by BIS. The Normal
Portland bond of 53 grade was considered for the test. Concrete is a pairing matter,
that sets and solidify as the bond dries and furthermore respond with carbon dioxide
noticeable all about conditionally, and can tie different materials together. "Cement"
follows to the Romans, who utilize the term formation cementicium to depict
masonry looking like in attendance day solid that was formed using smashed shake
with consumed lime as cover up. The properties are appeared in table 3.1.

“Table 3.1 Physical Properties of Cement”

Sl.No. Property Result

1 Specific gravity 3.15

2 Normal consistency 32.50 %

3 Initial setting time 31 min

4 Fineness of cement 2.00 %

9
3.3.2 Silica Fume

It contains enormous extents of silicon-dioxide (SiO2) which is about

90% of silica smolder constituents. The fineness in silica smolder regarding explicit
surface territory might be around 20000m2/kg when contrast and 300-400 m2/kg for
OPC. Silica seethe is included as fractional substitution of bond at 8.5% by weight of
concrete so as to get high quality cement. The properties are appeared table 3.2.

Table 3.2 Physical Properties of Silica Fume

Sl. No. Property Results

1 Silica Fume 2.20

3.3.3Marble Powder

The plan blend for M80 evaluation of cement was set up by in part
supplanting concrete with five distinct rates by weight of MDP (0,5,10,15 and 20%).
Marble dust particles is alterable vibrate prepared out of re set carbonate minerals ,
mainly generally calcite or dolomite. Marble maybe foliated. Geologists utilize the
term marble to insinuate changed limes; nevertheless, stonemasons use word yet
more widely to encompass un-changed limestone. The properties are appear table
3.3.

Fig3.2Marble Powder

10
 “Table 3.3 Physical Properties of Marble Powder”

Sl. No. Property Results

1 Silica Fume 3.06

3.3.4 Fine Aggregate

M Sand is utilized as fine aggregate, which is an Eco well disposed and

conservative option in contrast to stream sand. It is produced by smashing
appropriate stones and are finely evaluated to according to the IS standard
necessities. The span of the aggregate under 4.75mm is considered as fine aggregate.

Because of the consumption of good quality waterway sand for the

utilization of development, the utilization of fabricated sand has been expanded.
Another purpose behind utilization of M-Sand is its accessibility and transportation
cost. The properties are appeared table 3.4.

“Table 3.4 Physical Properties of Fine Aggregate”

Sl. No. Property Results

1 Specific gravity 2.72

2 Water absorption 0.90 %

3 Sieve Analysis Zone - II

3.3.5 Coarse Aggregate

The coarse aggregate utilize according to IS : 383 – 2016 for 12mm size
total. The extent of total greater than 4.75mm is considered as coarse total and the
principle source is shake quarrying, rock on waterway bed. For present work 12 mm
size coarse totals are utilized. Lesser the extent of the total, it expands the surface
region which advances the functionality and thus the necessity of water is less which
gives higher quality than customary concrete according to Seems to be: 383-1970
and 2386-1963 (I, II and III) details. The properties are appeared in table 3.5.

11
 “Table 3.5 Physical Properties of Coarse Aggregate”

Sl. No. Property Results

1 Specific gravity 2.70

2 Impact test 21.32 %

3 Crushing Value 20.00 %

3.3.6Steel Fibre

The Steel strands have been utilized in cement since the mid 1900. The
early fiber were round, straight, and smooth with cut or slashed lengths. These
strands have not been as of late and supplanted by present day filaments on account
of their natural deficiency of property. Current business steel strands are produced
from drawn steel wire with either unpleasant surface, snared closes or pleated
through their length. The physical elements of present day steel filaments shift from
0.15 to 2 mm for proportional distances across and from 10 to 75 mm for length. The
filaments perspective proportion – 65. The steel strands utilized are Dramix snared
end steel filaments.

