Written

Report in
Health 7
Group 3
Iral, Jalen Rose G.
Lewis, Pearl Nadine A.
Penaflorida, Clarise Sofia C.
Cardiovascular Disease
▪ Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood
vessels. It's usually associated with a build-up of fatty deposits inside the
arteries (atherosclerosis) and an increased risk of blood clots.
▪ It can also be associated with damage to arteries in organs such as the brain, heart,
kidneys and eyes.

Examples of Cardiovascular Diseases

1. Heart Attack
▪ A heart attack occurs when the heart muscle is cut off from the oxygen it needs to operate. This
happens because the blood flow delivering that oxygen has been significantly reduced or stops
entirely. This is due to atherosclerosis, or the slow buildup of plaque, which includes fat,
cholesterol, and other substances, in the coronary arteries. Blood clots can form around the
plaque, which can slow or block the blood flow and cause a heart attack.
Causes
▪ A heart attack occurs when one or more of your coronary arteries become blocked. Over time, a
coronary artery can narrow from the buildup of various substances, including cholesterol
(atherosclerosis). This condition, known as coronary artery disease, causes most heart attacks.
▪ During a heart attack, one of these plaques can rupture and spill cholesterol and other substances
into the bloodstream. A blood clot forms at the site of the rupture. If large enough, the clot can
block the flow of blood through the coronary artery, starving the heart muscle of oxygen and
nutrients (ischemia).
Symptoms
▪ Pressure, tightness, pain, or a squeezing or aching sensation in your chest or arms that may spread
to your neck, jaw or back
▪ Nausea, indigestion, heartburn or abdominal pain
▪ Shortness of breath
▪ Cold sweat
▪ Fatigue
▪ Lightheadedness or sudden dizziness
Treatment
▪ If you're in an emergency setting for symptoms of a heart attack, you'll be asked about your
symptoms and have your blood pressure, pulse and temperature checked. You'll be hooked up to
a heart monitor and have tests to see if you're having a heart attack.
Tests include:
▪ Electrocardiogram (ECG)
▪ Blood tests
▪ Chest X-Ray
▪ Exercise stress test
▪ Echocardiogram

2. Coronary Heart Disease

▪ Disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle. Coronary heart disease (CHD) normally
happens when cholesterol accumulates on the artery walls, creating plaques. The arteries narrow,
reducing blood flow to the heart. Sometimes, a clot can obstruct the flow of blood to the heart
muscle.
Causes
▪ CHD is believed to start with injury or damage to the inner layer of a coronary artery.
▪ This damage causes fatty plaque deposits to build up at the site of the injury. These deposits
consist of cholesterol and other cellular waste products. The accumulation is
called atherosclerosis.
▪ If pieces break off or rupture, platelets will clump in the area, attempting to repair the blood
vessel. This clump can block the artery, reducing or blocking blood flow, and leading to a heart
attack.
Symptoms
▪ Chest pain: People describe it as a squeezing, pressure, heaviness, tightening, burning, or aching
across the chest. It usually starts behind the breastbone. The pain often spreads to the neck, jaw,
arms, shoulders, throat, back, or even the teeth.
▪ Related symptoms: Other symptoms include indigestion, heartburn, weakness, sweating, nausea,
cramping, and shortness of breath.
Treatment
▪ Quit smoking.
▪ Eat healthy foods.
▪ Exercise regularly.
▪ Lose excess weight.
▪ Reduce stress.

