SOCIAL

EVOLUTION
 HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETIES

 Survive by hunting animals, fishing, and gathering plants

 Depended upon their immediate environment
 Nomadic
 Anyone even women can hunt but with a little Division of
labor
 Little surplus food
 TRIBAL (sacrificed their individuality for the sake of the
larger tribal culture)
 PASTORAL SOCIETIES

 Domestication
 Able to produce a surplus of goods – STORAGE ---
SETTLE IN ONE PLACE --- STABILITY ---- trade of
surplus goods between neighboring pastoral
communities.
 OTHERS are ENGAGE in nonsurvival activities (
Traders, healers, spiritual leaders, craftspeople, and
people with other specialty professions)
 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES

 Rely on cultivating fruits, vegetables, and plants

 Mobile due depletion of the land's resources or dwindling
water supplies
 Able to produce a surplus of goods – STORAGE ---
SETTLE IN ONE PLACE --- STABILITY ---- trade of
surplus goods between neighboring pastoral communities.
 AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES

 Use technological advances to cultivate crops

(especially grains like wheat, rice, corn, and barley) led
to increases in food ---- greater surplus ----- towns
became center of trades ---- SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION ---- CONFLICT WITH OTHER
COMMUNITY -----
 Farmers turned nobility provided warriors with food
in exchange for protection against invasion by enemies.
 FEUDALISM
Ownership of land
In exchange for military protection, the lords
exploited the peasants ----- SLAVERY -----
CAPITALISM
 INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

 Production of goods in mechanized factories began as

the Industrial Revolution.
 Cultural diversity increased ---- Social power moved
into the hands of business elites and governmental
officials, leading to struggles between industrialists
and workers ----- BUREAUCRATIC form
POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

Society is being shaped by the human mind, aided by

computer technology
TYPES OF SOCIETIES
  MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY: -
PREINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES (sharing the
same values & tasks they become united)

 ORGANIC SOLIDARITY: -INDUSTRIAL &

POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES -
impersonal social relationships - job
specialization…interdependence
 German Sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies
distinguished 2 ideal types of societies based
on the structure of social relationships and
the degree of shared values among societal
members.

GEMEINSCHAFT and GESELLSCHAFT

 GEMEINSCHAFT

 Members know each other & relationships

are close.
 Activities center on family & community.
 There is a strong sense of solidarity.
 Pre-Industrial societies; rural villages
 GESELLSCHAFT
 Social relationships based on need rather
than emotion.
 Relationships are impersonal & often
temporary.
 Individual goals more important than
group goals.
 Urban societies , Post Industrial Society