Fig3.3Steel Fibre (Hooked End)

3.3.7 Admixture

The superplasticizer Aurocast 405 was utilized to improve long

usefulness maintenance and brilliant water decrease capacity. The particular gravity
of Aurocast 405 is 1.077

12
3.3.8 Water

The consumable water accessible in our grounds is utilized for blending

and restoring of cement. PH Esteem is 7.00. Water is the significant element for
concrete it efficiently take an notice in the substance response with connection.
Water utilize for blending and restoring will be spotless and exempt damaging
proportions of oils, acids, dissolvable bases, sugar, characteristic materials or various
substances that may be damaging to concrete or steel.

13
 CHAPTER 4

EXPERIMENDAL STUDY & RESULTS

4.1 GENERAL

In this method of concrete mix design used to described.

4.2 MIX PROPORTION

Mix design is done for M80 grade of concrete as per modified ACI -211
code method adopted by P.C.Aitcin. The material specifications are:

 Type of cement : OPC 53 grade

 Maximum size of aggregate : 12 mm
 Admixture type : Super plasticizer (Aurocast 405)

The mix proportion for 1m3 of concrete is noticed in table 4.1

Table 4.1 Mix proportion for 1m3 of Concrete

S.No MATERIALS MATERIALS CONTENT

1. Cement 483.33 kg/m3

2. Silica Fume 24.16 kg/m3

3. Fine aggregate 832.46 kg/m3

4. Coarse aggregate 1050 kg/m3

5. Water 145 kg/m3

6. Super plasticizer 4.83 kg/m3

14
4.3 VARIOUS MIX PROPORTIONS

Compressive strength for concrete specimens of mixes without and with

steel fibre in various % along with 15% marble powder, relating to mixture M, M1,
M2& M3 at the age of 7,14 and 28 days curing period.

M - indicates Conventional Concrete

M1 - indicates 0.5% of Steel fibre and 15% marble powder
M2 - indicates 1.0% of Steel fibreand 15% marble powder
M3 - indicates 1.25% of Steel fibreand 15% marble powder

Table 4.2 Various Mix Proportions

MATERIALS IN M M1 M2 M3
(kg/ m3) (kg/ m3) (kg/ m3) (kg/ m3) (kg/ m3)

Cement 483.33 410.83 410.83 410.83

Silica Fume 24.16 24.16 24.16 24.16

Marble Powder - 72.50 72.50 72.50

Steel fibre - 39.25 78.50 98.12

Fine Aggregate 832.46 832.46 832.46 832.46

Coarse Aggregate 1050 1050 1050 1050

Water 145 145 145 145

Super plasticizer 4.83 4.83 4.83 4.83

4.4 CONCRETE PROPERTIES

4.4.1 FRESH CONCRETE

New concrete is that phase of cement wherein cement can be formed and
it is plastic state. The potential quality and solidness of cement of a given blend
extent is subject to the level of its compaction.

15
4.4.1.1 SLUMP CONE

“The slump test is the most widely used methods of measuring the
consistency of concrete which can be employed either in the laboratory at the site of
work. It is not suitable for very wet or dry concrete. It does not measure the entire
factor contributing to workability, nor is it always representative of place ability of
concrete. However it can be used conveniently as a control test and gives uniformity
of concrete batch to batch”. The contraption for leading the droop test basically
comprises of metallic shape as cone having inward measurements”.

“The solid droop test estimates the constancy of new cement previous to
it sets. It is perform to check the function of naturally made cement, and in this
behaviour the simplicity with which solid stream. It can likewise be utilize as a
indicator of an inappropriately blended clump. The test is famous because of the
straightforwardness of mechanical assembly utilize and basic technique. The droop
test is utilize to guarantee constancy for various loads of cement under field
conditions”.

4.4.2 HARDENED CONCRETE

The mechanical property of the concrete such as compressive strength,

split tensile strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus and ultrasonic pulse velocity
is discuses below”.