3. Rheumatic Heart Disease

▪ Damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal
bacteria. The heart valve is damaged by a disease process that generally begins with a strep throat
caused by bacteria called Streptococcus and may eventually cause rheumatic fever.
Causes
▪ Rheumatic fever can occur after an infection of the throat with a bacterium called group A
streptococcus. Group A streptococcus infections of the throat cause strep throat or, less
commonly, scarlet fever. Group A streptococcus infections of the skin or other parts of the body
rarely trigger rheumatic fever.
Symptoms
▪ Fever
▪ Painful and tender joints — most often in the knees, ankles, elbows and wrists
▪ Pain in one joint that migrates to another joint
▪ Red, hot or swollen joints
▪ Small, painless bumps (nodules) beneath the skin
▪ Chest pain
▪ Heart murmur
▪ Fatigue
▪ Flat or slightly raised, painless rash with a ragged edge (erythema marginatum)
▪ Jerky, uncontrollable body movements (Sydenham chorea, or St. Vitus' dance) — most often in
the hands, feet and face
▪ Outbursts of unusual behavior, such as crying or inappropriate laughing, that accompanies
Sydenham chorea
Treatment
▪ Anti-inflammatory treatment
▪ Anticonvulsant medications
4. Congenital Heart Disease
▪ Malformations of heart structures existing at birth may be caused by genetic factors or by adverse
exposures during gestation. The defects can involve the walls of the heart, the valves of the heart,
and the arteries and veins near the heart. Examples are holes in the heart, abnormal valves, and
abnormal heart chambers.
Causes
▪ Researchers aren't sure what causes most congenital heart disease, which develops in the womb.
Heredity might play a role in some congenital heart disease.
Symptoms
▪ Abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
▪ A bluish tint to the skin, lips and fingernails (cyanosis)
▪ Shortness of breath
▪ Tiring quickly upon exertion
▪ Swelling of body tissue or organs (edema)
Treatment
▪ Catheterization
▪ Open-heart surgery
▪ Heart transplant
▪ Medications
5. Peripheral Artery Disease
▪ Disease of the arteries supplying the arms and legs. When you develop peripheral artery disease
(PAD), your extremities — usually your legs — don't receive enough blood flow to keep up with
demand. This causes symptoms, most notably leg pain when walking (claudication).
▪ Peripheral artery disease is also likely to be a sign of a more widespread accumulation of fatty
deposits in your arteries (atherosclerosis). This condition may be reducing blood flow to your
heart and brain, as well as your legs.
Causes
▪ Peripheral artery disease is often caused by atherosclerosis. In atherosclerosis, fatty deposits
(plaques) build up on your artery walls and reduce blood flow.
▪ Although discussions of atherosclerosis usually focus on the heart, the disease can and usually
does affect arteries throughout your body. When it occurs in the arteries supplying blood to your
limbs, it causes peripheral artery disease.
Symptoms
▪ Painful cramping in one or both of your hips, thighs or calf muscles after certain activities, such
as walking or climbing stairs (claudication)
▪ Leg numbness or weakness
▪ Coldness in your lower leg or foot, especially when compared with the other side
▪ Sores on your toes, feet or legs that won't heal
▪ A change in the color of your legs
▪ Hair loss or slower hair growth on your feet and legs
▪ Slower growth of your toenails
▪ Shiny skin on your legs
▪ No pulse or a weak pulse in your legs or feet
▪ Erectile dysfunction in men
Treatment
▪ Manage symptoms, such as leg pain, so that you can resume physical activities
▪ Stop the progression of atherosclerosis throughout your body to reduce your risk of heart attack
and stroke
Medications:
▪ Cholesterol-lowering medications
▪ High blood pressure medications
▪ Medication to control blood sugar
▪ Medications to prevent blood clots
▪ Symptom-relief medications

6. Stroke
▪ Strokes are caused by disruption of the blood supply to the brain. This may result from either
blockage (ischemic stroke) or rupture of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke). Risk factors High
blood pressure, atrial fibrillation (a heart rhythm disorder), high blood cholesterol, tobacco use,
unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, diabetes,
Causes
▪ A stroke may be caused by a blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or the leaking or bursting of a
blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke). Some people may experience only a temporary disruption of
blood flow to the brain (transient ischemic attack, or TIA) that doesn't cause permanent damage.
Symptoms

▪ Trouble with speaking and understanding

▪ Paralysis or numbness of the face, arm or leg
▪ Trouble with seeing in one or both eyes
▪ Headache
▪ Trouble with walking
Treatment
▪ Surgical Treatment
▪ Endovascular Procedures