4.4.2.1 Compressive Strength Test

“A large part of the works cubic molds of size 10 cm x 10cm x 10 cm are

normal utilize. This solid is pour in the form and tempered properly so as not to have
any void. Following 24 hours these molds are displaced and test examples are placed
in water for restoring. The top portion of these example to be made even and smooth.
This is finished by put bond glue and distribution easily on entire expanse of
example”.
“These examples are tried by force testing machine after seventh,
fourteenth and 28th days restoring. Burden to be connected bit by bit at the fee of
140 kg/cm2 every moment till the Examples comes up short. Burden at the

16
disappointment partitioned by territory of example gives the compressive quality of
cement.All specimen were tested in surface dry condition as per IS:516(1959)”.

P
Compressive strength of cube =A …………………………………….(1)

Where,

P = “Applied load in N”

A = “Cross sectional area in mm2”

Fig 4.1 Compression testing of cubes

The specimen testing is shown above figure 4.1. The mechanical

assembly setup is appeared for compressive test of cube for high strength of
concrete.

17
 Table 4.3 Compressive Strength Result

Replacement of Marble Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

Various Mix
Powder with cement
7th day 14th day 28th day

M 69.15 70.50 81.60

M1 68.15 69.05 84.00

15 %
M2 62.50 60.45 87.80

M3 59.25 75.05 90.30

100.00
Compressive Strength in N/mm2

90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00 28 DAYS
30.00 14 DAYS
20.00 7 DAYS2
10.00
0.00
M
M1
M2
M3
Various Mix

Fig 4.2 Comparison of Compressive Strength for Various Mix

The above result shows that the variation of 7th, 14th, & 28th days. M, M1,
M2 results may similar only. But M3 result (10%) higher than the other mixes.

4.4.2.2 Tensile Strength Test

The elasticity of cement is controlled by part the chamber over the

vertical distance across. Split rigidity is a circuitous technique for discovering the
elasticity of cement. The heap was connected bit by bit till the examples to the

18
expanding loads separates and no more prominent burden was supported. The
greatest burden connected is the example was recorded and the presence of any
uncommon breaks was noted. A definitive burden esteem was recorded.The ultimate
load value was recorded. The test is done according to IS 5816 – 1999.

2P
Fsp = πDl ...............................................................................(2)

Where,

Fsp = “Split tensile strength of concrete in N/mm2”

P = “Applied load on the cylinder in N”

D = “Diameter of the concrete specimen, mm”

L = “Length of the concrete specimen, mm”

Fig 4.3 Tensile test of cylinder

The specimen testing is shown above figure 4.3. The mechanical

assembly setup is appeared for tensile strength of cylinder for high strength of
concrete.

19
 Table 4.5 Tensile Strength Result

Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

Replacement of Marble
Various Mix
Powder with cement
7th day 14th day 28th day

M 5.03 4.78 6.07

M1 5.24 5.81 6.25

15 % M2 7.04 6.58 7.35

M3 7.26 6.79 7.56

8.00

7.00
Tensile Strength in N/mm2

6.00
5.00
4.00
28 DAYS
3.00
14 DAYS
2.00
7 DAYS2
1.00
0.00
M
M1
M2
M3
Various Mix

Fig 4.4 Comparison of TensileStrength for Various Mix

The above result shows that the variation of 7th, 14th, & 28th days. M, M1,
M2 results may similar only. But M3 result (10%) higher than the other mixes.

20
4.4.2.3 Flexural Strength Test

This test approach covers the guarantee of the flexural quality of cement
by the utilization of a straightforward pillar with third-point stacking. When utilizing
sawed examples, position the example with the goal that the pressure face relates to
the top or base of the example as cut from the parent material. The beams are of
prism type with 100 x 100 x 500mm sizes.The test is carried out as per IS: 516
(1959).

Pl
Ffr = bd2 ........................................................(3)

Where,

Ffr = Flexural strength of concrete in N/mm2

P = Applied load on the beam in N

b = Width of the beam, mm

d = Depth of the beam, mm

L = Length of the beam, mm

Fig 4.5 Flexural strength test of beam

The specimen testing is shown above figure 4.5. The mechanical

assembly setup is appeared for flexural strength of beam for high strength of
concrete.

21
 Table 4.6 Flexural strength Result

Flexural Strength (N/mm2)

Replacement of Marble Powder with Various
cement Mix
28th day

M 5.54

M1 6.23

15 % M2 6.98

M3 7.75

8.00
Flexural Strength in N/mm2

7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
28 DAYS
2.00
1.00
0.00
M
M1
M2
M3
Various Mix

Fig 4.6 Comparison of Flexural Strength for Various Mix

The above result shows that the variation of 28th days. M, M1, M2 results
may similar only. But M3 result (10%) higher than the other mixes.

22
4.4.2.4 Young’s Modulus

Use a minimum of two companion samples to decide the concrete

compressive strength at time of testing (𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐). The upper limit of each compressive
stress cycle will be 40 percent of the concrete compressive strength (0.4𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐)
measured immediately in advance of the modulus of elasticity testing. The
compressive strength should be determined in accordance with the appropriate FSEL
standard procedure. Check that the pressure testing machine is in working request
and that it has been adjusted per FSEL working system. The pressure testing
machine(s) ought to be adjusted on a yearly premise. It ought to likewise be noticed
that adjustment of these machines is constrained to 100,000 lb of compressive power
because of the extent of the compressive machine and the span of the alignment load
cells accessible at FSEL.

Fig 4.7Young’s Modulus Test of cylinder

The specimen testing is shown above figure 4.7. The mechanical

assembly setup is appeared for young’s modulus of cylinder for high strength of
concrete.

23
 Table4.7Young’s Modulus Test of cylinder

ELASTIC MODULUS
SI.NO VARIOUS MIXES
E (GPa)

1 M 25.6

2 M1 26.3

3 M2 27.8

4 M3 28.1

The above result shows that the variation of 28th days. M, M1, M2 results
may similar only. But M3 result (10%) higher than the other mixes.

4.4.3 SHEAR BEAM

Fortified solid pillars were tried under flexure and shear up to

disappointment. The fundamental targets of the trial battle completed were:

To contemplate the impact of shear-length profundity proportion on the

shear quality of solid shafts fortified with web flat fortification and stirrups.

To ponder the impact of the web flat fortification on the shear quality of
pillars. Just stirrups are considered as shear support in most current plan codes.

To examine the impact of the web flat fortification on slanting split width
in strengthened solid shafts.

4.4.3.1 Design of Test Beam

To accomplish the earlier targets, a sum of 4 beam examples were

structured and tried. All bars were rectangular cross segment and Length of the shafts
2200 mm, Width - 150 mm and profundity - 200 mm. The bar was strengthened with

24
four 16 mm distance across high return quality twisted (HYSD) bars top and base.
HYSD bars of 8 mm width were utilized stirrups in the shafts.

2# 16mm Ø
P/2 P/2 8mm @ 150mm C/C
200

2# 16mm Ø
200 600 600 600 200
2200

2# 16mm Ø
200

8mm @ 150mm C/C

150
2# 16mm Ø

All Dimension are in 'mm'

Fig 4.9Shear Reinforcement Details

25
 Fig 4.10Shear Failure

200
180
160
140
120
Load (N)

100 Deflection 1
80 Deflection 2
60 Deflection 3

40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Deflection (mm)

Fig 4.11 Graph for ‘M’ Specimen

The above graph result shows that the shear beam of ‘M’specimen 172 N
for 28th days.

26
 200
180
160
140
120
Load (N)

100 Deflection 1
80 Deflection 2
60 Deflection 3

40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Deflection (mm)

Fig 4.12 Graph for ‘M1’ Specimen

The above graph result shows that the shear beam of ‘M1’specimen 184
N for 28th days. But ‘M1’specimen (10%) higher than the ‘M’ specimen.

250

200

150
Load (N)

Deflection 1
100 Deflection 2
Deflection 3

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Deflection (mm)

Fig 4.13 Graph for ‘M2’ Specimen

The above graph result shows that the shear beam of ‘M2’specimen 200
N for 28th days. But ‘M2’specimen (10%) higher than the ‘M’& ‘M1’specimen.

27
 250

200

150
Load (N)

Deflection 1
100 Deflection 2
Deflection 3

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Deflection (mm)

Fig 4.14 Graph for ‘M3’ Specimen

The above graph result shows that the shear beam of ‘M3’specimen 212
N for 28th days. But ‘M3’specimen (10%) higher than the ‘M, M1 & M2’ specimen.

28
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

 The compressive strength results that the variation of 7th, 14th, & 28th days.
M, M1, M2 results may similar only. But M3 result (10%) higher than the
other mixes.
 The tensile strength results that the variation of 7th, 14th, & 28th days. M, M1,
M2 results may similar only. But M3 result (10%) higher than the other mixes.
 The flexural strength results that the variation of 28th days. M, M1, M2 results
may similar only. But M3 result (10%) higher than the other mixes.
 The modulus of elasticity result shows that the variation of 28th days. M, M1,
M2 results may similar only. But M3 result (10%) higher than the other mixes.
 The shear beam of ‘M’specimen 172 N for 28th days.
 The shear beam of ‘M1’specimen 184 N for 28th days. But ‘M1’specimen
(10%) higher than the ‘M’ specimen.
 The shear beam of ‘M2’specimen 200 N for 28th days. But ‘M2’specimen
(10%) higher than the ‘M’& ‘M1’specimen.
 The shear beam of ‘M3’specimen 212 N for 28th days. But ‘M3’specimen
(10%) higher than the ‘M , M1 & M2’ specimen.

29
 APPENDIX A

MIX DESIGN FOR M80 GRADE

MIX DESIGN STEPS AS FOLLOWS:

STEP 1: Water / binder ratio

“From figure 8.9 in ACI code method, it is seen that in order to achieve a 80
Mpa compressive strength the water/binder ratio should be between 0.3 to 0.4. As
there are no previous data relating to the strength potential of the particular binder
used, let us take the ratio lies on 0.3”.

STEP 2: Water content

“From figure 8.10 in ACI code method, the water dosage for saturation point
of 1.2% should be between 145 and 155 l/m3. Let us take dosage of water content as
145 l/m3”.

STEP 3: Binder content

The binder content is given as

Binder Content = 145 / 0.3
= 483.33 Kg/m3
Replace 5% of cement with silica fume, = 24.16 Kg/m3
Cement Content = 483.33 – 24.16
= 459.17 Kg/m3
Content of coarse aggregate = 1050 Kg/m3
Let, us assume 1.5% volume of air entrapped
Dosage of SP is 1.2 % for saturation point

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STEP 4: Calculation of masses & volumes

Msol = 459.17×(1÷100)
= 4.5917 Kg
Vliq = 4.5917÷(50÷100)×1.077
= 8.526 l/m3
Vw = 8.526×1.22×(100-50)÷100
= 5.20 l/m3
Vsol = 8.526 – 5.20
= 3.326 l/m3

STEP 5: Volume content

Cement = 459.17 ÷ 3.15

= 145.76 kg/m3
Silica fume = 24.16 ÷ 2.2
= 10.98 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 1050 ÷ 2.7
= 388.88 kg/m3
Air entrapped = 1.5 × 10
= 15 l/m3
Volume of all aggregate = 145 + 145.76 + 10.98
+ 388.88 + 3.326
= 693.946
Volume of sand = 1000 – 693.946
= 306.054 kg/m3
Mass of sand = 306.054 × 2.72
= 832.46 Kg/m3
Unit mass of concrete = 145 + 483.33 + 24.16 +
1075 + 832.46 + 1050 + 4.83
= 2540 kg/m3
The mix design proportions are shown below, it is designed for 1m3 of concrete

31
 Table A1: For 1m3 of concrete

Silica Coarse Fine Super-

Material Cement Water
Fume Aggregate Aggregate plasticizer

Content 483.33 24.16 1050 832.46 145 4.83

32
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